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Assessing the Impact of 2007/08 Post Election Violence on the Girl Child In UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY M. A. RESEARCH PROJECT ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF 2007/08 POST ELECTION VIOLENCE ON THE GIRL CHILD IN THE KIBERA SLUM, 2008-2013 Presenter: Christopher Mumo Musyoka Reg. No. C50/72172/2008 Research paper submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master of Arts degree in Armed Conflict and Peace Studies, Department of History and Archaeology, University of Nairobi. OCTOBER, 2014 DECLARATION I, the undersigned, declare that this research paper is my original work and that it has not been presented to any other university or institution for any academic recognition Signature: Date: Name: Christopher Mumo Musyoka Reg. No: C50/72172/2008 This research work has been submitted for examination with our approval as the University department supervisors: Signature: Date: Professor Godfrey Muriuki, EBS Signature: Date: Dr. H. Misigo Amatsimbi i DEDICATION This research work is dedicated to the Almighty God for His grace and sufficiency, my beloved wife Belindah, my two daughters, Favour and Joy, and my son Dominator, my parents Julius and Rose, my beloved brother Peter and my dear friend Benjamin. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To God, remain all the glory for His mercy and grace. This work would not have been a success without the patronage of my able supervisors, Professor Godfrey Muriuki, EBS and Dr. H. Misigo Amatsimbi. Their support, guidance and excellence spirit gave me the tenacity to attain completion of the work. Many regards to my family members, my sisters and my brothers. May the Almighty God richly bless you; your continous spiritual, emotional, social and physical sustenance was my strength in this study. I acknowledge the Pastors Love Association (PLA) members in Kibera for their healthy discussions and responses towards this work. I feel indebted to you a lot. Special thanks to Peter Mutie’s family for accommodating and introducing me to the Kibera residents. I highly treasure you in my heart. Finally, to all my friends who laboured in assisting me in data collection, analysis, compilation and presentation. I sincerely appreciate your efforts. iii ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to identify the impact the girl child experienced in the 2007/08 Kenyan post-election violence and to ascertain how such impact did affect the girl child’s positive beliefs and behaviour in actualizing her dreams in Kibera slum. Specifically, the study seeks to examine the causes and impact of the post-election violence in Kibera slum, determine if there was any gendered relationship in the impact of the violence on the girl child, discover if the girl child used any strategies to cope with the violence and establish if the coping mechanisms led to the girl child life’s success or failure after the violence. The study was conducted in Nairobi’s Kibera slum. It adopted a survey design through interviews and questionnaires. The subjects of the study comprised 75 questionnaire respondents and 16 interviewees from a representative population of the Kibera slum administrative units (villages). Three sessions of different discussion groups were also held. Purposive, quota and snowballing sampling procedures were used to sample the study respondents. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study utilized Anomie strain and feminist theory. The Anomie strain theory argues that delinquency results from the blockage of goal-seeking behavior. Unable to achieve valued goals, regardless of the causal factors thereto, individuals become frustrated and may turn to criminal acts or other forms of anti-social behaviour as a result. This helps the study in investigating the causes and gendered impact of the post-election violence on the Kibera girl child. The feminist theory on the other hand analyzes the status of the girl child in the society as defined by male dominant culture. The study found out that the girl child in Kibera slum was largely impacted by the political violence due to her vulnerability. Respondents across the age groups and gender reported diverse impacts on the side of the girl child. Despite the optimism in their coping mechanisms, the impacts of the political violence seemed to have had tow on the girl child’s otherwise bright future. iv The study mentions adaptive coping approaches to adversity on the part of the girl child including adaptation of new skills, counseling, and joining therapeutic groups. The regime and her partners should guarantee respect of the rule of law and human rights discouraging harmful cultural prejudices in support of the girl child. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ................................................................................................................................... i Dedication ................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... iv Table of contents ........................................................................................................................ vi List of tables ............................................................................................................................. viii List of figures ............................................................................................................................. ix List of acronyms .......................................................................................................................... x Operational definitions ............................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 1.0 Background of the Study ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Historical background of the Kibera slum .................................................................. 6 1.2 Statement of research problem ................................................................................. 10 1.3 Aims and objectives ................................................................................................. 12 1.4 Justification of the Study .......................................................................................... 12 1.5 Scope and limitations of the Study ........................................................................... 14 1.6 Literature review ...................................................................................................... 14 1.6.1 Literature on the girl child political violence in Kenya and the world ................... 15 1.6.2 Literature on the girl child violence in Kibera slum .............................................. 19 1.7 Theoretical framework ............................................................................................. 20 1.8 Research hypotheses ................................................................................................ 22 1.9 Methodology............................................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER TWO: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF KIBERA SLUM ................. 25 2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 25 2.1 The development of informal settlements in Nairobi ................................................ 25 2.2 The emergence of Kibera urban slum, 1902 – 1920 .................................................. 29 2.3 Kibera slum before independence, 1920 – 1963 ....................................................... 34 2.4 Kibera slum after independence, 1963 – 2008 .......................................................... 37 2.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 42 vi CHAPTER THREE: 2007/2008 POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN KIBERA SLUM ................ 44 3.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 44 3.1 Use of Political Violence in elections ....................................................................... 45 3.2 Causes of Political Violence in Kibera ..................................................................... 47 3.2.1 Social-economic causes ........................................................................................ 47 3.2.2 Political causes ..................................................................................................... 57 3.3 Impact of Political Violence in Kibera ..................................................................... 63 3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER FOUR: 2007/2008 POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND GIRL CHILD IN KIBERA SLUM ....................................................................................................................................... 70 4.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 70 4.1 General overview of the girl child and Violence
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