Comparative Politics Newsletter the Organized Section in Comparative Politics of the American Political Science Association
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Volume 26, Issue 2, Fall Comparative Politics Newsletter The Organized Section in Comparative Politics of the American Political Science Association Editors: Matt Golder ([email protected]), Sona N. Golder ([email protected]) Editorial Assistant: Christopher Boylan, Charles Crabtree, Yaoyao Dai Editorial Board: Molly Ariotti, Xun Cao, Elizabeth C. Carlson, Kostanca Dhima, Amanda Fidalgo, Vineeta Yadav, Joseph Wright Contents Letter from the Editors byMattGolderandSonaN.Golder .....................................................................2 I. Symposium: Populism in a Comparative Perspective Daenerys Targaryen at IKEA: Left-wing Populism in Spain byHans-GeorgBetz ..................................................4 Multiple Traditions in Populism Research: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis by Bart Bonikowski and Noam Gidron . 7 Populism in Eastern Europe byLenkaBustikova ..............................................................................15 Profiles in Populism: Southeast Asia byWilliamCase .........................................................................19 Populism in Africa: Ethnicity, Solidarity, and the Potential for Inclusive Politics by Nic Cheeseman . 25 Populism and Authoritarian Survival in China: Conceptualization and Measurement by Yaoyao Dai and Zijie Shao . 31 What Went Wrong? Leftwing Populist Democratic Promises and Autocratic Practices by Carlos de la Torre . 40 Islam and Populism in the Middle East byVediR.Hadiz ......................................................................45 Siren Songs: Reflections on Contemporary Populism in Europe’s Old Democracies by Elisabeth Ivarsflaten . 50 The Performative Turn in the Comparative Study of Populism by Benjamin Moffitt . 52 How to Think – and How Not to Think – about Populism by Jan-Werner Müller . 58 Two Generations of African Populism: Applying a Cumulative Conceptual Approach by Danielle Resnick . .62 Populism as Epithet and Identity: The Use and Misuse of a Contested Concept by Kenneth M. Roberts . 69 Populism in Latin America and Beyond: Concept, Causes, and Consequences by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser . 72 Populism in India byNarendraSubramanian .................................................................................77 The Surge of ‘Exclusionary’ Populism in Europe byStijnvanKessel .............................................................81 II. Special Topic: Populism in the United States Listening to Rural Populist Support for Right-Leaning Candidates in the United States by Katherine Cramer . 86 Populism and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election in Comparative Perspective byKirkHawkins ...................................91 Populism in the 2016 U.S. Election byJosephLowndes ........................................................................97 Populism, Nationalism, and U.S. Foreign Policy byDavidSmith ...............................................................101 III. Special Topic: Populism and Brexit Brexit and Beyond: Euroscepticism in a Comparative Perspective by Catherine E. de Vries . .107 Brexit, Populism and the 2016 UK Referendum to Leave the EU by Matthew Goodwin and Oliver Heath . 113 Taking Control: Before and After the British EU Referendum byAnandMenon ................................................117 Populism and the Brexit Vote byStephanieRickard ..........................................................................120 IV. Other Contributors .............................................................................................................123 http://comparativenewsletter.com/ [email protected] 1 Letter from the Editors correlation between populism and far right extremism. by Matt Golder & Sona N. Golder Stijn highlights how the refugee crisis, the economic The Pennsylvania State University crisis, and terrorist attacks in Europe have created a helpful environment for populist parties on the radical right. Lenka focuses on Eastern Europe and argues that Welcome to the Spring 2016 issue of the Comparative the success of populist parties on the right, in particular Politics Newsletter. Our current issue includes a sympo- radicalized mainstream right parties, is a response to sium on Populism in Comparative Perspective, a special the growing political power of minorities and the elites issue on Populism in the United States, and a special is- that are perceived to favor them. Hans-Georg addresses sue on Populism and Brexit. left-wing populism in Europe through the lens of Pode- mos in Spain. I. Symposium: Populism in Comparative Perspective Our symposium has sixteen contributions dealing with Carlos de la Torre and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser various aspects of populism in comparative perspective. examine populism in Latin America. In his contribu- Four contributions focus on how populism is concep- tion, Carlos looks at how left-wing populism in Latin tualized. Bart Bonikowski and Noam Gidron provide America and its promise of a more participatory, com- a foundational introduction to the conceptualization of munal, and direct form of democracy has instead pro- populism. As they explain, there are three main tra- duced competitive authoritarian regimes in countries ditions in populism research: populism as a political like Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Cristóbal, in con- strategy, populism as a political ideology, and populism trast, looks at the different ways that scholars have con- as a discursive style. Each of these traditions imply dif- ceptualized populism in Latin America and how this ferent levels of analysis. Among other things, Bart and can inform the study of populism in other regions of Noam advocate adopting a minimal definition of pop- the world. He argues that populist sentiment arises as ulism that treats populism as an attribute of political a result of political unresponsiveness and a failure of claims rather than actors. Benjamin Moffitt also ad- democratic representation, and claims that many coun- dresses the conceptualization of populism. He focuses, tries are seeing the emergence of a populism versus anti- though, on populism as a discursive style and, in par- populism cleavage that rivals the traditional left-right ticular, on the ‘perfomance of populism.’ For him, pop- cleavage. ulism is a political style based on an appeal to ‘the peo- ple’ versus ‘the elite’,bad manners, and the performance Populism has been widely studied in Europe and of crisis, breakdown, or threat. A third contribution ex- Latin America. In contrast, there is relatively little re- amining the conceptualization of populism comes from search on populism elsewhere in the world. The re- Jan-Werner Müller, who argues that the central feature maining contributors to the Newsletter are all seeking to of populism is its anti-pluralism. Among other things, remedy this imbalance in our comparative knowledge of he observes that anti-elitism is not sufficient to identify populism. In their pieces, Nic Cheeseman and Danielle populists. According to Jan-Werner, a key characteristic Resnick examine populism in Africa. While Nic focuses of populists is that they also claim to be the only ones on the apparent contradiction between ethnic and pop- capable of representing ‘the people.’ In his contribution, ulist politics, Danielle discusses the differences between Kenneth Roberts focuses on populism as an ideology. Africa’s two waves of populism. She argues that Africa’s He emphasizes that populism tends to attach itself to an first wave of populism in the 1980s was particularly con- ‘anchoring’ ideology such as nationalism or socialism, cerned with peasants in rural areas, but that its second and that it is these anchoring ideologies that define the post-2000s wave of populism has focused on the young specific content of the elite-popular divide in populist urban poor. In his contribution, Vedi Hadiz looks at appeals. populism in the Middle East by contrasting the for- tunes of populists in Egypt and Turkey. Among other Many of our contributors focus on populism in vari- things, he argues that populists in the Middle East have ous regions of the world. Elisabeth Ivarsflaten, Stijn van employed a religiously derived form of identity politics, Kessel, Lenka Bustikova, and Hans-Georg Betz address in which the ummah (community of believers) stand in different aspects of populism in Western and Eastern for ‘the people’ and are in conflict with secular nation- Europe. Elisabeth reminds us that there is no perfect alist elites. http://comparativenewsletter.com/ [email protected] 2 Our remaining contributions to the symposium ex- III. Special Topic: Populism and Brexit amine populism in Asia. Narendra Subramanian pro- vides a brief history of populism in late colonial and We also have four contributions that examine pop- post-colonial India. Many of our contributors distin- ulism in the context of the June 2016 Brexit referendum guish between the inclusive forms of populism that vote in the United Kingdom. Using EUpinions polling predominate in Latin America and the more exclusive data, Catherine de Vries presents evidence that the over- forms of populism that predominate in Europe. In his whelming majority of voters in the 27 EU member states piece on populism in Southeast Asia, William Case re- would have supported ‘Remain’ in a hypothetical refer- minds us that even inclusive populism can be perceived endum on EU membership. She also shows that those as exclusive depending on where you sit. Using a com- people who would vote to ‘Leave’, including those who parison of populism