Introduction
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Notes Introduction 1. Discépolo, Stéfano, 135. 2. Throughout the book, all translations are mine, unless specified otherwise. 3. Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, 38. 4. Hirsch, Family Frames, 22. See also Hirsch’s “The Generation of Postmem- ory,” 103–128. 5. Jelin, Los trabajos de la memoria, 124. 6. Filc, Entre el parentesco y la política. Familia y dictadura, 1976–1983, 39. 7. Graham-Jones, Exorcising History, Argentine Theater under Dictatorship, 28. For recent scholarship on the discourse of family as it relates to construc- tions of national identity in Latin American Theatre, see Camilla Stevens’ Family and Identity in Contemporary Cuban and Puerto Rican Drama, and Sharon Magnarelli’s Home is Where the (He)art Is. The Family Romance in Late Twentieth-Century Mexican and Argentine Theater. 8. Filc, Entre el parentesco y la política. Familia y dictadura, 1976–1983, 66. 9. Amado and Domínguez, Lazos de familia. Herencias, cuerpos, ficciones, 20. 10. Taylor, Disappearing Acts: Spectacles of Gender and Nationalism in Argentina’s “Dirty War,” 34. 11. For an excellent analysis comparing the uses of family discourse under democracy in Argentina and South Africa, see Kerry Bystrom’s “The Pub- lic Private Sphere: Family Narrative and Democracy in Argentina and South Africa.” 12. Amado and Domínguez, Lazos de familia. Herencias, cuerpos, ficciones, 14. 13. Filc, Entre el parentesco y la política. Familia y dictadura, 1976–1983, 96. 14. Navarro, “The Personal is Political: las Madres de Plaza de Mayo;” Jelin, Women and Social Change in Latin America. 15. Beck, What is Globalization, 12. 16. Rebellato, Theatre & Globalization, 30. 17. Hernández, El teatro de Argentina y Chile. Globalización, resistencia y desen- canto, 22. Hernández cites Roland Robertson’s Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture, in her discussion of the fragility of humanity. 18. Nicholson, Applied Drama, 132. 19. See Montez’s Staging Post-memories: Commemorative Argentine Theatre, 1989–2003 for a fine discussion of the relationship between commemora- tion, postmemory, and contemporary Argentine theatre. 210 N OTES 20. Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 269. 21. Beck, What is Globalization?, 15. 22. Teitel, “For Humanity,” 234. 23. This definition taken from the preamble of the Rome Statute, quoted in Schabas, An Introduction to the International Criminal Court, 21. 24. Teitel, “For Humanity,” 231. 25. Silva, Challenging Neoliberalism in Latin America, 57. 26. Scheper-Hughes, “The Ends of the Body: Commodity Fetishism and the Global Traffic in Organs,” 62. 27. Proyecto Filoctetes has been performed in cities around the world, including Vienna in 2002 and Berlin in 2004. 28. Svampa, Los que ganaron, 15. 29. See van der Kolk and van der Hart’s discussion of Freud’s theory of trauma put forth in Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety in “The Intrusive Past,” 166. 30. Herman, Trauma and Recovery, 177. 31. White, The Content of the Form, 20. 32. Jelin, Los Trabajos de la memoria,6. 33. Jelin, Monumentos, memoriales y marcas territoriales,4. 34. White, The Content of the Form, 24. 35. Slaughter, Human Rights, Inc., 4. 36. Feldman, “Memory Theaters, Virtual Witnessing, and the Trauma- Aesthetic,” 164. 37. Schaffer and Smith, “Human Rights, Storytelling, and the Position of the Beneficiary: Antjie Krog’s Country of My Skull,” 1577. 38. Méndez, “Afterword,” 162. 39. Feldman, “Memory Theaters, Virtual Witnessing, and the Trauma- Aesthetic,” 170. 40. Diana Taylor proposes the use of the word “scenario” to emphasize the importance of paying attention to “milieux and corporeal behaviors such as gestures, attitudes, and tones not reducible to language,” in The Archive and the Repertoire, 28. 41. Huyssen, Present Palimpsests,8. 42. Taylor, The Archive and the Repertoire,3. 43. See Schechner, Performance Theory; Carlson, The Haunted Stage, and Roach, Cities of the Dead. Circum-Atlantic Performance. 44. Trastoy, Teatro autobiográfico,9. 45. Kershaw, The Politics of Performance: Radical Theatre as Cultural Interven- tion,1. 46. Bennett, Theatre Audiences, 156. 47. Goffman, Frame Analysis, 10. 48. Schechner, The Future of Ritual, 41. 49. Novaro and Palermo, La dictadura militar 1976–1983: del golpe de estado a la restauración democrática, 492. 50. CONADEP, Nunca Más, 11. N OTES 211 51. See Victoria Ginzburg’s article, “De los dos demonios al terrorismo de Estado,” Página 12, May 15, 2006. 52. Novaro and Palermo, La dictadura militar 1976–1983: del golpe de estado a la restauración democrática, 492. 53. CONADEP, Nunca Más,8. 54. Novaro and Palermo, La dictadura militar 1976–1983: del golpe de estado a la restauración democrática, 493. 55. Cohen, States of Denial, 14. 56. Graham-Jones, Exorcising History, 121. 57. For a rebuttal against claims of trial ineffectiveness see Sikkink and Booth Walling’s “The Impact of Human Rights Trials in Latin America”. 58. Malamud-Goti, Game Without End,7. 59. Felman, The Juridical Unconscious, 107, 96. 60. The aim of the escrache, a form of public protest and urban intervention orga- nized by H.I.J.O.S., is to locate, expose, and publicly shame the ex-repressor figure, making neighbors aware that they are living next to a criminal who has not been held accountable for abuses committed under dictatorship. See chapters 3 and 6 for more on the escrache. 61. http://www.hijos-capital.org.ar/. 62. See description of theatre-going experience in Beatriz Trastoy and Perla Zayas de Lima, Lenguajes escénicos, 151. 63. Personal interview with Daniel Veronese. May 2006. 64. Felman, The Juridical Unconscious,8. 65. See Leigh Payne’s Unsettling Accounts. 66. Laub, “Bearing Witness or the Vicissitudes of Listening,” 84. Chapter 1 1. Crenzel, La historia política del Nunca Más, 18. 2. For studies on transitional justice, see Teitel, Transitional Justice; Kritz, ed., Transitional Justice; Barahona de Brito, Carmen González-Enríquez and Paloma Aguilar, The Politics of Memory; Jelin and Hershberg, Constructing Democracy; Guillermo O’Donnell, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. 3. La Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas (National Com- mission on the Disappeared). 4. The original Nunca Más report (1984) first identified 8,960 disappeared though the estimated number of disappeared held by most official organiza- tions and human rights groups has risen to 30,000. See Hayner, Unspeakable Acts, 33. 5. Crenzel, La historia política del Nunca Más, 117. 6. Sikkink cites Hayner’s observation that Uganda and Bolivia established truth commissions before Argentina in 1974 and 1982, but notes that neither of these countries published a final report. “From Pariah to Global Protagonist: Argentina and the Struggle for International Human Rights,” 4; Hayner, Unspeakable Truths, 51–53. 212 N OTES 7. Sikkink and Booth Walling, “The Impact of Human Rights Trials in Latin America,” 430. 8. Jelin, “La política de la memoria: el movimiento de derechos humanos y la construcción democrática en la Argentina,” 138. 9. Specifically, CONADEP referred 1086 cases to the Justice system. Nino, Juicio al mal absoluto, 133–34. 10. Crenzel, La historia política del Nunca Más, 124. 11. Feld, Del estrado a la pantalla: Las imágenes del juicio a los ex comandantes en Argentina, 18. 12. Kaufman, “El ritual jurídico en el juicio a los ex comandantes. La desnatu- ralización de lo cotidiano,” 9–10. 13. Feld, Del estrado a la pantalla: las imágenes del juicio a los ex comandantes en Argentina, 1. 14. Feld, Del estrado a la pantalla, 36; González Bombal, “Nunca más,” 211. 15. Cámara Federal, Acordada 14, March 27, 1985. Qtd. In Feld, Del Estrado a la pantalla, 20–21. Feld cites the incident in which the president of the Madres, Hebe de Bonafini, was told she must remove her white handkerchief from her head while in the courtroom, to which Bonafini responded that if the military were allowed to wear their uniforms, she should be allowed to wear her head scarf. Del estrado a la pantalla, 21. 16. Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem, 209. 17. The complete name is “The Final Document by the Military Junta on the War against Subversion and Terrorism” [Documento Final de la Junta Militar sobre la Guerra contra la Subversión y el Terrorisimo]. 18. Acuña and Smulovitz, “Adjusting the Armed Forces to Democracy,” 16. 19. González Bombal, “Nunca Más,” 208. 20. Teitel, Transitional Justice, 6. 21. González Bombal, “Nunca Más,” 208. 22. Crenzel, La historia política del Nunca Más, 110. 23. Crenzel, La historia política del Nunca Más, 139; Kaufman, “El ritual jurídico en el juicio a los ex comandantes. La desnaturalización de lo cotidiano,” 18. 24. CELS (Center for Legal and Social Studies/Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales). Pre-existing human rights groups include SERPAJ (In Service of Peace and Justice/Servicio Paz y Justicia); APDH (Permanent Assembly of Human Rights/Asamblea Permanente por los Derechos Humanos). 25. Jelin, “La política de la memoria: El movimiento de derechos humanos y la construcción democrática en la Argentina,” 106. 26. Sikkink, “From Pariah State and Global Protagonist: Argentina and the Struggle for International Human Rights,” 1. 27. González Bombal, “Nunca Más,” 215. 28. Federación Argentina de Colegios de Abogados. 29. Nino, Juicio al mal absoluto, 115. 30. Feld, Del estrado a la pantalla: Las imágenes del juicio a los ex comandantes en Argentina, 36. 31. Of the nine generals tried, Jorge Rafael Videla and Emilio Eduardo Massera were condemned to life in prison, Roberto Eduardo Viola received seventeen N OTES 213 years, Armando Lambruschini eight, and Orlando Ramón Agosti four and a half. Omar Domingo Rubens Grafigna, Leopoldo Galtieri, Jorge Isaac Araya, and Basilio Lami Dozo were asbolved. Nino, Juicio al mal absoluto, 144. 32. The production of Señores was under the supervision of Télam, the official news agency. Feld, Del Estrado a la pantalla: Las imágenes del juicio a los ex comandantes en Argentina, 67–74. 33. The Carapintadas (painted/camuflaged faces) Movement comprised an extremist, right-wing faction of the military that staged a series of upris- ings between 1987 and 1990 against Presidents Alfonsín and Menem to denounce the judicial proceedings carried out against the military for their crimes committed during the dictatorship.