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Slum Fire Fighting Strategies for Sustainable Development: a Case Study of Kibera, Nairobi County, Kenya by Ekere Nsikak Edobot

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Slum Fire Fighting Strategies for Sustainable Development: a Case Study of Kibera, Nairobi County, Kenya by Ekere Nsikak Edobot SLUM FIRE FIGHTING STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF KIBERA, NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA BY EKERE NSIKAK EDOBOT ID NO. 644939 A Thesis submitted to the School of Humanities and Social Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for an Award of Masters of Arts Degree in International Relations UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY- AFRICA NAIROBI, KENYA FALL 2015 DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby declare that all information in this thesis is my own original work and that it has not been published or submitted in any organization or institution other than the United States International University- Africa Nairobi, Kenya for academic credit Signature Date Nsikak Edobot Ekere- 644939 Student This thesis has been presented for examination with my approval as the appointed supervisor Signature Date Dan. N. Odaba Supervisor Signature Date Dr. Tom Onditi, PhD Dean, School of Humanities and Social Sciences Signature Date Amb. Prof. Ruthie C. Rono, PhD Deputy Vice Chancellor, Academic Affairs ii COPYRIGHT © Ekere Nsikak, 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this project may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means- electronic, mechanical, including photocopying, recording, information storage, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all I would like to thank God almighty for giving me the strength to be able to start and complete this thesis without any form of illness. I would also like to appreciate the moral support and encouragement I have received from my family members. Most importantly I would like to thank my parents Mr. and Mrs. Edobot Ekere who saw me through this and urged me on, through the successful writing of this thesis. My sincere thanks also go to my supervisor, Dan. N. Odaba for his insights and corrections which were very useful; his comments and availability consistently gave me the strength and motivation to do my best on this thesis .I would also like to thank the teaching staff at United States International University –Africa (USIU-A) for their assistance and advice during my research and formulation of this thesis. I am grateful to the writers and scholars whose works I have cited within this thesis. Finally I would like thank my cousin Emmanuel Ekemini Ekere for his knowledge which helped me throughout my learning in USIU-A. iv DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my beloved parents Mr. and Mrs. Edobot Ekere who have stood with me since I was a child going through nursery school all the way to the university studies until now. They have been an eternal source of inspiration since growing up. I will also like to dedicate this work to the men and women who have giving themselves to serve in slum firefighting in Kibera, Nairobi County, Kenya. v ABBREVIATIONS CBDP - Community Based Disaster Program DM - Disaster Management DP - Disaster Preparedness DRR - Disaster Risk Reduction EWS - Early Warning System FEMA - Federal Emergency Management Agency HAZMATS - Hazardous Materials ISDR - International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ICRC - International Committee for Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IFRC - International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies KRC - Kenya Red Cross KPLC - Kenya Power and Lighting Company LPG - Liquefied Petroleum Gas NGOs - Non Governmental Organizations NODC - National Disaster Operation Centre SJA - St John Ambulance NCC - Nairobi City Council USIU-A - United International University – Africa vi Definition of Terms Disaster: A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. It is a hazard which has adversely affected human life by resulting to injuries. Disaster Management: Encompasses a range of policies and practices developed to prevent, manage and reduce the impact of disaster. It covers the implementation of disaster preparedness, mitigation, emergency response, relief and recovery measures. Disaster Recovery: Continues beyond the disaster period immediately following the onset of a disaster and is divided into relief, restoration/rehabilitation and reconstruction. The purpose is to return all systems, bothe formal and informal to normal. Relief/Rehabilitation/Reconstruction: Measures undertaken in the aftermath of a disaster to respectively save lives and address immediate humanitarian needs, restore normal activities, physical infractructure and services. Disaster Response: Includes initial emergency rescue, administering first-aid to the injured, referring the injured to medical facilities, evacuation of homeless to temporary shelters, provision of essential items such as food and water and immediate psychological support to survivors. Mitigation: Are initiatives to eliminate and lessen risks through increasing awareness about risks and emergencies. Mitigation measures are both physical and structural for example using non-combustible building materials, or non- structural in the form of targeted educational programs, compliance and enforcement of safety regulations (Pogosyan, 2000:14 and UN, 2009). Hazard: Potential threat to humans and their welfare. A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause the loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods, and services, social and economic disruption or environmental damage. Vulnerability: The characteristics and circumstances of community, system or asset that makes it susceptible to the damaging effcets of a hazard. Human vulnerability is the relative lack of capacity of a person or communities to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from vii the impact of a hazard. Structural or physical vulnerability is the extent to which a structure is likely to be damaged or disrupted by a hazard event. Risk: is the combination of probability of the occurrence of a hazard and vulnerability to negative consequences. Risk = Vulnerability x Hazards Disaster Risk: The potential disaster losses in lives, health status, livelihoods, assests and services which could occur at a particular community or society over some specified period. Human Capacity: The qualities and resources an individual or community can use and develop to anitcipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impact of hazard. Include material resources such as food and cash. Recurrent slum fire disasters: Are disasters which occur on a regular basis due to interaction between hazards and vulnerabilities. It is an example of technological disaster with a rapid onset. Slum: Is a contagious settlement where inhabitants are characterized as having inadequate housing and basic services. Triggering agents: Emanate from the natural environment or from human activity. Disasters are outcomes of triggering agents. viii ABSTRACT Slum fires impose significant social and economic costs including loss of life, destruction of health, property, dwellings and jobs while the interlinked physical and social vulnerabilities expose the urban poor not to single but multiple risks. Disaster preparedness and mitigation are the main methods of protecting such communities against fire disasters. This study sought to examine fire safety mechanisms and their effect on prevalence of fire disasters in Kenya slums. Nairobi will further absorb another 5 million people in the next two decades who will seek residence in slums and will join the slum population which is already vulnerable and reeling with poverty and continues to lose life, property and livelihood due to fire disasters in slums. The site of the study was Kibera is a division of Nairobi Area, Kenya, and neighbourhood of the city of Nairobi, located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the city centre. Kibera is the largest slum in Nairobi, and the second largest urban slum in Africa. The neighbourhood is divided into a number of villages, including Soweto East, Gatwekera, Kisumu Ndogo, Lindi, Laini Saba, Siranga, Makina and Mashimoni. A part from the low class, the majority of those who live in Kibera slum are poor who lived below the poverty line. Sampling was done for each of the eight villages which were divided into two clusters and from each, three households were selected using simple random sampling was done for each of the eight villages which were selected using simple random sampling and in each, one person chosen by purposive sampling to give a total sample size of forty eight persons. The study revealed that 46.9% of participants have experience ten and more incidents of fire in Kibera slum within a year while 36.7 % have witnessed fire disasters. The cause of most fires in Kibera slum is unattended stoves by drunken residents, electric faults, and congested houses made of combustible materials and presence of kerosene. Majority of the respondents did not know of any fire safety mechanism while some had poor knowledge about fire safety mechanisms. Neighbours were the most active group in fighting fire at followed distantly by the fire brigade at a very minimal percentage. The challenges faced by residents when coping with fire are poor infrastructure and lack of safety equipment and little knowledge over handling of inflammable materials. Many of the respondents also felt that community sensitization to fire preventive measures was the best option for sustaining effective fire safety mechanisms while approximately a third of them thought that putting fire safety measures
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