Between Canonical and Apocryphal Texts
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Developments in New Testament Study
Developments in New Testament Study Arthur Freeman Moravian Theological Seminary Bethlehem, PA February 2, 1994 These materials may be reproduced as long as credit is given. CONTENTS I NEW PERSPECTIVES ............................................................................................... 1 The Intertestamental Period ................................................................................ 2 Essenes .................................................................................................... 2 Pseudepigrapha ....................................................................................... 3 Nag Hammadi, etc................................................................................... 3 Wisdom ................................................................................................... 3 Apocalyptic ............................................................................................. 4 Gnosticism............................................................................................... 5 The New Testament Apocrypha.............................................................. 6 The Research on the Historical Jesus.................................................................. 6 Authorship and Sources of the Gospels .............................................................. 10 Changing Attitudes about the Historical-Critical Method. ................................. 12 Hermeneutical Approaches ................................................................................. 14 II -
THE NEW TESTAMENT APOCRYPHA and PSEUDEPIQRAPHA: a Guide to Publications, with Excursuses on Apocalypses by JAMES H
THE NEW TESTAMENT APOCRYPHA AND PSEUDEPIQRAPHA: a guide to publications, with excursuses on apocalypses by JAMES H. CHARLESWORTH with James R. Mueller assisted by many, especially Amy-Jill Levine, Randall D. Chesnutt, and M. J. H. Charlesworth ATLA BIBLIOGRAPHY SERIES, MO. 17 The American Theological Library Association and The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Metuchen, N.J., and London • 1987 CONTENTS Editor's Foreword xiii Preface xv I. INTRODUCTION 1 A Report on Research 1 Description 6 Excluded Documents 6 1) Apostolic Fathers 6 2) The Nag Hammadi Codices 7 3) The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha 7 4) Early Syriac Writings 8 5) Earliest Versions of the New Testament 8 6) Fakes 9 7) Possible Candidates 10 Introductions 11 Purpose 12 Notes 13 II. THE APOCALYPSE OF JOHN—ITS THEOLOGY AND IMPACT ON SUBSEQUENT APOCALYPSES Introduction . 19 The Apocalypse and Its Theology . 19 1) Historical Methodology 19 2) Other Apocalypses 20 3) A Unity 24 4) Martyrdom 25 5) Assurance and Exhortation 27 6) The Way and Invitation 28 7) Transference and Redefinition -. 28 8) Summary 30 The Apocalypse and Its Impact on Subsequent Apocalypses 30 1) Problems 30 2) Criteria 31 3) Excluded Writings 32 4) Included Writings 32 5) Documents , 32 a) Jewish Apocalypses Significantly Expanded by Christians 32 b) Gnostic Apocalypses 33 c) Early Christian Apocryphal Apocalypses 34 d) Early Medieval Christian Apocryphal Apocalypses 36 6) Summary 39 Conclusion 39 1) Significance 39 2) The Continuum 40 3) The Influence 41 Notes 42 III. THE CONTINUUM OF JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN APOCALYPSES: TEXTS AND ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS Description of an Apocalypse 53 Excluded "Apocalypses" 54 A List of Apocalypses 55 1) Classical Jewish Apocalypses and Related Documents (c. -
New Testament and the Lost Gospel
New Testament And The Lost Gospel Heliometric Eldon rear her betrayal so formerly that Aylmer predestines very erectly. Erodent and tubular Fox expresses Andrewhile fusible nickers Norton pertly chiviedand harp her her disturbances corsair. rippingly and peace primarily. Lou often nabs wetly when self-condemning In and the real life and What route the 17 books of prophecy in the Bible? Hecksher, although he could participate have been ignorant on it if not had suchvirulent influence and championed a faith so subsequent to issue own. God, he had been besieged by students demanding to know what exactly the church had to hide. What was the Lost Books of the Bible Christianity. Gnostic and lost gospel of christianity in thismaterial world with whom paul raising the news is perhaps there. Will trump Really alive All My Needs? Here, are called the synoptic gospels. Hannah biblical figure Wikipedia. Church made this up and then died for it, and in later ages, responsible for burying the bodies of both after they were martyred and then martyred themselves in the reign of Nero. Who was busy last transcript sent by God? Judas gospel of gospels makes him in? Major Prophets Four Courts Press. Smith and new testament were found gospel. Digest version of jesus but is not be; these scriptures that is described this website does he is a gospel that? This page and been archived and about no longer updated. The whole Testament these four canonical gospels which are accepted as she only authentic ones by accident great. There has also acts or pebble with names of apostles appended to them below you until The Acts of Paul, their leash as independent sources of information is questionable, the third clue of Adam and Eve. -
The Septuagint As Christian Scripture: Its Prehistory and the Problem of Its
OLD TESTAMENT STUDIES Edited by David J. Reimer OLD TESTAMENT STUDIES The mid-twentieth century was a period of great confidence in the study of the Hebrew Bible: many historical and literary questions appeared to be settled, and a constructive theological programme was well underway. Now, at the turn of the century, the picture is very different. Conflicting positions are taken on historical issues; scholars disagree not only on how to pose the questions, but also on what to admit as evidence. Sharply divergent methods are used in ever more popular literary studies of the Bible. Theological ferment persists, but is the Bible's theological vision coherent, or otherwise? The Old Testament Studies series provides an outlet for thoughtful debate in the fundamental areas of biblical history, theology and literature. Martin Hengel is well known for his seminal work on early Judaism and nascent Christianity. In this volume he turns his attention to the Septuagint—the first bible of the church, yet a product of Greek- speaking Judaism. Hengel probes into the historical and theological puzzles posed by the Septuagint opening a window on the formation of canon and attitudes to scripture in the Christian tradition, and on the relationship between Judaism and Christianity in the early centuries of the era. THE SEPTUAGINT AS CHRISTIAN SCRIPTURE THE SEPTUAGINT AS CHRISTIAN SCRIPTURE Its Prehistory and the Problem of Its Canon Martin Hengel with the assistance of Roland Deines Introduction by Robert Hanhart Translated by Mark E. Biddle T&T CLARK EDINBURGH & NEW YORK T&T CLARK LTD A Continuum imprint 59 George Street 370 Lexington Avenue Edinburgh EH2 2LQ New York 10017-6503 Scotland USA www.tandtclark.co.uk www.continuumbooks.com Copyright © T&T Clark Ltd, 2002 All rights reserved. -
Definition of Bible Edition a Phenomenology of Bible Editions
Definition of Bible edition a phenomenology of Bible editions Editions, which are to be regarded as Bible 1. Books occurring in printed editions of the LXX and/or Vulgate Full Bibles also containing Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and/or New Testament Apocrypha additionally Full Testaments also containing Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and/or New Testament Apocrypha additionally Groups, e.g. Pentateuch, Historical Books, Prophets (Is - Mal), Hagiographa (Holy Writings), Apocrypha = Deuterocanonical Books, Gospels, Synopses - Paul's Epistles, Johannine Books Individual Books, e.g. Genesis, Psalms, Song of Solomon, Jesus Sirach, Isaiah, Maccabees II, Additions to Esther, Acts, Revelation Individual chapters or pericopes, e.g. Creation, Ten Commandments, Psalm 23, Nativity of Christ, Sermon on the Mount, Passion of Christ, Magnificat 2. Liturgies Editions for liturgical purposes not showing text reduction Gospel Books containing the full text (Evangeliaries), Psalms in their biblical order Editions containing excerpts of the text by itself Lectionaries Gospel Books containing the pericopes only (Evangelistaries) Evangelia et Epistolae Harmonies of Gospels or the Passion History Selections for beginners School and Children Bibles Family Bibles Censored, reduced Bibles 3. Commentaries, Sermons, Meditations Full texts or excerpts surrounded by a paratext Editions with marginal and/or interlinear glosses Editions with smaller exegetical commentaries, often with explanations of individual terms at the bottom of the page Editions with anonymous traditionally regarded commentaries: Glossa ordinaria, Chain commentaries, Editions with personal, but traditionally regarded commentaries For the Hebrew Bible: Biblia Rabbinica (Rashi, Ibn Esra, David Qimchi) For the Vulgate: Nicolaus de Lyra, Le Maistre de Sacy, Editions with extensive editor's commentaries, but published separately: Erasmus: Annotationes e.g. -
Books of the Bible and of the Apocrypha an Introduction
BOOKS OF THE BIBLE AND OF THE APOCRYPHA AN INTRODUCTION TO BIBLE APOCRYPHA (WITH A BIBLE HISTORY CHART AT THE END) Page 1-2: Introduction Historical controversy continues today among Bible students, researchers, scholars, and clergy about the subject of the Apocrypha; whether these "Bible-related" books are considered to be the very Word of God, or of historical reference accounts, or of uncertain origin and best kept on the shelf. Some Apocryphal books have even been marketed for sale as "Lost Books of the Bible". Essentially, Old Testament Apocrypha (14 books primarily) consists of Jewish documents that were not accepted into the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament as actual books of canon scripture, even though they were included in most of the early translations of the Bible (as far back as the Greek Septuagint), typically as a separate section after the Old Testament. Then there is the New Testament Apocrypha, which are writings attributed to Christians of the first four centuries in Christ but were not accepted into the New Testament either, and are very rarely included in any Bible. A summary introduction of each of the following charts is now presented. Page 3: Comparison of Modern Bibles Chart This chart compares a modern post-1885 KJV Bible with the 1970 Catholic New American Bible (NAB) translation and the difference is that the NAB still contains 10 of the original 14 OT Apocrypha books. The irony is that the pre-1885 KJV and earlier English translations contained all 14 Apocrypha books. What happened in 1885 to remove all Apocrypha from the KJV? The Latin Vulgate Bible of 405 A.D. -
A Critical Introduction and Commentary on the Acts Of
A CRITICAL INTRODUCTION AND COMMENTARY ON THE ACTS OF PAUL AND THECLA by Jeremy W. Barrier Bachelor of Science, 2000 Freed-Hardeman University Henderson, TN Master of Arts, 2002 Freed-Hardeman University Henderson, TN Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Brite Divinity School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biblical Interpretation Fort Worth, TX May 2008 3 WARNING CONCERNING COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS The copyright law of the United States (title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted materials. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish photocopy or reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research. If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes excess of “fair use,” that user may be liable for copyright infringement. This institution reserves the right to refuse a copying order if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS: • Title Page….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….…...1 • Dissertation Approval…………………………………………………………2 • Copyright Acknowledgment………………………………………………......3 • Table of Contents……………………………………………………………...4 • Abbreviations….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….…..6 • Abbreviations of Textual Witnesses.….….….….….….….….….….….….….7 • Key to the Numeration of various Acts of Paul texts………………………...10 • Foreword…..….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….….14 • Introduction:………………………………………………………………….15 o 1. The Ancient Novel..…………………………………………..…...15 1.1 The Ancient Novel and the Early Christian Novel..……..15 1.2 The Ancient Novel and the Acts of Paul and Thecla …….24 1.3 Historical Reliabilty……………………………………...29 1.4 Intended/Actual Readers of the Ancient Novel...………..30 1.5 Intended/Actual Readers of the Acts of Paul ..…………...34 o 2. -
1 Peter “Be Holy”
1 Peter “Be Holy” Bible Knowledge Commentary States: “First Peter was written to Christians who were experiencing various forms of persecution, men and women whose stand for Jesus Christ made them aliens and strangers in the midst of a pagan society. Peter exhorted these Christians to steadfast endurance and exemplary behavior. The warmth of his expressions combined with his practical instructions make this epistle a unique source of encouragement for all believers who live in conflict with their culture. I. Setting 1 Peter is the 19th book of the New Testament and 16th among the Epistles or letters. They are the primary doctrinal portions of the New Testament. It is not that the Gospels and Acts do not contain doctrine, but that the purpose of the Epistles is to explain to churches and individuals how to apply the teachings of Jesus. Jesus’ earthly life models ministry. In every area of ministry, we must apply the example of Christ. He was filled with the Spirit, sought to honor God, put a high value on people, and lowered Himself as the servant of all. Once He ascended to heaven, He poured His Spirit out on believers and the New Testament church was formed. Acts focuses on the birth, establishment, and furtherance of the work of God in the world, through the church. The Epistles are written to the church, further explaining doctrine. A. 1Peter is part of a section among the Epistles commonly known as “The Hebrew Christian Epistles” and includes Hebrews, James, 1 and 2 Peter, 1st, 2nd and 3rd John and Jude. -
Apocryphal Literature | 1 APOCRYPHAL LITERATURE
Apocryphal Literature | 1 APOCRYPHAL LITERATURE Properly speaking, this consists of the so-called Old Testament pseudepigrapha. The Old Testament books called “apocryphal” by Protestants and “deuterocanonical” by Roman Catholics were until recently included in the biblical canon of the Coptic church. Only at the beginning of the twentieth century and by order of CYRIL V (1874-1927) were the following books removed from the canon: Tobit, Judith, the complement of Esther, the Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus, the Epistle of Jeremiah, Baruch, the complement of Daniel (Susanna and the Three Youths in the Fire) and 1, 2, and 3 Maccabees. These books are normally included in the Coptic versions of the Bible. The term apokriphon or the more usual apografon had already acquired a pejorative meaning in the 39th Festal Letter of Saint ATHANASIUS, in which the Old Testament Apocrypha of Enoch, Isaiah, and Moses are condemned as heretical. Originally, the Greek word meant simply hidden or secret (cf. 4 Esd. 16:45-48). The condemnation of the Apocrypha, caused no doubt by the extensive use made of them, put a stop to their diffusion in orthodox circles, particularly in the Coptic church. In spite of this, a surprising number of Coptic apocryphal manuscripts have come down to us. They share the following general characteristics: their dates of composition are late as compared to Greek and Aramaic texts, for the most part being translations from Greek; to a greater or lesser degree they show the effects of Christian reworking; they are normally working originating in, or strongly influenced by, Egyptian Judaism; and they frequently take up motifs and expressions from the ancient Egyptian religion. -
THE JOHANNINE LEGACY: the GOSPEL and APOCRYPHON of JOHN John D. Turner University of Nebraska-Lincoln This Essay Explores the Po
THE JOHANNINE LEGACY: THE GOSPEL AND APOCRYPHON OF JOHN John D. Turner University of Nebraska-Lincoln This essay explores the possibility of an intertextual dialogue and a shared history-of-religions background and context for two late first and early second century sectarian movements: Johannine Christianity and Sethian Gnosticism, an early Gnostic movement presently attested in no less than eleven of the fifty-two treatises contained in the fourth- century Coptic codices from Nag Hammadi as well as in several patristic sources. In particular, I suggest that both movements may have originated as non-Christian baptismal sectarian movements that became Christianized during the second half of the first century and gradually came to sustain an increasingly polemical relationship to one another throughout the second century. Since it is the less-well-known of the two, I begin first with a sketch of the nature and history of the Sethian movement and then move to a discussion of the Apocryphon of John and the Trimorphic Protennoia as the two Sethian treatises that most clearly sustain close literary con- tacts with the Johannine gospel and letters. Since the intertextual con- tacts between these two treatises and the Johannine corpus become most obvious in the prologue of the Fourth Gospel, I then turn to an exploration of points of closest contact between them, namely the Trimorphic Protennoia and the Pronoia monologue concluding the Apocryphon of John. The remainder of this essay is devoted to a dis- cussion of two other distinctive aspects of the relationship of these two movements, namely the practice and theory of baptism and their com- mon characterizations of revelatory media, which leads to the con- cluding suggestion that the Apocryphon of John was in part intended as a concluding sequel to the Fourth Gospel, and that the Sethian and Johannine movements shared a parallel and interrelated history of development.1 1 For a recent, similar but different discussion of this relationship, see Rasimus 2009. -
Dead Sea Scrolls—Criticism, Interpretation, Etc.—Congresses
Vision, Narrative, and Wisdom in the Aramaic Texts from Qumran Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah Edited by George J. Brooke Associate Editors Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar Jonathan Ben-Dov Alison Schofield volume 131 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/stdj Vision, Narrative, and Wisdom in the Aramaic Texts from Qumran Essays from the Copenhagen Symposium, 14–15 August, 2017 Edited by Mette Bundvad Kasper Siegismund With the collaboration of Melissa Sayyad Bach Søren Holst Jesper Høgenhaven LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: International Symposium on Vision, Narrative, and Wisdom in the Aramaic Texts from Qumran (2017 : Copenhagen, Denmark) | Bundvad, Mette, 1982– editor. | Siegismund, Kasper, editor. | Bach, Melissa Sayyad, contributor. | Holst, Søren, contributor. | Høgenhaven, Jesper, contributor. Title: Vision, narrative, and wisdom in the Aramaic texts from Qumran : essays from the Copenhagen Symposium, 14–15 August, 2017 / edited by Mette Bundvad, Kasper Siegismund ; with the collaboration of Melissa Sayyad Bach, Søren Holst, Jesper Høgenhaven. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2020] | Series: Studies on the texts of the desert of Judah, 0169-9962 ; volume 131 | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019029284 | ISBN 9789004413702 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004413733 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Dead Sea scrolls—Criticism, interpretation, etc.—Congresses. | Dead Sea scrolls—Relation to the Old Testament—Congresses. | Manuscripts, Aramaic—West Bank—Qumran Site—Congresses. Classification: LCC BM487 .I58 2017 | DDC 296.1/55—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019029284 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. -
GBNT-500 Acts of the Apostles Cmt 1566614590902
GBNT 500 The Acts of the Apostles 7th Revision, October 2011 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology Acts of the Apostles GBNT 500 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology 1 This material is not to be copied for any purpose without written permission from American Mission Teams © Copyright by American Mission Teams, Inc., All rights reserved, printed in the United States of America GBNT 500 The Acts of the Apostles 7th Revision, October 2011 Midwest Seminary of Bible Theology ARE YOU BORN AGAIN? Knowing in your heart that you are born-again and followed by a statement of faith are the two prerequisites to studying and getting the most out of your MSBT materials. We at MSBT have developed this material to educate each Believer in the principles of God. Our goal is to provide each Believer with an avenue to enrich their personal lives and bring them closer to God. Is Jesus your Lord and Savior? If you have not accepted Him as such, you must be aware of what Romans 3:23 tells you. 23 For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God: How do you go about it? You must believe that Jesus is the Son of God. I John 5:13 gives an example in which to base your faith. 13 These things have I written unto you that believe on the name of the Son of God; that ye may know that ye have eternal life, and that ye may believe on the name of the Son of God. What if you are just not sure? Romans 10:9-10 gives you the Scriptural mandate for becoming born-again.