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An Investigation Into the Causes and Effects of Child Sexual Abuse In vN a n investigation in t o t h e c a u se s a n d EFFECTS OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN KIBERA SLUM, NAIROBI'' BY: WAITHAKA GLADYS NYAMBURA A PROJECT PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE (COUNSELLING) IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI UniversityUII (It b ia " of NAIROBI Library I!!HIM 0404720 5 2004 DEDICATION This project is dedicated to my dear mother. Mom you are (ihe a speciatshinning fight who tries to guide me on the right path, (patientCy forgiving when I stumhCe You encourage andfift my spirits You sifintCy fisten, You silentfy pray, Wishing fo r the Best to afways come my way. Mom you are a SCessing package for me! u ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge the assistance, advice, and cooperation offered by various individuals towards the success o f this research project. In a special way, I register gratitude to my supervisors, Prof. C. Odegi and Dr. P.Mutie for their useful insights, guidance, availability and constructive criticism without which I would have found difficult to complete this project. I also wish to thank all my lecturers at University of Nairobi and in a special way Lilian Awiti and all the lecturers who looked at my research project in its initial stages. I am grateful to the 105 respondents for their cooperation and information. Dr. Philista Onyango and ANNPCAN staff thank you for directing me around the research location. Mrs Namulundi (Head teacher Olympic primary school) for allowing and facilitating carrying out of research in the school. I also acknowledge in a special way my brother Francis and Waithaka’s family for their prayers and kindness. I offer my humble and heartfelt gratitude to all my friends: Millicent, Pam, George, Freda, Dorothy, Mwangi, Felista, Annlily, Emily, Nancy, Liz, Rachel, Ben, Kathy, Harriet, Pauline, Francis and Juliet. Thank you for offering a shoulder to lean on. Margaret Njoki Ngaru and Christine Wachira I can never get a way of thanking you enough but always know you left a mark in my life. Nonetheless, the ultimate responsibility for the contents of this project lays with me the researcher. m ABBREVIATIONS ANN PC AN African Network for the Prevention and Protection Against Child Abuse And Neglect UNICEF United Nations Children Education Fund K.M.A Kenya Medical Association C.C.A.P Centre for Child Abuse and Prevention C.R.C Convention on the Rights of the Child IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration............................................................................ *............................................i Dedication..........,...............................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements............................................................... ..iii Abbreviations used........................................................................... iv Table of contents................................................................................................................ v List of Bar Graphs and Pie Charts................................................................................... vi List of Tables.....................................................................................................................vi Abstract................................................................................... ix Chapter one: Introduction 1.0 Background to the study........................................................................................ I 1.1 Problem Statement........................ 3 1.2 Study objectives........................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Scope and limitation.............................................. 8 Chapter two: Literature Review and theoretical framework 2.1 Forms of sexual abuse..................................................................................................9 2.2 Myths about sexual abuse........................................................................................... 11 2.3 Cycle of child sexual abuse........................................................................................15 2.4 Child sexual abusers................................................................................................... 16 2.5 Sexually abused children............................................................................................ 17 v 2.6 Investigations and action........................................................................ 18 2.7 Breaking the cycle of abuse....................................................................................... 21 2.8 Theoretical framework...............................................................................................22 2.9 Research questions..................................................................................................... 25 Definition of terms............ ............................................................................................ 26 Chapter three: Methodology 3.0 Introduction............................................................................................ 27 3.1 Site description and description................................................................................27 3.2 Target population....................................................................................................... 27 3.3 Unit of analysis............................. 28 3.4 Methodological design.......................... 28 3.5 Sources of data and data collection methods............................................................31 3.6 Data analysis................................................... 32 Chapter 4: Research findings and interpretations 4.0 Social and demographic characteristics..................................................................33 4.1 Background characteristics of the respondents.............................................. ........ 33 4.2 Respondents understanding of sexual abuse............................................................37 4.3 Forms of sexual...................................... ..................................................................39 4.4 Prevalence of child sexual abuse............................................................................. 41 4.5 Causes of child sexual abuse.....................................................................................48 4.6 The link between HIV/Aids and child sexual abuse...............................................52 4.7 Effects of child sexual abuse.....................................................................................53 4.8 Strategies to help curb sexual abuse........................................................................ 59 vi Chapter 5: Summary and recommendations 5.1 Summary.................................................................................................................. 61 5.2 Recommendations................................................................. 64 References.................. ...................................................................................................67 Appendices.................................................................................................................... 71 vn List of Bar Graphs and Pic charts Bar graph 1: Respondents age distribution.................................................................... 34 Bar graph 2: Number of room occupants....................................................................... 37 Bar graph 3: Forms of child sexual abuse...................................................................... 39 Bar graph 4: Child relations with sexual abusers...........................................................42 Bar graph 5: Causes of child sexual abuse..................................................................... 49 Bar graph 6: Behavioural symptoms of child sexual abuse.......................................... 54 Bar graph 7: Physical symptoms of child sexual abuse.................................................56 Bar graph 8: Psychological symptoms of child sexual abuse.......................................58 Bar graph 9: Punishment that should be meted on child sexual abusers..................... 60 List of pie charts Pie chart 1: Whom the pupils live with....................................................................... 35 Pie chart 2: People to report to if sexually abused by the father................................47 List of tables Table 1: Reasons for not living with both parents........................................................36 Table 2: Reasons for failure to report sexual abuse.......................................................44 Table 3: How behaviour of parents lead to sexual abuse..............................................51 Vlll ABSTRACT Sexual abuse is a vice that occurs in all-social and ethnic groups. It is a vice that shocks and traumatizes the victims and undermines the status of children and women in any society. Yet it is largely suffered in silence. The study was designed to investigate the causes and effects of child sexual abuse in Kibera slum, Nairobi. Specifically, the researcher sought to: establish the factors that determine reporting of cases of child sexual abuse, explain approaches that can lead to prevention of child sexual abuse and to identify the problems and challenges that child sexual abuse victims and their family experience in trying to access healthcare services. Data was collected by use of both qualitative and quantitative
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