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Ubiquitous Embedded Systems Revolution: Applications and Emerging Trends

Ubiquitous Embedded Systems Revolution: Applications and Emerging Trends

P.I. Okwu and I.N. Onyeje / International Journal of Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.610-616 Ubiquitous Embedded Systems Revolution: Applications and Emerging Trends

P.I. Okwu1 and I.N. Onyeje2 1Deputy Director, Development Institute (ELDI) Awka, Nigeria 2Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Anambra State University, Uli Nigeria

ABSTRACT This paper describes the various Closely following the above was the Digital technological revolutions and pinpoints the Revolution, sometimes called the third industrial embedded systems revolution as the most recent revolution, which is the change from analog and quietest of all. Being a revolution within electronic to digital technology that took another, it is seen as embedded into digital place about 1980 and continues to the present day. revolution. Embedded systems came into The term also refers to the sweeping changes limelight with the birth of microcontrollers and brought about by digital computing and have invaded and embedded themselves into all technology during the latter half of fields of our lives and this ubiquity is increasing the . This marked the beginning of the in our daily lives. Despite this, the level of Age. Central to this revolution is the awareness of is low, hence this mass production and widespread use of digital logic paper is written. During the survey of embedded circuits, and its derived , including the systems evolution the point that they perform , digital cellular phone, and so on .[3] dedicated functions was brought to the fore. Underlying the was the Most embedded systems are encapsulated within development of the digital electronic computer, the the main working frame of the device being , and particularly the controlled. The widespread and diverse natures with its steadily increasing of the system as seen in the numerous performance, which enabled computer technology to applications confirm the revolution of this be embedded into a huge range of objects. ubiquitous system. Actually, the digital revolution prepared the stage for the emergence of embedded system KEY WORDS: dedicated function, digital revolution. This is a revolution within another; thus revolution, embedded system, microcontrollers, embedded system revolution is seen as embedded ubiquitous system into digital revolution. With the advent of , several product opportunities that I. INTRODUCTION simply did not exist earlier have opened up. These The world has witnessed several intelligent processors have invaded and embedded technological revolutions. The first was the themselves into all fields of our lives and this which marked a major turning ubiquity of embedded systems is increasing in our point in history as almost every aspect of daily life daily lives [4]. This is due to the fact that recently was influenced in some way. It began in Britain and embedded systems have gained an enormous amount within a few decades spread to Western Europe and of processing power and functionality. Now, many the . The Industrial Revolution was the of the formerly external components can be transition to new processes that integrated into a single System-on-Chip. This occurred in the 18th century. [1]This transition tendency has resulted in a dramatic reduction in the included going from hand production methods to size and cost of embedded systems. As a unique machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron technology, the design of embedded systems is an production processes, improved efficiency of water essential element of many innovations. Embedded power, the increasing use of steam power and systems can be regarded today as some of the most development of machine tools. The transition also lively research and industrial targets. In this field, included the change from wood and other bio-fuels the ever-increasing demand for computing power to coal. This was followed by electronic revolution and any sort of system resources continuously which refers to the changes that electronic challenges state-of-the-art design methodologies and such as , and now the have development techniques. introduced into our lives. The changes that have According to a report by research company resulted from these technologies have truly IDC, a division of International Data Group, the revolutionized the way we do everything from market for embedded computer systems, which communicating to commuting, from reading and already generates more than US$1 trillion in revenue writing to listening and perceiving. [2] annually, will double in size over the next four

610 | P a g e P.I. Okwu and I.N. Onyeje / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.610-616 years. Furthermore, IDC predicted that much of this processor [4]. Many embedded systems also interact growth will be propelled by more sophisticated, with their physical environment using a variety of cloud-connected embedded systems, which will have sensors and/or actuators. They are typically used faster chips, better connectivity and more advanced over long periods of time, will not be programmed operating systems and analytical software. [5] The or maintained by its end-users, and often face report, equally states that by 2015, more than 4 significantly different design constraints such as billion units will be shipped, which will create $2 limited memory, low cost, strict performance trillion in revenue. Moreover, embedded systems guarantees, fail-safe operation, low power, reliability will require 14.5 billion microprocessor cores by and guaranteed real-time behavior. 2015. The importance of embedded systems is 2.1. CHARACTERISTICS undisputed as embedded systems imply economical Embedded systems are unique in several power. Thus, with the constant evolution of ways. First, when compared with PCs, embedded electronic devices and software technologies, there systems are dedicated to specific tasks, hence will be more and more Embedded Systems another name for an embedded microprocessor is a integrated into any kind of equipment. According to dedicated microprocessor. It is programmed to Information Technologies Study on Worldwide perform only one, or perhaps, a few, specific tasks. trends in Embedded Systems, today, Europe is a Consequently, changing the task is usually major player in the field of Embedded Systems associated with the entire system becoming obsolete while the US is the worldwide leader in the area of and thus will result in redesigning it. Secondly, they traditional computing and , Thus, are usually cost sensitive. Here, the cost that is Europe has driven the revolution in Embedded mostly considered is system cost , in particular the Systems. [6] cost of the processor. That is why microcontrollers Despite the fact that embedded technology are preferred to microprocessors. Another feature of is now in its prime, the wealth of knowledge embedded systems is that they have real-time available is already is overwhelmingly impressive. constraints. They are generally are put into two Embedded systems are a rapidly growing industry categories: Time-sensitive constraints and Time- where growth opportunities are numerous. The uses critical constraints. If a task is time-critical, it must of embedded systems are virtually limitless, because take place within a set time or the function every day new products are introduced to the market controlled by the task fails .On the other hand a that utilizes embedded in novel ways. time-sensitive task can die gracefully. Furthermore, The objectives of this study are to provide an software failure is far less tolerable in an embedded assessment of the current state of the Embedded system than in an average desktop PC. This does not Systems as a whole and also to provide a better imply that that the software never fails in an understanding of the trends of embedded systems embedded system. It is just that most embedded ubiquity. systems typically contain some mechanisms such as The thesis is divided into five chapters. a watchdog timer, to bring it back to life if the Chapter one deals with the introduction. In chapter software loses control. two, a survey of embedded systems evolution was Embedded systems often have power discussed. Furthermore, in chapter three, the constraints because they must work reliably and for ubiquitous revolution of embedded systems was a long time on a set of small batteries. It is unlike the studied. The emerging trends in embedded systems CPU which needs a massive heat sink and fan are described in chapter four. Finally, chapter five assembly to keep the processor from baking itself to contains the conclusion and suggestions for further death. Most desktop PCs have plenty of space inside work. to allow for good airflow. For efficient performance of an embedded system, the processor is in the sleep II. A SURVEY OF EMBEDDED mode most of the time and only wakes up when a SYSTEMS EVOLUTION time tick occurs. In other words, the system is An embedded system is a computer system completely interrupt driven. Thus, power constraints designed to do one or a few dedicated and/or impact every aspect of the system design decisions. specific functions often with real-time computing Power constraints affect the processor choice, its constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete speed and its memory architecture. [8] device often including hardware and mechanical Since embedded systems are everywhere, parts. [7] It is the application rather than the they must be prepared to operate under extreme hardware itself that defines the embedded system. environmental conditions, for example , run in For instance, a PC used in as a general-purpose aircraft, in the polar ice, in the outer space and so on. computer in an office or home is an embedded In addition, since embedded systems are dedicated system. However, the same type of PC used in the to fewer well defined tasks and nothing else, they laboratory to log data or control is an embedded have few resources that they must manage than the

611 | P a g e P.I. Okwu and I.N. Onyeje / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.610-616

desktop. This translates to fewer resources to is eliminated.[12] By reducing the size and cost manage and hence lower cost and simplicity. compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, 2.2. BASIC EMBEDDED SYSTEM microcontrollers make it economical to digitally The principles of operation of, system control even more devices and processes. components and design methodologies are essentially the same in all embedded systems 2.3.2 MICROCONTROLLERS VERSUS although there are an infinite variety of embedded MICROPROCESSORS systems. For instance, every embedded system The main characteristic of microcontrollers contains a processor and software. The processor is their wide variety of on-chip functions may be a microcontroller or a microprocessor. and memory that enable them to provide a single Certainly, in order to have software there must be a chip solution to many dedicated embedded designs. place to store the executable code and temporary On the other hand, microprocessors such as the storage for run-time data manipulations which will Pentium inside a personal computer have only the take the form of ROM and RAM respectively. In Central Processing Unit. These microprocessors do case of small memories they may be contained in the not have built in memory, input or output functions same chip as the processor. Otherwise one or both such as parallel ports or serial ports etc. They are types of memory will reside in external memory optimized to provide only the raw arithmetic and chips. Moreover, all embedded systems also contain logic functions required by the at some type of inputs and outputs. Inputs to the the highest speed. All other components required to system generally take the form of sensors and make the computer such as memory, input/output probes, communication signals, or control knobs and ports, serial, parallel, and mass storage are provided buttons. Outputs are generally displays, by external chips and devices. The Pentium is communication signals, or changes to the physical designed to meet a broad range of general computing world. This is illustrated in Fig.1. needs that are provided with a personal computer. [9] MEMORY 2.3.3 REAL TIME ISSUES Embedded systems are often required to provide real-time response. A real-time system is defined as a system whose correctness depends on the timeliness of its response. Real-time system’s PROCESSOR OUTPUT INPUT performance is specified in terms of ability to make calculations or decisions in a timely manner. These important calculations have deadlines for completion. A missed deadline is just as bad as a Fig.1 Basic Embedded System wrong answer. For example if the real-time system is a part of an airplane’s flight control system, single 2.3. PROCESSORS USED IN EMBEDDED missed deadline is sufficient to endanger the lives of SYSTEMS the passengers and crew. Examples of such systems Embedded systems contain processing are flight control systems of an aircraft, sensor cores that are typically either microcontrollers (μC) systems in nuclear reactors and power plants. For or processors (DSP). Most embedded these systems, delay in response is a fatal error. [10] systems use microcontrollers. 2.3.4 EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEM 2.3.1 MICROCONTROLLER Embedded operating systems are designed This is a small computer on a single to be compact, efficient, and reliable, forsaking containing a processor core, many functions that non-embedded , and programmable input/output operating systems provide, and which may not be . Microcontrollers make the task easier used by the specialized applications they run. They and possible as they combine several features onto are frequently also real-time operating systems. the size of a chip. The chip is almost like a mini An important difference between most computer because it contains all the components that embedded operating systems and desktop operating are a part of the latter. It contains an onboard central systems is that the application, including the processing unit, input output interfaces, flash operating system, is usually statically linked together memory for program storage, RAM for , into a single executable image. peripherals such as timers and a clock generator. Since all such features are integrated onto a single board, the amount of wiring that was required earlier

612 | P a g e P.I. Okwu and I.N. Onyeje / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.610-616

2.3.5 REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM constraints, embedded systems must be simple, Normally, embedded systems do away with robust and cheap. [10] an operating system (OS); it has lightweight control program/monitor to offer limited I/O and memory 2.4.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS services. However, as the systems become complex, Usually, embedded computers operate it is inevitable to have OS which offers low latency under tight constraints on both functionality and real-time response. A real-time operating system implementation. Firstly, there must be guarantee for (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) intended to real time system operation implying that the serve real-time application requests. A key correctness of a computation depends, in part, on the characteristic of a RTOS is the level of its time at which it is delivered. Secondly, they must consistency concerning the amount of time it takes conform to size and weight limits. Since many to accept and complete an application's task. embedded computers are physically located within some larger artifact. Therefore, their form factor 2.4 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS DESIGN may be dictated by aesthetics, form factors existing Since embedded systems have features that in pre-electronic versions, or having to fit into are totally different from other computer-based interstices among mechanical components budget systems, designing of embedded systems involve a power and cooling consumption, satisfy safety and different approach. The objective is to apply a reliability requirements, and meet tight cost targets. system approach so that the target system may be Safety and reliability are very important built to specification functionally and it is easy to considerations as some systems have obvious risks maintain. There are four major steps: associated with failure. Equally it should be noted  System design that embedded systems should be able to walk in  Design and build hardware harsh environments they can experience from  Design and build software vibration, shock, lightning, power supply  Integrate software into the target fluctuations, water, corrosion, fire, and general system physical abuse. For small projects involving one person the above tasks are carried out in that sequential order. 2.4.3 EMBEDDED SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE However, for bigger projects, it is possible to An embedded system goes through seven develop the hardware and the software in parallel. phases and within and in between phases a [4] The design of embedded systems is made by considerable amount of iteration and optimization keeping in mind that their main usage is to perform occurs. Defects found in later stages often cause one simple tasks, repeated over and over again, without to go back to the starting point. During the first being dependant on the input by the user.[12] phase called specification, efforts are focused on understanding what the customers want to 2.4.1 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS accomplish and these requirements are incorporated An embedded system is an engineering in the designer’s requirements to the product. The artifact involving computation that is subject to next stage sees the designer making a decision physical constraints. The physical constraints arise between which components should be hardware and through the two ways that computational processes which will be software. It is known as partitioning interact with the physical world: reaction to a decision. The third is the iteration and physical environment and execution on a physical implementation stage and is a blurred area between platform. There are the reaction constraints which implementation and software/hardware partitioning specify deadlines, throughput, and jitter and in which the hardware and software diverge. originate from behavioral requirements. Also, there In the fourth stage, detailed software/hardware exist common execution constraints that bound design, demands that the designer develops available processor speeds, power, and hardware prototypes from available alternatives. During the failure rates and originate from implementation fifth stage which is the hardware/software choices. The key to embedded systems design is integration, there is a convergence of the software gaining control of the interplay between computation and hardware paths. Product testing and release is and both kinds of constraints to meet a given set of the crucial sixth stage because embedded system has requirements on a given implementation platform. life or death consequences attached to it sometimes. Embedded systems are often required to function The final stage involves maintaining and upgrading within harsher environments and with fewer existing products resources than general purpose computers. For instance, embedded systems in satellite phones are III. UBIQUITOUS EMBEDDED expected to work at extreme temperatures. SYSTEMS REVOLUTION Embedded systems are required to work for long Computers have become every day tools periods of time without breakdown. Because of these that are deeply integrated into all kinds of activities

613 | P a g e P.I. Okwu and I.N. Onyeje / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.610-616 of our life. Today we communicate over computer system.[15]Nowadays, development is driven by a networks, store and process our information on wider group of industries such as health care, network servers connected to our personal aviation, defence, entertainment, and so on. At any computers and support and control technical and rate, in terms of the state of art, consumer products administrative processes by computers. Digital are the drivers of embedded system technology has revolutionized the world; consequently, our everyday life in business 3.3 APPLICATIONS and at home is deeply affected by an extensive Usually an embedded system is digital infrastructure. The invisible revolution of encapsulated within the main working frame of the digital technology embedded in all kinds of devices device which it controls. Practical applications of that are more and more connected by networks. The these systems are widespread and diverse. As for the revolution of Embedded Systems is a silent one. scope of this technology, it is so expansive that it is Without being conspicuous, it has already affected waiting to be explored.[12] The uses of embedded every sector of the industry and today it will be systems are virtually limitless, because every day difficult to find an appliance or device, which does new products are introduced to the markets that not have an embedded system on board. [6] The utilize embedded computers in novel ways. embedded systems industry was born with the Embedded systems are more than part of life. invention of microcontrollers and since then it has Their presence is virtually unavoidable in almost all evolved into various forms, from primarily being facets of human endeavor. Consequently, embedded designed for machine control applications to various systems are deployed in various applications and other new verticals with the convergence of span all aspects of modern life. The main application . [11]The development of areas of embedded systems are as follows. microcontrollers, therefore, caused the explosion or revolution of embedded systems. 3. 3.1 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS Electronic equipments that are intended for 3.1 IMPORTANCE everyday use are known as consumer electronics. Embedded systems have so come into such Due to manufacturing efficiency and improvements widespread use today that there has been a in semiconductor design, consumer electronic revolution in the way we perceive our world today. products have the trend of ever-falling prices. To The widespread usage is due to the fact that, since stay competitive, manufacturers are under they are dedicated to specific tasks, they can be tremendous pressure to be first-to-market with produced into compact sizes and optimised costs. unique products. Most often consumer electronics Furthermore, they are more reliable in terms of long include such equipment for entertainment, term performance. Their cost is less than that of communications, household appliances and office independent main frame non embedded systems . They now incorporate embedded because most of the embedded systems undergo systems to provide flexibility, efficiency and mass production and thus leading to lower cost features. For instance, many household appliances, levels .[12] Consequently, embedded systems have such as ovens, washing machines and captured an expansive market. Embedding a dishwashers have embedded processors. The same microcontroller in a product makes the product goes for entertainment equipment such as music smart. An embedded system can be programmed to players, digital cameras, DVD players, set-top tasks that are very difficult or expensive using boxes, PDAs, videogames. Similarly, embedded technologies such as logic, or time switches and so systems are employed in home where on. Also, in the business sector, they enable firms to wired- and -networking are used to control compete on product and service innovation by lights, climate, security, audio/visual, surveillance, adding product and service features that customers and so on. value, but which would be largely impossible. [14] Embedded systems are more than part of human life. 3.3.2 MEDICAL ELECTRONICS For instance, one cannot imagine life without mobile This is a branch of electronics in which phones for personal communication. Its presence is electronic equipment are used for such medical virtually unavoidable in almost all facets of human applications such as diagnosis and treatment. endeavor. Embedded technology is nowadays widely used in medical electronics. Embedded systems make a 3.2 DRIVERS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM difference to both patients and the medical staff. The driving force behind embedded Patients respond well to treatment based on the systems was the defence industry during the 1970s. embedded devices, and they can also feel more at For instance, the United States Navy’s F-14 Tomcat ease realizing that their condition may be monitored fighter which was first launched in 1970 contained remotely by their doctor using the technology.[16] arguably the first microprocessor based embedded Another benefit is that a medical practitioner can

614 | P a g e P.I. Okwu and I.N. Onyeje / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.610-616 now provide a device that will be with the patient opportunities and challenges. For instance, by 24 hours in place of manual treatment delivery. converging social networks, city information, local Furthermore, medical information about a patient based services and choices and profiles of users, can be immediately obtained by the use of embedded more is added in the personal technology. Thus, there are embedded systems for entertainment devices.[6] Furthermore, the new vital signs monitoring, electronic stethoscopes for trend is to use multi-core processors in the areas of amplifying sounds, and various medical imaging for imaging, rendering, compression and so on thereby non-invasive internal inspections. utilizing its excellent features of higher and quicker response times. Again, in wireless 3.3.3 AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS sector, the recent trend is to use the embedded Automotive electronics or automotive systems system-on-chip architecture and power embedded systems are the electronics used in consumption reduction. In the case of the latter, the automobiles. Initially, this branch of electronics was device remains in sleep mode most of the time developed in order to meet the need for better especially in applications of “sense and transmit.” control for the engine. It later extended to the control Among the characteristics of embedded systems are of other parts of the automotive. These electronic cost and power sensitivities and these can be control units are referred to as modules and modern achieved by applying various nanoscale device automotives and have several modules.[17] They are technologies, such as carbon nanotube , distributed systems and can be classified into: engine nanowires, resonant-tunneling devices and a host of electronics, transmission electronics, chassis others. [18] Finally, embedded system’s adopting of electronics, active safety, driver assistance, cloud computing is another interesting emerging passenger comfort and infotainment systems. With trend. drive across the world to improve on emission controls and bring in efficiency in usage of fossil V. CONCLUSION fuels, the automotive segment is challenged by Embedded systems have silently but various factors and embedded systems are clearly consistently revolutionalised the world due to the the ways and means of achieving multiple objectives fact that they are compact in sizes, reliable in terms in this segment. of long performance, cheaper because they undergo mass production. Their quiet nature results in the 3.3.4 INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION users being unaware of their existence making them The goal of automation technology is to unable to appreciate their associated enormous provide partially or totally controlled automated benefits. Even up till now in the embedded world technical processes and plants that are highly changes are occurring with equipment becoming flexible. Its use increases reliability and safety of smaller, faster, and superior. However, there is still manufacturing processes. Embedded Systems need to research on nanotechnology, cloud control and manipulate processes. The reliability computing and their possible convergence with will be enhanced because individual tasks are embedded systems with view to deriving greater standardized. Amongst others, these machines dividends of embedded systems revolution. replace people in the execution of monotonous and dangerous tasks. Therefore the safety of plants REFERENCES increases. Industrial automation has different levels. [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Rev olution Industrial revolution, retrieved 3.3.5 AVIONICS AND AEROSPACE May 7, 2013. Avionics refers to electronics or electronic [2] https://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/20 equipment as applied to aircraft and spacecraft. 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