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Classica Et Mediaevalia SOCIETAS DANICA INDAGATIONIS ANTIQVITATIS ET MEDII AEVI CLASSICA ET MEDIAEVALIA Danish Journal of Philology and History EDITED BY Tønnes Bekker-Nielsen · Marianne Pade EDITORIAL BOARD Jesper Carlsen · Karsten Friis-Jensen Vincent Gabrielsen · George Hinge · Birger Munk Olsen volume 61 MUSEUM TUSCULANUM PRESS UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN 2010 C&M57-omslag.indd 1 05-12-2006 13:46:23 © Museum Tusculanum Press :: University of Copenhagen :: www.mtp.dk :: [email protected] EDITORS Tønnes Bekker-Nielsen (editor), University of Southern Denmark Marianne Pade (associate editor), University of Aarhus Jesper Carlsen, University of Southern Denmark Karsten Friis-Jensen, University of Copenhagen Vincent Gabrielsen, University of Copenhagen George Hinge, University of Aarhus Birger Munk Olsen, formerly University of Copenhagen ADVISORY EDITORS Eva Cantarella, University of Milan Kostas Buraselis, University of Athens Thomas Corsten, University of Vienna Stephen Harrison, University of Oxford Tomas Hägg, University of Bergen Outi Merisalo, University of Jyväskylä Gregory Nagy, Harvard University Marjorie Woods, University of Texas at Austin Greg Woolf, University of St. Andrews EDITORIAL ADDRESS Classica et Mediaevalia Building 1414 University of Aarhus Nordre Ringgade 1 DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark e-mail: [email protected] website: www.mtp.dk/classicaetmediaevalia fax: (+45) 8942 2050 PUBLISHER Museum Tusculanum Press University of Copenhagen Njalsgade 126 DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark e-mail: [email protected] website: www.mtp.dk fax: (+45) 3532 9113 CLASSICA ET MEDIAEVALIA • VOL. 61 E-journal © Museum Tusculanum Press 2012 :: ISBN 978 87 635 3811 4 www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=300308 C&M57-omslag.indd 2 05-12-2006 13:46:28 © Museum Tusculanum Press :: University of Copenhagen :: www.mtp.dk :: [email protected] SOCIETAS DANICA INDAGATIONIS ANTIQVITATIS ET MEDII AEVI CLASSICA ET MEDIAEVALIA Danish Journal of Philology and History EDITED BY Tønnes Bekker-Nielsen · Marianne Pade EDITORIAL BOARD Jesper Carlsen · Karsten Friis-Jensen Vincent Gabrielsen · George Hinge · Birger Munk Olsen [E-journal 2012] volume 61 MUSEUM TUSCULANUM PRESS UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN 2010 CLASSICA ET MEDIAEVALIA • VOL. 61 E-journal © Museum Tusculanum Press 2012 :: ISBN 978 87 635 3811 4 www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=300308 © Museum Tusculanum Press :: University of Copenhagen :: www.mtp.dk :: [email protected] CLASSICA ET MEDIAEVALIA · VOL. 61 E-journal 2012 Copyright © Museum Tusculanum Press ISBN 978 87 635 3811 4 ISSN 0106 5815 Unaltered version in pdf-format of CLASSICA ET MEDIAEVALIA · VOL. 61 Copyright © Museum Tusculanum Press 2010 Composition by Pernille Borch Petersen Printed in Denmark by Special-Trykkeriet Viborg a-s ISBN 978 87 635 3670 7 ISSN 0106 5815 Published with the support of The Danish Research Council for the Humanities E. Lerager Larsens Fond Landsdommer V. Gieses Legat MUSEUM TUSCULANUM PRESS University of Copenhagen Njalsgade 126 dk-2300 Copenhagen S www.mtp.dk Tel. +45 35 32 91 09 Fax +45 35 32 91 13 CLASSICA ET MEDIAEVALIA • VOL. 61 E-journal © Museum Tusculanum Press 2012 :: ISBN 978 87 635 3811 4 www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=300308 © Museum Tusculanum Press :: University of Copenhagen :: www.mtp.dk :: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS efi papadodima The Term dike in Sophocles 5 jens a. krasilnikoff Marginal Land, its Boundaries, and the Rupestral Horoi of Attica 49 jack lennon Menstrual Blood in Ancient Rome: An Unspeakable Impurity? 71 joaquin muñiz coello Patrons, Tribes and Elections: The Roman Senator and Politics 89 isaías arrayás morales Diplomacy in the Greek Poleis of Asia Minor: Mytilene’s Embassy to Tarraco. 127 tibor grüll The Legendary Fate of Pontius Pilate 151 irini christophorou The Presence of Homer’s Achilles in Lucan’s Caesar 177 serena connolly Lucan’s Punic War in the Disticha Catonis 193 jens e. degn Africain Romanisé ou Romain Africanisé? L’identité culturelle de Marcus Cornelius Fronto 203 CLASSICA ET MEDIAEVALIA • VOL. 61 E-journal © Museum Tusculanum Press 2012 :: ISBN 978 87 635 3811 4 www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=300308 © Museum Tusculanum Press :: University of Copenhagen :: www.mtp.dk :: [email protected] chiara meccariello An Echo from Nonius Marcellus in Aldhelm’s Enigmata 257 david bloch John of Salisbury, ‘John’ the Translator, and the Posterior Analytics 267 david r. carlson A Fourteenth-Century Anglo-Latin Ovidian: The liber exulis in John Gower’s 1381 Visio Anglie (Vox clamantis 1.1359-1592) 293 thomas haye Ein poetischer Lieferschein zu einem Tiertransport des späten 14. Jahrhunderts: Gryfus von Padua und sein Gedicht über Masthähne 337 list of authors 349 CLASSICA ET MEDIAEVALIA • VOL. 61 E-journal © Museum Tusculanum Press 2012 :: ISBN 978 87 635 3811 4 www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=300308 © Museum Tusculanum Press :: University of Copenhagen :: www.mtp.dk :: [email protected] THE TERM DIKE IN SOPHOCLES By Efi Papadodima Summary: This paper explores the uses of the term dike in extant Sophoclean tragedy and attempts a typology of its major meanings and functions. Whilst contributing to our under- standing of various aspects of dike, such an exploration can at the same time offer interesting insights into some distinctive considerations and concerns of Sophoclean drama. I. INTRODUCTION PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON DIKEEE IN TRAGEDY* Justice in tragedy is a broad and complex theme. In this study, I shall be concerned with the actual use of the term dike in extant Sophoclean drama, in an attempt to assess its importance and identify its probable distinctive features. Certainly, the exploration of the uses of the term dike cannot be viewed in isolation from the broader question of ancient Greek notions of justice, righteousness, and related values, yet it can by no means exhaust their scope and depth. 1 Dike has a wide range of meanings in classical literature. As is the case with several terms in ancient Greek thought, dike can refer either to a pow- * I am very grateful to Patrick Finglass for useful comments. 1 Important studies on various aspects of dike in classical literature include: Adkins 1960; 1972; Gagarin 1976; Havelock 1978; Garner 1987. Shorter discussions include Goldhill 1997: 137-39 and Cairns 2005: 306-9. Efi Papadodima ‘The Term dike in Sophocles’ C&M 61 (2010) 5-48. © 2010 Museum Tusculanum Press · www.mtp.dk/classicaetmediaevalia CLASSICA ET MEDIAEVALIA • VOL. 61 E-journal © Museum Tusculanum Press 2012 :: ISBN 978 87 635 3811 4 www.mtp.hum.ku.dk/details.asp?eln=300308 © Museum Tusculanum Press :: University of Copenhagen :: www.mtp.dk :: [email protected] 6 efi papadodima erful goddess or to a central, as well as controversial, value. The perception and representation of Dike as a deity who watches over interpersonal affairs, 2 3 already manifest in archaic poetry, is met in many dramatic contexts. Dike is closely associated with Zeus and the Erinyes, divine punishers of viola- tions of family-ties and ministers of Dike among other things, as well as ̄ϨΗ΅ and ̏ΓϧΕ΅.4 Antigone appeals to Zeus and Dike, who lives together with the gods below and has set up everlasting laws for mortals (455-60); Oedipus, while cursing his sons, appeals to Dike who sits with the ‘ancient 5 laws’ of Zeus (1382: ΦΕΛ΅ϟΓ΍Ζȱ ΑϱΐΓ΍Ζ). Teucer pairs the Olympian father with the ΐΑφΐΝΑȱ̳Ε΍ΑϾΖ and the ΘΉΏΉΗΚϱΕΓΖȱ̇ϟΎ΋, asking them to de- stroy the wicked Atreids (Aj. 1389-92) and recalling Ajax’s own appeal to the swift and ΔΓϟΑ΍ΐΓ΍ȱ ̳Ε΍ΑϾΉΖ, whom he tells to devour the whole Achaian army (Aj. 843-44). This is similar to Hyllos’ appeal to ΔΓϟΑ΍ΐΓΖȱ̇ϟΎ΋ and 2 See Hes. Theog. 901 (where Dike is the daughter of Zeus and Themis, and the sister of Eunomia and Eirene) and Hes. Op. 213-85 (for the role of ̇ϟΎ΋ and ̝Έ΍Ύϟ΅). See further Rodgers 1971: 289-90, Gagarin 1973: 81-94; 1974: 186-97; Dickie 1978: 91-102. In Pindar, Dike and Eirene, the golden daughters of Themis, are depicted as the guardians of wealth for men and repellers of Hybris, the mother of Koros (Ol. 13, 8-10); cf. Hdt. 8.77.1. Bac- chylides juxtaposes ̇ϟΎ΅ with ͫΆΕ΍Ζ in Dith. 15.54-63. Dike is the mother of Hesychia in Pind. Pyth. 8.1-2. For the perception and treatment of dike primarily as a value of the polis, see especially Solon fr. 4W with Almeida 2003. 3 Aeschylus’ choral odes in particular abound in vivid images that encapsulate the nature and role of personified Dike. See, e.g., Sept. 642-48, where Dike is represented as a female figure on Polyneices’ shield, Supp. 708-9; Ag. 383-84 and 773-80; Eum. 516 and 563-65. 4 For the connection of dike with Zeus, the Erinys, and ̏ΓϧΕ΅ in Aeschylus see, e.g., Ag. 463-67, 525-26 (where Zeus is called Έ΍Ύ΋ΚϱΕΓΖ in reference to Troy’s destruction; cf. 1577, where Aigisthos welcomes the Κν··ΓΖȱ ΉЄΚΕΓΑȱ ψΐνΕ΅Ζȱ Έ΍Ύ΋ΚϱΕΓΙ), 1432-33, and 1535-36; Cho. 244-45; 306-16; 646-52 and 786-87; Eum. 511-12 and 619-21. See further Lloyd-Jones 1983. For the nature and role of the Erinyes in Sophocles, see Winnington- Ingram 1980: 205-16. 5 A dire fortune awaits him who is ̇ϟΎ΅ΖȱΦΚϱΆ΋ΘΓΖ and disrespectful of the gods, ac- cording to the Chorus (883-91). The Chorus in Eumenides declares that it is the citizens’ respect (ΗνΆ΅Ζ) combined with fear (ΚϱΆΓΖ) that eliminate or prevent injustice (ΦΈ΍Ύϟ΅). Otherwise, if individuals and/or cities are totally fearless, there is no respect for ΈϟΎ΅ (522-25; 690-94; 699-703). Menelaos in Ajax also identifies lack of fear and/or re- spect (ΚϱΆΓΖ and ΈνΓΖ) for the ruler with lack of ΅ϢΈЏΖ (1073-76) and claims that a commoner who does not consider it right (ΐ΋ΈξΑȱΈ΍Ύ΅΍ΓІΑ) to obey those who stand in command is a base man (1071-72).
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