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Understanding the Essence of the Church – Hermeneutical Considerations for Maintaining Balance Between Identity and Relevance

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Understanding the Essence of the Church – Hermeneutical Considerations for Maintaining Balance Between Identity and Relevance UNDERSTANDING THE ESSENCE OF THE CHURCH – HERMENEUTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR MAINTAINING BALANCE BETWEEN IDENTITY AND RELEVANCE by JAN ADAM VAN WYK Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY in the subject SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: Dr D Veldsman 30 November 2005 UNDERSTANDING THE ESSENCE OF THE CHURCH – HERMENEUTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR MAINTAINING BALANCE BETWEEN IDENTITY AND RELEVANCE by JAN ADAM VAN WYK PROMOTER: Dr D Veldsman DEPARTMENT: Systematic Theology DEGREE: Doctor of Theology SUMMARY The central issue of this study revolves around the necessity of the church to understand its essence in order to maintain a healthy balance between its identity and its relevance. The point of departure of this thesis is based on the supposition that in its attempt to remain relevant, the possibility exists that the church may in the process loose its identity. Yet on the other hand, the possibility exists that in its attempt to preserve its identity, the church may become irrelevant. While the point of departure of this study is based on the above premise, it is also postulated that it is essential for the church to reconsider the essence of its being, in order to fully appreciate the irrefutable meaning of church. Balance between identity and relevance seems nonexistent within the church unless the church understands the fundamental nature and real meaning of itself. In the Prolegomena, introductory remarks analyse the hypothesis as stated above, followed by an explanation of the research problem, a stimulus, the methodology applied, the purpose of the thesis, a chapter defining the terminology applied and a brief explanation of the close relationship between identity and relevance to other areas relative to the church as indicated in point 3 below. Within the thesis it is argued that the essence of the church is an attribute that every member of the church universal must necessarily partake of in order to belong thereto. Historical indications are employed whereby deductions can be made by which the essence, identity and relevance of the church may be demarcated. Discussions include: the origin and nature of the church; the current academic debate about the person of Jesus; the relationship between the kingdom and the church, and the implied current crisis of the church. The thesis closes with the formulation of the conclusion based on this research, namely that in order for the church to maintain a healthy balance between identity and relevance, theologians and church leaders - although situated in a variety of differing contexts - need to acquire a fresh understanding of the essence of the church and who constitutes the church. Key Terms: Church, Hermeneutics, Essence, Identity, Relevance, Regeneration, Christian Spirituality, Change, Time, Absolutes, Relatives and Postmodernism CONTENTS PAGE 1. PROLEGOMENA . 1 1.1. Introductory remarks . .. 1 1.2. The research problem . .. 2 1.3. Stimulus . 3 1.4. Methodology . 3 1.5. Purpose . 4 2. TERMINOLOGY . 5 2.1. Church . 5 2.2. Essence . 6 2.3. Identity . 8 2.4. Relevance . 9 3. RELATIONAL IMPORTANT AREAS . 10 3.1 Identity, relevance and God . 10 3.2 Identity, relevance and community . 11 3.3 Identity, relevance and Christian . 13 3.4 Identity, relevance and dogma . 14 PART 1 THE CHURCH 1. Introductory remarks . 17 2. The word church . 24 3. The word ekklesia . 26 3.1 The pre-Christian history of the word ekklesia. 26 3.2 The adoption of the word ekklesia . 27 3.3 The use of ekklesia in the New Testament. .. 28 3.3.1 The use of ekklesia in Acts . 30 3.3.2 The use of ekklesia in the Pauline epistles . 30 4. The origin and nature of the church . 31 4.1 Who founded the church? . 33 4.2 When was the church founded? . 34 4.3 Why was the church founded? . 36 4.4 Who is Christ? . .. 39 4.5 The current academic Jesus debate .. 40 4.6 The historical quest for Jesus .. 40 4.6.1 The first quest . .. 41 4.6.2 The second quest . 42 4.6.3 The third quest . 43 4.7 The Jesus Seminar . 43 4.8 The New Reformers . 45 4.9 Jesus and the shaman concept . 46 5. The traditional Christian view . 49 5.1. Christ the head – the church the body . .. 52 6. Some Characteristics of Christ . 54 6.1 Christ’s rational perceived qualities . 55 6.2 Christ’s strength . 55 6.3 Christ’s poise . .. 56 6.4 Christ’s grace . .. 57 6.5 Christ’s qualities perceived by faith . .. 57 7. Who constitutes the church? . .. 58 7.1 The concept “born again” . 60 7.2 Salvation . 60 7.2.1 Salvation/Regeneration. 61 7.2.2 A definition of regeneration. 61 7.2.3 The nature of regeneration . 62 7.2.3a A passive experience . 62 7.2.3b A sudden experience . .. 63 7.2.3c A mysterious experience . 63 7.2.3d A developing experience . 64 7.3 The Old Testament saints and regeneration .. 68 8. The kingdom and the church . .. 73 8.1 The kingdom from above and below . .. 76 8.2 The Messianic kingdom and the church . 77 8.3 One Messiah – two comings . .. 78 8.4 The political kingdom . 79 9. Summation . 80 10. The importance of Pentecost for the church . 81 11. The body in action . 87 12. Conclusion . 90 PART 2 IDENTITY-RELEVANCE DILEMMA, CHANGE AND TIME 1. Introductory remarks . 92 2. Identity – relevance dilemma . 92 2.1 Defining “identity crisis” . 93 2.1.1 Identifying an identity – relevance dilemma .. 95 2.1.2 The dilemma and authoritative structures .. 95 2.1.3 The dilemma and theology . 96 2.1.4 The dilemma and liturgy . 96 2.1.5 The dilemma and ethics . 96 2.1.6 The dilemma and outmoded structures . 97 2.1.7 The dilemma and the crucified Christ . .. 97 2.2 Defining “irrelevance” . 97 3. Church identity and relevance . 100 4. The relationship between change and time . 101 5. The changing and the unchanging . 103 5.1 The changing . .. 103 5.1.1 Pre-modernism . 104 5.1.2 Modernism . 105 5.1.3 Postmodernism . 107 5.1.4 Features leading to Postmodernity . .. 107 5.1.4a Secularisation . 107 5.1.4b Pluralisation . 109 5.1.4c Relativisation . 110 5.1.5 Technology . 110 5.1.6 Theology . 112 5.2 The unchangeable . 114 5.2.1 God. 114 5.2.2 God’s Word . 117 5.2.3 Truth . 117 5.2.4 Humanities predicament . 118 5.2.5 Regeneration . .. 119 6. Summary . 120 PART 3 THE CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM 1. Introductory remarks .. 122 2. An identity crisis in the early church .. 124 3. The church - community or institution? . 127 4. The church and heresy . 130 4.1. Gnosticism . 131 4.2. Marcionism . 132 4.3 Montanism . 132 5. The church and persecutions . 132 6. The church’s response . 132 6.1 Tradition . 133 6.2 Scripture . 133 6.3 Episcopate . 133 7. The church and Constantine .. 136 8. The church and Protestantism . 138 9. Summary . 139 PART 4 THE PRIMITIVE CHURCH AND THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY CHURCH 1. Introduction . 141 2. Two Characteristics of the primitive church . 142 2.1 It was a church devoted to the apostolic doctrine. 143 2.2 It was a regenerated church . 148 3. Characteristics of the twenty-first century church . 152 3.1 Conservatives, liberals and change . 153 3.2 Conservatives, liberals and identity . 155 3.3 Conservatives, liberals and relevance . 158 4. Absolutes and relatives . 161 PART 5 CHRISTIAN SPIRITUALITY 1. Christian spirituality (Regeneration) . 164 2. Christian spirituality, human effort and tradition . 170 2.1 Christian spirituality and the primitive church . 171 2.2 Christian spirituality and Constantine . 173 2.3 Christian spirituality and Protestant theology . 178 2.3.1 Christian spirituality and Lutheranism . 179 2.3.2 Christian spirituality and Reformed theology . 180 2.3.3 Christian spirituality and Anabaptists . 181 2.4 Christian spirituality and Pentecostal/Charismatic theology . 182 2.5 Christian spirituality and African Initiated Churches .. 183 PART 6 TOWARDS A VIABLE SOLUTION 1. The age-old problem of the church . 186 2. A modern remedy . 190 3. Humanity not seeking God . 192 4. Concluding remarks . 194 5. Bibliography . 201 6. Abbreviations . .. 209 PROLEGOMENA 1.1 Introductory remarks The research of this thesis is founded on the supposition that it is imperative for the church to maintain a healthy balance between the identity thereof and its relevance within our contemporary culture. This hypothesis is based on the fact that the church has to do with the rapid change of internal and external circumstances; the ever changing socio-political situation; the innovative progress in science and technology and also new theological challenges aimed not only at dishonouring the authenticity and credibility of the Bible, but also at the trustworthiness of its Founder, namely the Lord Jesus Christ. It is in this context that the church must remain relevant, yet not at the cost of forfeiting its identity. On the other hand, the church must preserve its identity at all costs, while at the same time being careful not to be ensnared by tradition, thereby sacrificing its accountability of being relevant and contextual. Identity however, involves assumptions about the nature or essence of things, while relevance involves pertinence or bearing to the matter in hand1. In view hereof it is postulated that a clear understanding of its essence is essential for the church prior to its endeavour to achieve balance relational to identity and relevance. If the church were advancing at a pace faster than the modern world, there would be no need for a research paper of this nature.
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