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The Influence of Parent -Adolescent Communication on Sexual and Reproductive Behavior of Adolescents: Case Study of Kibera Slums

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The Influence of Parent -Adolescent Communication on Sexual and Reproductive Behavior of Adolescents: Case Study of Kibera Slums THE INFLUENCE OF PARENT -ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR OF ADOLESCENTS: CASE STUDY OF KIBERA SLUMS NJENGA GEOFFREY GATHII A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE MASTERS OF ARTS COMMUNICATION STUDIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2015 DECLARATION This Research Project is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University. Njenga Geoffrey Gathii K50/69780/2013 _________________________ _______________________ Signature Date This Research Project has been submitted for examination with my approval the University supervisor Dr. Ndeti Ndati, PhD School of Journalism and Mass Communication University of Nairobi _________________________ _______________________ Signature Date ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my loving parents Mr.Francis Njenga Mungai and Mrs. Grace Wanjiku Njenga for planting the seed of education in me. Second, to my fiancée Fridah Mukami and the entire Njenga family for their support and encouragement. God bless you all iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The completion of this work was made possible through the assistance of many people to whom I am greatly indebted. First, I would like to sincerely thank the Almighty God for giving me the gift of life to write this work. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Ndeti Ndati for the invaluable professional guidance, motivation and patience, not to mention his advice and unsurpassed knowledge in health communication that enabled me compile this research. I wish to extend my sincere appreciation to all the lecturers of the School of Journalism, University of Nairobi whose contribution towards this study was remarkable and applaudable. I am greatly indebted to my loving parents, who have been a source of inspiration to me throughout my life. Also acknowledged is my fiancée and the entire Njenga family who supported me morally and spiritually. I am grateful to all the parents and adolescents in the villages where I conducted the research. These villages are: Kianda, Soweto, Raila, Gatwekera, Kisumu ndogo, Kambi muru, Lindi, Silanga, Laini saba, Mashimoni, Makina and Royal Nairobi golf course. I am grateful to the officials from the children department’s office, Kibera, for their assistance during the research. I wish to extend my gratitude to my classmates whose presence offered me psychological motivation and the need to learn more. Lastly, I thank all the people who assisted me in one way or the other towards the successful completion of my studies. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................ii DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... x ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1 1.0 Background of study .....................................................................................................1 1.1 Parent- adolescent communication in Kenya ..................................................................2 1.2 Parent -adolescent communication in Kibera .................................................................3 1.3 Statement of the problem ...................................................................................................4 1.4 Study objectives .................................................................................................................6 1.4.1 General objective ........................................................................................................6 1.4.2 Specific objectives ......................................................................................................6 1.5 Research questions.............................................................................................................6 1.6 Significance of the study ....................................................................................................7 1.7 Scope and limitations of the study ......................................................................................8 1.8 Operational definition of terms ..........................................................................................8 v CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................10 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................10 2.0 Introduction .....................................................................................................................10 2.1.0 How parents communicate sexual and reproductive information with adolescents .....10 2.1.1 Parent-adolescent communication and sexual and reproductive behavior ..................12 2.1.2 Degree of parent-adolescent communication on sexual and reproductive behavior ....14 2.1.3 Adolescents desire for parent-adolescent communication ..........................................17 2.1.4 Influence of parent-adolescent communication on sexual and reproductive behavior.18 2.1.5 Influence of parent-adolescent communication in America .......................................29 2.1.6 Influence of parent-adolescent communication in Kenya...........................................33 2.1.7 Challenges of parent-adolescent communication .......................................................38 2.1.8 Summary of existing gaps .........................................................................................40 2.2.0 Theoretical framework ..................................................................................................40 2.2.1 Rommetveit and Blackar communication model .......................................................40 2.2.2 Heinz Kuhut’s object relations theory of the self .......................................................42 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................43 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...........................................................................................43 3.0 Introduction .....................................................................................................................43 3.1 Study site .........................................................................................................................43 3.2 Study population ..............................................................................................................44 3.3 Research design ...............................................................................................................44 3.4 Sample size and sampling procedure ................................................................................44 3.4.1 Sample size ...............................................................................................................45 3.4.2 Sampling procedures.................................................................................................45 vi 3.5 Data collection methods ...................................................................................................46 3.5.1 Qualitative data .........................................................................................................46 3.5.2 Quantitative data .......................................................................................................46 3.6 Data analysis and presentation .........................................................................................47 3.7 Ethical considerations ......................................................................................................47 CHAPTER FOUR ...................................................................................................................49 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION .....................................................................49 4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................49 4.2 Demographic characteristics ............................................................................................49 4.3 Communication of sexual and reproductive information ..................................................50 4.3.1 Exposure to sex education .........................................................................................50 4.3.2 Frequency of receiving/giving Sex Education ...........................................................52 4.3.3 Topics in sex education
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