Can Mobile Phones Improve Clean Water Access in Developing Country Slums?
Sangick Jeon, Ph.D. Candidate, Political Science, Stanford Eran Bendavid, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Stanford Joshua Cohen, Professor of Law, Philosophy, and Political Science, Stanford Terry Winograd, Professor of Computer Science, Stanford project Designing Libera on Technologies – 2012 CS379L/PoliSci337T/Law498 - Spring quarter at the d.school
Interdisciplinary student teams, working together with students from the University of Nairobi, will create mobile applica ons that can accelerate economic and social development in Kenya. The course will be taught by Joshua Cohen, Terry Winograd, Zia Yusuf, and Jofish Kaye who bring a mix of social science, computer science, and business backgrounds. It will bring together students with diverse interests and experiences, including computer science, medicine, anthropology, poli cal science, law, and business.
No special exper se is required. What you need is simply a passion for design, a commitment to crea ve problem solving, and an enthusiasm for working with interdisciplinary project teams and NGOs innova ng in tools for human M-Maji Ð using mobile phones to improve access to water progress.
Apply Now: By January 20 We plan to send some students to Kenya during Spring Break to do ini al needfinding and collabora on. There are also likely to be opportuni es for travel to Kenya during the summer to con nue promising projects. 6 students represen ng 3 teams went this past summer. Admission by applica on, due by January 20, 2010: h p://hci.stanford.edu/courses/CS379L For more informa on contact [email protected] method problem-solving question intellectual and practical Can deliberate applications of mobile technology to human development challenges yield significant improvements in human well-being, even in low-income, poorly governed countries? m4d? location(s) Nairobi’s informal settlements
foundation relationships
the problem Water in Kibera is scarce, costly, and contaminated
Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya Water in Kibera is scarce, costly, and contaminated
¥ Pop. 200,000 – 400,000. No formal water or sanitation—85% rely on vendors/kiosks.
¥ On good days, takes just under an hour to find water. On bad days, the search can take all day.
¥ Water shortages up to 4x a month, during which time price of water can increase tenfold. Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya
¥ Infant mortality in Kibera more than three times the average of Nairobi as a whole.
Kibera lacks consistent access to water, but not to mobile phones… Kibera lacks consistent access to water, but not to mobile phones…
Mobile Use in Kenya Mobile Tariffs in Kenya
Source: Jack and Suri (2009) Source: CCK, Operators’ returns
Kibera lacks consistent access to water, but not to mobile phones…
Access to Mobile Phones in Kibera (by village)
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 99.00 98.57 97.30 92.50 93.94 95.00 100 87.18 77.14 77.50 80 60 Percent 40 20 0
GAT KAM KIA KIC KIS LAI LIN MAK MAS RAI SIL SWE SWW
Village
Source: M-Maji survey of 881 households in Kibera (February 2011) the idea use ubiquitous mobile technology to improve access to clean water
Where is water today? Beth Welcome to $$ M-Maji!
1. Find Water 2. Sell Water 3. Complain
OK < > Back $$$ $ $$$ $
Samuel use ubiquitous mobile technology to improve access to clean water
2. 1.
Vendors Welcome to M-Maji!
1. Find Water 2. Sell Water 3. Complain 3.
OK < > Back
Buyers 1.
Vendors Welcome to 1. Vendors Advertise M-Maji!
1. Find Water 2. Sell Water Use SMS/USSD to notify M- 3. Complain Maji of water availability,
location, price, and quality. OK < > Back
Buyers Ads collected and stored in a central database in real-time. 2.
Vendors Welcome to 2. Buyers Query M-Maji!
1. Find Water 2. Sell Water Use SMS/USSD to find the 3. Complain closest, cheapest, and
cleanest water. OK < > Back
Buyers Water information verified by M-Maji staff on the ground. Vendors Welcome to 3. Buyers Rate M-Maji!
1. Find Water 2. Sell Water Buyers use voice/SMS/USSD 3. Complain 3. to provide feedback and file
complaints about vendors who OK < > Back misrepresent water availability, Buyers price, or quality.
This feedback generates “vendor ratings,” which alert future buyers of any negative histories. dial vendors advertise *778#
# not Welcome to M- recognized Maji! Enter your Welcome to account phone M-Maji! number or enter 0 to create a new 1. Find Water account. 2. Sell Water 3. Complain OK < > Back 2. OK < > Back
Please enter your 1. New Please enter # 4 digit PIN: advertisement water price in Ksh 2. Update per 20 liter jerry recognized advertisement can. 3. Add new kiosk
OK < > Back OK < > Back vendors advertise
SMS price to 7787
To 7787: From M-Maji:
4 SUCCESS: today you are selling water for KES 4 per jerry can dial buyers query *778# 1.
Welcome to Water is available Water is near Choose vendor: M-Maji! in villages: landmarks: 1. 2Ksh John, 1. Gatwekera 1. Wema Clinic near Makongen 1. Find Water 2. Kambi Muru 2. Kibera Girls Church 2. Sell Water 3. KisumuNdogo Primary 2. 5Ksh Salome, 3. Complain 4. Makina 3. Tabitha Clinic near Olympic 5. Mashimoni Mobile Recharge Station, purified* OK < > Back OK < > Back OK < > Back OK < > Back buyers query
In [village name] water is available SMS village name from: 2Ksh John near Makonngen Church; 3Ksh to 7787 village Samuel near Mashimoni recognized Primary; 5Ksh Salome near Olympic; 7Ksh…
To 7787: Currently no water in [village name]. [village name] In [next closest no water in village village] 3Ksh Mama Brian near Kibera Girls; 3Ksh Mwangi near MSF; 4Ksh Tom near AIC church; 5Ksh Vinias near Mboya.
village not There is no village recognized in Kibera called [misspelled village]. Please SMS the name of a Kibera village, like Gatwekera, Kambi Muru, Kianda, Kicchinjio, Kisumu Ndogo, Makina, … User A: Water Vendors Dial *778# or SMS 7787 ! Welcome!to!! to create water ad with: M*Maji!! ¥ Location ! ¥ Price 1.!Find!Water! ¥ Quality 2.!Sell!Water! 3.!Complaints!! ! User B: Water Buyers OK!!!!!!!!!!!!Back! Dial *778# or send an GSM Carrier SMS to 7787 to:
1. Access water listings: M*Maji!is!a! FREE!service.!To! ¥ Location find!clean!water! ¥ Price in!Kibera,!SMS! ¥ Quality the!name!of!a! GSM Modem and village!to!7787.! USSD/SMS Gateways For!quesPons! 2. File a complaint call!0716!202! 678!!
User C: M-Maji staff Use internet to: Choose!vendor:! 1. Verify: 1.!2Ksh!John,! near!AIC!Church! ¥ Location M-Maji 2.!5Ksh!Salome,! ¥ Price Centralized near!Olympic! ¥ Quality Primary,! Information System ¥ Complaints purified*! 3.!5Ksh!Mama!B.! External Applications and OK!!!!!!!!!!Back! MySQL Database 2. Input water quality data Sample Screenshots 2. Better information will: 1. Vendors 1. Reduce water search costs (time, money)
3. 2. Improve clean water uptake
Buyers
3. Encourage vendor accountability 2. Better information will: 1. Vendors 1. Reduce water search costs (time, money) - Aker 2010, Jensen 2007 3. 2. Improve clean water uptake - Jalan and Somanathan 2008, Buyers Madajewicz et al. 2007
3. Encourage vendor accountability - Axelrod 1984, Calvert 1995, Greif 1994, Milgrom, North, and Weingast 1990 Jensen 2007 2. Better information will: 1. Vendors 1. Reduce water search costs (time, money) - Aker 2010, Jensen 2007 3. 2. Improve clean water uptake - Jalan and Somanathan 2008, Buyers Madajewicz et al. 2007
3. Encourage vendor accountability - Axelrod 1984, Calvert 1995, Greif 1994, Milgrom, North, and Weingast 1990 In Bangladesh:
¥ Households notified of well water contamination 37 percentage points more likely to seek out an alternative water source ¥ Households change despite 15x increase in search times
Madajewicz et al. 2007
In India:
¥ Households notified of water contamination 11 percentage points more likely to begin purification within 8 weeks ¥ Households that begin purification spend $7.24 more
Jalan and Somanathan 2008 2. Better information will: 1. Vendors 1. Reduce water search costs (time, money) - Aker 2010, Jensen 2007 3. 2. Improve clean water uptake - Jalan and Somanathan 2008, Buyers Madajewicz et al. 2007
3. Encourage vendor accountability - Axelrod 1984, Calvert 1995, Greif 1994, Milgrom, North, and Weingast 1990 implementation M-Maji Pilot (2012-2013)
Makina
Kianda Mashimoni Kambi Muru Laini Saba
Kisumu Ndogo Legend Soweto East Soweto West Lindi Kibera Villages Gatwekera Pilot Raila Silanga 1st Stage 2nd Stage
¥ Pilot in 2 stages. - 1st Stage: Preliminary release in 5 villages (Aug. 28, 2012). - 2nd Stage: Expand to all 13 villages (Feb. 11, 2013). - Preliminary release: no water quality testing and no ratings
¥ Led by Umande Trust on the ground. Umande Trust (Kenya) use ubiquitous mobile technology to improve access to clean water
Aug 28, 2012 – Present Welcome to M-Maji! 32,163 total transactions 1. Find Water 10,095 users 2. Sell Water 3. Complain 3,946 returning users
134 vendors OK < > Back 1,021 water ads
Number of Transactions Per Day
Total Transactions Successful Transactions 200 150 100 Num. Num. of Transactions 50 0
Sep Nov Jan Mar May
Date
¥ 32,163 total transactions (102/day on average)
¥ 16% transactions successful Percent of Successful Transactions Per Day 0.8 0.6 Percent 0.4 0.2 0.0
Sep Nov Jan Mar May
Date
¥ average success rate in first 30 days: 4%
¥ average success rate in last 30 days: 36% Number of Ads Per Day 25 20 15 10 Number of Ads Number 5 0
Sep Nov Jan Mar May
Date
Histogram of Vendor Usage (Num of Ads Created)
61 60 40
23 Number of Vendors Number 20 12 7 6 5 4 4 3 0 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 5 10 15 20+
Number of Ads Created Ads & Queries by Village (Percent of Total since Feb 7, 2013)
Advertisements 0.4 Queries 0.3 0.2 Percent 0.1 0.0 GAT KAM KIA KIC KIS LAI LIN MAK MAS RAI SIL SWE SWW
Village
Survey of 97 vendors (Feb 10, 2013)
Reason for low participation?
36% Been busy/forgot to create ads 30% Forgot PIN 14% No regular supply of water 7% Forgot the process 6% Issues with phone (broken, lost) 4% Been away from Kibera 2% Process is too long
Survey of 97 vendors (Feb 10, 2013)
Reason for low participation?
36% Been busy/forgot to create ads 30% Forgot PIN 14% No regular supply of water 7% Forgot the process 6% Issues with phone (broken, lost) 4% Been away from Kibera 2% Process is too long vendors advertise
SMS price to 7787
To 7787: From M-Maji:
4 SUCCESS: today you are selling water for KES 4 per jerry can
(starting March 27) dial vendors advertise *778#
# not Welcome to M- recognized Maji! Enter your Welcome to account phone M-Maji! number or enter 0 to create a new 1. Find Water account. 2. Sell Water 3. Complain OK < > Back 2. OK < > Back
Please enter your 1. New Please enter # 4 digit PIN: advertisement water price in Ksh 2. Update per 20 liter jerry recognized advertisement can. 3. Add new kiosk
OK < > Back OK < > Back Number of Ads Per Day
released
25 vendor SMS interface 20 15 10 Number of Ads Number 5 0
Sep Nov Jan Mar May
Date Users Per Day
150 Returning Users New Users 100 Num of Num Users 50 0
Sep Nov Jan Mar May
Date
Histogram of Buyer Usage (Num of Queries)
6134 5000 3000 1911 Number of Buyers Number
745 1000 388 214 123 94 67 53 38 36 30 22 15 22 7 13 10 7 67 0
0 5 10 15 20+
Number of Queries common misspellings
Gatwekera: Gatwekira Katwekera In Gatwekera Gatwekera Village Gatwekera Maji There is no village in Kibera called Kisumu Ndogo: Kisumu [misspelled Kisumundogo village]. Please SMS the name of a In Kisumu Ndogo Kibera village, like Gatwekera, Kambi Kisumu Ndogo Village Muru, Kianda, Kicchinjio, Kisumu Kisumu Ndogo Maji Ndogo, Laini Saba, Makina, Mashimo… Soweto East: Soweto In Soweto East Soweto East Village Soweto East Maji challenges Challenges
1. Marketing in insecure slum
2. Pace of work/managing from abroad
3. Mobile development 4. Unreliable network service providers M-Maji Implementation
- April-June 2010: M-Maji developed in Designing Lib Tech course
- June-Dec 2010: Assessed viability and secured funding
- Jan 2011: Partnered with community organization Umande Trust
- Jan-Mar 2011: Baseline data collection
- July-Sept 2011: WezaTele develops prototype v1 (USSD)
- Sept 2011-Jan 2012: User testing and modifications
- Mar 2012: Failed launch due to service provider
- June 2012: Contracted with different service provider
- Aug 2012: Pilot begins
- Feb 2013: Release M-Maji v2 (SMS) Kibera Launch (March 29, 2012)
Welcome to M-Maji!
1. Buy Water 2. Sell Water 3. Complain
OK < > Back M-Maji Implementation
- April-June 2010: M-Maji developed in Designing Lib Tech course
- June-Dec 2010: Assessed viability and secured funding
- Jan 2011: Partnered with community organization Umande Trust
- Jan-Mar 2011: Baseline data collection
- July-Sept 2011: WezaTele develops prototype v1 (USSD)
- Sept 2011-Jan 2012: User testing and modifications
- Mar 2012: Failed launch due to service provider
- June 2012: Contracted with different service provider
- Aug 2012: Pilot begins
- Feb 2013: Release M-Maji v2 (SMS) Challenges
1. Marketing in insecure slum
2. Pace of work/managing from abroad
3. Mobile development 4. Unreliable network service providers Next Steps
1. Do better job with marketing
2. Start water quality testing with CDC
3. Conduct randomized program evaluation
4. Collaboration with ETH Zurich? Next Steps
1. Do better job with marketing
2. Start water quality testing with CDC
3. Conduct randomized program evaluation
4. Collaboration with ETH Zurich? marketing
1. community events
2. prizes (water tanks, water purification)
3. endorsements
4. t-shirts, posters, leaflets
5. radio advertisements on local radio (Pamoja FM)
6. pitches to clinics, community organizations, and women’s groups community event
Welcome to M-Maji!
1. Buy Water 2. Sell Water 3. Complain
OK < > Back endorsements
county rep CBO
area chief MP
district officer vendors t-shirts posters + brochures
! ! ! ! ! ! ! INSI& NAFANYA& AZI ! ISI&NI& ANI ! ! J I K & ! S N ?& ! ! ! ! ! M-Maji hukusanya matangazo ! ! ! kutoka kwa wa wachuuzi wa ! M-Maji ni timu ya wanafunzi wa ! ! ! ! ! maji Kibera na kuyaweka ! Marekani na Kenya, ! kwenye database ambayo ! ! maprofesa, na wabunifu. Tuko ! ! wanunuzi waweza swala ! ! ! ! katika Chuo Kikuu cha ! kutumia simu zao za mkono& ! ! Stanford na Chuo Kikuu cha ! ! ! ! ! ! Nairobi, na katika Kibera sisi ni ! ! ! ! ! ! kushirikiana na Umande Trust. ! ! ! Twa nuia kuboresha upatikanaji ! ! M!Maji%is%a%FREE% ! wa maji safi, salama ya kunywa ! ! service.(To(find( ! ! ! ! katika Kibera. ! ! clean&water&in& ! ! Wahitaji'maji?'Pata'maji'safi'ukitumia' ! Kibera,(SMS#the# ! ! ! name%of%a%village% ! ! ! to#7787.#For# ! ! ! questions)call) ! ! laini'yako'ya'Safaricom,'bila'malipo!' ! 0716202678'" ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Timu ya M-Maji anashawishi ! ! 1. Tuma'ujumbe'mfupi'wa'eneo'lako' ! maoni na inafanya random ! ! ! kupima ubora wa kuhakikisha ! ! ! ! ! ! kuwa wanunuzi kupata ubora ! !Huduma&ya&bure&ya&kusaidia& (Kibera)'kwa'7787.' ! wa habari wanastahili.! ! !Kibera&kupata&maji&safi&kwa& ! ! ! ! ! Kwa maelezo zaidi tembelea: !simu&zao&za&mkononi! 2. Pokea'maeneo'ya'maji'kwa'bure'kwa' ! ! http://mmaji.wordpress.com ! ! ! ! ! ! ama piga simu: ! simu'yako'ya'Safaricom.' ! ! 0716 202 678 ! !
! (Ama'tuma'SMS'tupu'kwa'7787'kwa'maagizo)' NANI&WATAKAO&TUMIA?& WANUNUZI&WA&MAJI& Mtu"yeyote!"M!Maji"ni"ya"bure" 1.!Tuma!ujumbe!mfupi!wa!eneo!lako!(Kibera)! kwa"wanunuzi"na"wauzaji"na"SIM" kwa!7787!(Bure!Kwa!wateja!wa!Safaricom)! ya"Safaricom.!
2.!Pokea!maeneo!ya!maji!kwa!bure!kwa! NINI&WAHITAJI?& simu!yako!ya!Safaricom.! 1) Simu"ya"mkononi" MHMaji'is'a'FREE' From'MHMaji:' From M-Maji: 3.!Kwa!maswali!au!malalamiko!SMS!7787!au! 2) SIM"ya"Safaricom" simu!0716!202!678.! service.'To'find' In'Lindi,'water'is' In'Gatwekera,' 3) Fikia"M!Maji"Kutumia" clean'water'in' available'from:' water'is'available' Ujumbe"mfupi"kwa"bure:" Kibera,'SMS'the' Ksh3'Salome' from:'Ksh4' SMS:&7787& VENDORS& name'of'a' near'Lindi' ODIPO'near' 1.!Pigia!mwakilishi!wa!MGMaji!katika!0716! village'to'7787.' Friends'Church;' Maranatha;'Ksh4' & 202!678!kwa!kuanzisha!akaunti!ya!muuzaji.! For'quesQons' Ksh4'Mary'near' mwangi'near' call'0716202678'' Kilyo'Biocenter…' Seed'Junior…' From%M!Maji:" 2.!Kila!asubuhi,!SMS!bei!yako!ya!kuuza! In#Lindi,#water#is# maji!kwa!7787!kutoka!laini!yako!ya! available'from:' Safaricom.! Salome'near'Lindi' Friends(Church,( Supported.by:. Ksh3;&John!near% KilyoBiocenter,- 3.!Tutaweza!kutangaza!bei!yako,!mahali,! Ksh4%*purified…" upatikanaji,!na!ubora,!kwa!bure!! marketing
1. community events
2. prizes (water tanks, water purification)
3. endorsements
4. t-shirts, posters, leaflets
5. radio advertisements on local radio (Pamoja FM)
6. pitches to clinics, community organizations, and women’s groups Next Steps
1. Do better job with marketing
2. Start water quality testing with CDC
3. Conduct randomized program evaluation
4. Collaboration with ETH Zurich? Next Steps
1. Do better job with marketing
2. Start water quality testing with CDC
3. Conduct randomized program evaluation
4. Collaboration with ETH Zurich? water quality testing with
¥ sample vendors’ drinking water once a month, at random times
¥ use Most Probable Number (MPN) testing to estimate total coliform and E.coli concentrations
¥ identify clean water using WHO and USEPA standard: 0 colony forming units per 100mL of water
¥ vendors with dirty water given chlorine packets
¥ test results distributed to users water quality testing with
Verified Clean Dear valued M- Water Sources in Maji user, water Gatwekera: 3Ksh at mwangi in Mama Brian near Gatwekera is Kibera Girls; contaminated and 3Ksh Mwangi unsafe for near MSF; 4Ksh drinking. Tom near AIC church; 5Ksh…
1. 2. SMS listings of clean SMS alerts to sources only customers smarter algorithm for identifying clean water smarter algorithm for identifying clean water smarter algorithm for identifying clean water
Makina .! .! .!.! .! .!.! .!.! Kianda .!.!.!.!.!Kambi Muru .!.! .!.! .! .! Mashimoni .! .!.! Laini Saba .! Kisumu.! Ndogo .!.! .! .! .! .! .!.! .!.! .! .! .!.!.!.!.! .! Soweto West .! .! .!.! .!.! Soweto East .!.!.! .! .!.!.!.!.!.!.! .! Lindi .! Gatwekera Silanga Raila Legend .!.! .! M-Maji Vendor Kibera Villages Pilot 1st Stage 2nd Stage smarter algorithm for identifying clean water
Makina .! .! .!.! .! .!.! .!.! Kianda .!.!.!.!.!Kambi Muru .!.! .!.! .! .! Mashimoni .! .!.! Laini Saba .! Kisumu.! Ndogo .!.! .! .! .! .! .!.! .!.! .! .! .!.!.!.!.! .! Soweto West .! .! .!.! .!.! Soweto East .!.!.! .! .!.!.!.!.!.!.! .! Lindi .! Gatwekera Silanga Raila Legend .!.! .! M-Maji Vendor Kibera Villages Pilot 1st Stage 2nd Stage Next Steps
1. Do better job with marketing
2. Start water quality testing with CDC
3. Conduct randomized program evaluation
4. Collaboration with ETH Zurich? Next Steps
1. Do better job with marketing
2. Start water quality testing with CDC
3. Conduct randomized program evaluation
4. Collaboration with ETH Zurich? Randomized Program Evaluation
2 Cross-Cutting Health Message ~ Message Treatments
M-Maji Full Intervention M-Maji Treatment
~ M-Maji Message Treatment Pure Control
1. Water prices
2. Search times
3. Clean water uptake (household water quality + infant diarrheal rates) Next Steps
1. Do better job with marketing
2. Start water quality testing with CDC
3. Conduct randomized program evaluation
4. Collaboration with ETH Zurich? Next Steps
1. Do better job with marketing
2. Start water quality testing with CDC
3. Conduct randomized program evaluation
4. Collaboration with ETH Zurich? Next Steps
1. Do better job with marketing
2. Start water quality testing with CDC
3. Conduct randomized program evaluation
4. Collaboration with ETH Zurich? - Embed experiments within M-Maji - Test interventions to adopt ICT innovations
Summary
1. Use ubiquitous mobile technology to improve access to clean water in developing country slums.
2. Use experimental methods to estimate cost- effectiveness and inform future direction.
3. Hope is to advance benefits of clean water by bringing together human-centered design, technological innovation, and insights from social science. Special Thanks Leann Bankoski Edward Miguel Michele Barry Hilda Moraa Aidah Binale Sally Madsen Joshua Cohen Caleb Ogara Ben Crow Josiah Omotto Rob Daines Dan Orwa Larry Diamond Kelly Rosellen Erica Estrada Jackie Sargent Wendy Ju Peter Waiganjo Sam Kitonyi Terry Winograd Kelvin Bai Lugaka Greg Wolff
and our amazing collaborators at Umande Trust, WezaTele, and UnaMesa
More details available at: http://mmaji.wordpress.com