The Variations of Yiddish Orthographical Systems in the Present Hasidic Newspapers*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

THE VARIATIONS OF YIDDISH ORTHOGRAPHICAL SYSTEMS IN THE PRESENT HASIDIC NEWSPAPERS* Satoko Kamoshida 1. Background 1.1. YIVO Orthography and the Previous Studies The Yiddish standard orthography of the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research (introduced in 1936)1 is not followed by all writers, and there are variations in the spelling systems. For example in 1992, Dovid Katz introduced another writing system.2 Aronson3 clarifi ed the writing system and showed some of the common spelling variations in comparison with YIVO orthography4 whereas Schaechter discussed the history of the YIVO standard.5 These studies focus on YIVO orthography and do not investigate the varieties. These studies focus on YIVO orthography and do not thoroughly discuss the varieties which exist outside the major academic society. My paper looks in depth at the variations of spelling systems which are not based on YIVO orthography. * Acknowledgement I am very grateful to Dr. Tsuguya Sasaki and Dr. Paul Glaser for their comments on this paper. I would also like to thank Ms. Zofi a Anna Stankiewicz and Mr. Tom Yuval for their very kind help on my English and comments on my research as well as Ms. Sylvia Jacobson and Mr. Alec Eliezer Burko for their advice on my research. 1 Hereafter called YIVO orthography. 2 Dovid Katz, Klal-takones fun yidishn oysleyg (Oxford: Oxford Yiddish Press, 1992). 3 Howard I. Aronson, “Yiddish,” in The World’s Writing Systems, eds. Peter T. Daniels and William Bright (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 735–742. 4 Aronson, “Yiddish”, 735–742. 5 Mordkhe Schaechter, The Standardized Yiddish Orthography. Rules of Yiddish Spelling and The History of the Standardized Yiddish Spelling (New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 1999). © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2009 EJJS 2.2 Also available online – brill.nl/ejjs DOI: 10.1163/187247109X454477 300 satoko kamoshida 1.2. Variations of Spellings in Different Times and Different Newspapers The spelling systems vary depending on times and communities. In New York, fi ve Yiddish newspapers are published. Der Yid, Di Tsaytung and Der Blatt are mainly for Hasidic people, whereas The Algemeiner Journal is for Hasidic people and others, and Forverts is mainly for a non-Hasidic readership. Comparing a Forverts article on June 16, 2006 (Figure 1) and a Forverts article on January 1, 1960 (Figure 2), the spellings of Yiddish in 2006 ,אידיש are different. In 1960, for instance, yidish was written The Forverts is known as the newspaper which follows YIVO .יִידיש orthography but it did so only after the offi cial change of its orthographical system (see fi gure 3).6 Figure 1: “Gesheenishn in bilder” in Forverts, (June 16, 2006; New York), 24. Figure 2: “Yidisher shnayder in Pariz tseshlogen fun 8 polislayt” in Forverts (January 1, 1960; New York), 1. 6 Figure 3 is the announcement of the offi cial change to YIVO orthography in the Forverts from 1997; see Schaechter, The Standardized Yiddish Orthography, 109..

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Yiddish Diction in Singing
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones May 2016 Yiddish Diction in Singing Carrie Suzanne Schuster-Wachsberger University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Language Description and Documentation Commons, Music Commons, Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons, and the Theatre and Performance Studies Commons Repository Citation Schuster-Wachsberger, Carrie Suzanne, "Yiddish Diction in Singing" (2016). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 2733. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/9112178 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. YIDDISH DICTION IN SINGING By Carrie Schuster-Wachsberger Bachelor of Music in Vocal Performance Syracuse University 2010 Master of Music in Vocal Performance Western Michigan University 2012
[Show full text]
Jiddistik Heute
לקט ייִ דישע שטודיעס הנט Jiddistik heute Yiddish Studies Today לקט Der vorliegende Sammelband eröﬀnet eine neue Reihe wissenschaftli- cher Studien zur Jiddistik sowie philolo- gischer Editionen und Studienausgaben jiddischer Literatur. Jiddisch, Englisch und Deutsch stehen als Publikationsspra- chen gleichberechtigt nebeneinander. Leket erscheint anlässlich des xv. Sym posiums für Jiddische Studien in Deutschland, ein im Jahre 1998 von Erika Timm und Marion Aptroot als für das in Deutschland noch junge Fach Jiddistik und dessen interdisziplinären אָ רשונג אויסגאַבעס און ייִדיש אויסגאַבעס און אָ רשונג Umfeld ins Leben gerufenes Forum. Die im Band versammelten 32 Essays zur jiddischen Literatur-, Sprach- und Kul- turwissenschaft von Autoren aus Europa, den usa, Kanada und Israel vermitteln ein Bild von der Lebendigkeit und Viel- falt jiddistischer Forschung heute. Yiddish & Research Editions ISBN 978-3-943460-09-4 Jiddistik Jiddistik & Forschung Edition 9 783943 460094 ִיידיש ַאויסגאבעס און ָ ארשונג Jiddistik Edition & Forschung Yiddish Editions & Research Herausgegeben von Marion Aptroot, Efrat Gal-Ed, Roland Gruschka und Simon Neuberg Band 1 לקט ִיידישע שטודיעס ַהנט Jiddistik heute Yiddish Studies Today Herausgegeben von Marion Aptroot, Efrat Gal-Ed, Roland Gruschka und Simon Neuberg Yidish : oysgabes un forshung Jiddistik : Edition & Forschung Yiddish : Editions & Research Herausgegeben von Marion Aptroot, Efrat Gal-Ed, Roland Gruschka und Simon Neuberg Band 1 Leket : yidishe shtudyes haynt Leket : Jiddistik heute Leket : Yiddish Studies Today Bibliografĳische Information Der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deut- schen Nationalbibliografĳie ; detaillierte bibliografĳische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © düsseldorf university press, Düsseldorf 2012 Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urhe- berrechtlich geschützt.
[Show full text]
Orthodoxy in American Jewish Life1
ORTHODOXY IN AMERICAN JEWISH LIFE1 by CHARLES S. LIEBMAN INTRODUCTION • DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ORTHODOXY • EARLY ORTHODOX COMMUNITY • UNCOMMITTED ORTHODOX • COM- MITTED ORTHODOX • MODERN ORTHODOX • SECTARIANS • LEAD- ERSHIP • DIRECTIONS AND TENDENCIES • APPENDLX: YESHIVOT PROVIDING INTENSIVE TALMUDIC STUDY A HIS ESSAY is an effort to describe the communal aspects and institutional forms of Orthodox Judaism in the United States. For the most part, it ignores the doctrines, faith, and practices of Orthodox Jews, and barely touches upon synagogue hie, which is the most meaningful expression of American Orthodoxy. It is hoped that the reader will find here some appreciation of the vitality of American Orthodoxy. Earlier predictions of the demise of 11 am indebted to many people who assisted me in making this essay possible. More than 40, active in a variety of Orthodox organizations, gave freely of their time for extended discussions and interviews and many lay leaders and rabbis throughout the United States responded to a mail questionnaire. A number of people read a draft of this paper. I would be remiss if I did not mention a few by name, at the same time exonerating them of any responsibility for errors of fact or for my own judgments and interpretations. The section on modern Orthodoxy was read by Rabbi Emanuel Rackman. The sections beginning with the sectarian Orthodox to the conclusion of the paper were read by Rabbi Nathan Bulman. Criticism and comments on the entire paper were forthcoming from Rabbi Aaron Lichtenstein, Dr. Marshall Ski are, and Victor Geller, without whose assistance the section on the number of Orthodox Jews could not have been written.
[Show full text]
Community Outlet Editorial Director Name Ed. Dir. Email Address Ed
Community Outlet Editorial Director Ed. Dir. Email Ed. Dir. Phone Name Address Number African African Network Inza Dosso africvisiontv@yahoo. 646-505-9952 Television com; mmustaf25@yahoo. com African African Sun Times Abba Onyeani africansuntimes@gma973-280-8415 African African-American Steve Mallory blacknewswatch@ao 718-598-4772 Observer l.com African Afrikanspot Isseu Diouf Campbell [email protected] 917-204-1582 om African Afro Heritage Olutosin Mustapha [email protected] 718-510-5575 Magazine om African Afro Times African Afrobeat Radio / Wuyi Jacobs submissions@afrobe 347-559-6570 WBAI 99.5 FM atradio.com African Amandla Kofi Ayim kayim@amandlanew 973-731-1339 s.com African Sunu Afrik Radio El Hadji Ndao [email protected] 646-505-7487 m; sunuafrikradio@gma il.com African American Black and Brown Sharon Toomer info@blackandbrow 917-721-3150 News nnews.com African American Diaspora Radio Pearl Phillip [email protected] 718-771-0988 African American Harlem World Eartha Watts Hicks; harlemworldinfo@ya 646-216-8698 Magazine Danny Tisdale hoo.com African American New York Elinor Tatum elinor.tatum@amste 212-932-7465 Amsterdam News rdamnews.com; info@amsterdamne ws.com African American New York Beacon Miatta Smith nybeaconads@yaho 212-213-8585 o.com African American Our Time Press David Greaves editors@ourtimepre 718-599-6828 ss.com African American The Black Star News Milton Allimadi [email protected] 646-261-7566 m African American The Network Journal Rosalind McLymont [email protected] 212-962-3791 ; [email protected] Albanian Illyria Ruben Avxhiu [email protected] 212-868-2224 om; [email protected] m Arab Allewaa Al-Arabi Angie Damlaki angie_damlakhi@ya 646-707-2012 hoo.com Arab Arab Astoria Abdul Azmal arabastoria@yahoo.
[Show full text]
Wertheimer, Editor Imagining the Seth Farber an American Orthodox American Jewish Community Dreamer: Rabbi Joseph B
Imagining the American Jewish Community Brandeis Series in American Jewish History, Culture, and Life Jonathan D. Sarna, Editor Sylvia Barack Fishman, Associate Editor For a complete list of books in the series, visit www.upne.com and www.upne.com/series/BSAJ.html Jack Wertheimer, editor Imagining the Seth Farber An American Orthodox American Jewish Community Dreamer: Rabbi Joseph B. Murray Zimiles Gilded Lions and Soloveitchik and Boston’s Jeweled Horses: The Synagogue to Maimonides School the Carousel Ava F. Kahn and Marc Dollinger, Marianne R. Sanua Be of Good editors California Jews Courage: The American Jewish Amy L. Sales and Leonard Saxe “How Committee, 1945–2006 Goodly Are Thy Tents”: Summer Hollace Ava Weiner and Kenneth D. Camps as Jewish Socializing Roseman, editors Lone Stars of Experiences David: The Jews of Texas Ori Z. Soltes Fixing the World: Jewish Jack Wertheimer, editor Family American Painters in the Twentieth Matters: Jewish Education in an Century Age of Choice Gary P. Zola, editor The Dynamics of American Jewish History: Jacob Edward S. Shapiro Crown Heights: Rader Marcus’s Essays on American Blacks, Jews, and the 1991 Brooklyn Jewry Riot David Zurawik The Jews of Prime Time Kirsten Fermaglich American Dreams and Nazi Nightmares: Ranen Omer-Sherman, 2002 Diaspora Early Holocaust Consciousness and and Zionism in Jewish American Liberal America, 1957–1965 Literature: Lazarus, Syrkin, Reznikoff, and Roth Andrea Greenbaum, editor Jews of Ilana Abramovitch and Seán Galvin, South Florida editors, 2001 Jews of Brooklyn Sylvia Barack Fishman Double or Pamela S. Nadell and Jonathan D. Sarna, Nothing? Jewish Families and Mixed editors Women and American Marriage Judaism: Historical Perspectives George M.
[Show full text]
Techniques for Automatic Normalization of Orthographically Variant Yiddish Texts
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2015 Techniques for Automatic Normalization of Orthographically Variant Yiddish Texts Yakov Peretz Blum Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/525 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] TECHNIQUES FOR AUTOMATIC NORMALIZATION OF ORTHOGRAPHICALLY VARIANT YIDDISH TEXTS by YAKOV PERETZ BLUM A master's thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, The City University of New York 2015 2015 © Yakov Blum Some rights reserved. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Linguistics in satisfaction of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts. Martin Chodorow ______________________ ______________________________________ Date Thesis Advisor Gita Martohardjono ______________________ ______________________________________ Date Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Abstract TECHNIQUES FOR AUTOMATIC NORMALIZATION OF ORTHOGRAPHICALLY VARIANT YIDDISH TEXTS by YAKOV PERETZ BLUM Adviser: Professor Martin Chodorow Yiddish is characterized by a multitude of orthographic systems. A number of approaches to automatic normalization of variant orthography have been explored for the processing of historic texts of languages whose orthography has since been standardized.
[Show full text]
The Semitic Component in Yiddish and Its Ideological Role in Yiddish Philology
philological encounters � (�0�7) 368-387 brill.com/phen The Semitic Component in Yiddish and its Ideological Role in Yiddish Philology Tal Hever-Chybowski Paris Yiddish Center—Medem Library [email protected] Abstract The article discusses the ideological role played by the Semitic component in Yiddish in four major texts of Yiddish philology from the first half of the 20th century: Ysroel Haim Taviov’s “The Hebrew Elements of the Jargon” (1904); Ber Borochov’s “The Tasks of Yiddish Philology” (1913); Nokhem Shtif’s “The Social Differentiation of Yiddish: Hebrew Elements in the Language” (1929); and Max Weinreich’s “What Would Yiddish Have Been without Hebrew?” (1931). The article explores the ways in which these texts attribute various religious, national, psychological and class values to the Semitic com- ponent in Yiddish, while debating its ontological status and making prescriptive sug- gestions regarding its future. It argues that all four philologists set the Semitic component of Yiddish in service of their own ideological visions of Jewish linguistic, national and ethnic identity (Yiddishism, Hebraism, Soviet Socialism, etc.), thus blur- ring the boundaries between descriptive linguistics and ideologically engaged philology. Keywords Yiddish – loshn-koydesh – semitic philology – Hebraism – Yiddishism – dehebraization Yiddish, although written in the Hebrew alphabet, is predominantly Germanic in its linguistic structure and vocabulary.* It also possesses substantial Slavic * The comments of Yitskhok Niborski, Natalia Krynicka and of the anonymous reviewer have greatly improved this article, and I am deeply indebted to them for their help. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ��7 | doi �0.��63/�45�9�97-��Downloaded34003� from Brill.com09/23/2021 11:50:14AM via free access The Semitic Component In Yiddish 369 and Semitic elements, and shows some traces of the Romance languages.
[Show full text]
Orthography of Solomon Birnbaum
iQa;;&u*,"" , I iii The "Orthodox" Orthography of Solomon Birnbaum Kalman Weiser YORK UNIVERSITY Apart from the YIVO Institute's Standard Yiddish Orthography, the prevalent sys tem in the secular sector, two other major spelling codes for Yiddish are current today. Sovetisher oysteyg (Soviet spelling) is encountered chiefly among aging Yid dish speakers from the former Soviet bloc and appears in print with diminishing frequency since the end of the Cold War. In contrast, "maskiIic" spelling, the system haphazardly fashioned by 19th-century proponents of the Jewish Enlightenment (which reflects now obsolete Germanized conventions) continues to thrive in the publications of the expanding hasidic sector. As the one group that has by and large preserved and even encouraged Yiddish as its communal vernacular since the Holocaust, contemporary ultra-Orthodox (and primarily hasidic) Jews regard themselves as the custodians of the language and its traditions. Yiddish is considered a part of the inheritance of their pious East European ancestors, whose way of life they idealize and seek to recreate as much as possible. l The historic irony of this development-namely, the enshrinement of the work of secularized enlighteners, who themselves were bent on modernizing East European Jewry and uprooting Hasidism-is probably lost upon today's tens of thousands of hasidic Yiddish speakers. The irony, however, was not lost on Solomon (in German, Salomo; in Yiddish, Shloyme) Birnbaum (1898-1989), a pioneering Yiddish linguist and Hebrew pa leographer in the ultra-Orthodox sector. This essay examines Birnbaum's own "Or thodox" orthography for Yiddish in both its purely linguistic and broader ideolog ical contexts in interwar Poland, then home to the largest Jewish community in Europe and the world center of Yiddish culture.
[Show full text]
Adaptations of Hebrew Script -Mala Enciklopedija Prosvetq I978 [Small Prosveta Encyclopedia]
726 PART X: USE AND ADAPTATION OF SCRIPTS Series Minor 8) The Hague: Mouton SECTION 6I Ly&in, V. I t952. Drevnepermskij jazyk [The Old Pemic language] Moscow: Izdalel'slvo Aka- demii Nauk SSSR ry6r. Komi-russkij sLovar' [Komi-Russian diclionary] Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izda- tel'slvo Inostrannyx i Nacional'nyx Slovuej. Adaptations of Hebrew Script -MaLa Enciklopedija Prosvetq I978 [Small Prosveta encycloPedia]. Belgrade. Moll, T. A,, & P. I InEnlikdj t951. Cukotsko-russkij sLovaf [Chukchee-Russian dicrionary] Len- BENJAMIN HARY ingrad: Gosudtrstvemoe udebno-pedagogideskoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva Prosveldenija RSFSR Poppe, Nicholas. 1963 Tatqr Manual (Indima Universily Publications, Uralic atrd Altaic Series 25) Mouton Bloomington: Indiana University; The Hague: "lagguages" rgjo. Mongolian lnnguage Handbook.Washington, D C.: Center for Applied Linguistics Jewish or ethnolects HerbertH Papet(Intema- Rastorgueva,V.S. 1963.A ShortSketchofTajikGrammar, fans anded It is probably impossible to offer a purely linguistic definition of a Jewish "language," tional Joumal ofAmerican Linguisticr 29, no part 2) Bloominglon: Indiana University; The - 4, as it is difficult to find many cornmon linguistic criteria that can apply to Judeo- Hague: Moulon. (Russiu orig 'Kratkij oderk grammatiki lad;ikskogo jzyka," in M. V. Rax- Arabic, Judeo-Spanish, and Yiddish, for example. Consequently, a sociolinguistic imi & L V Uspenskaja, eds,Tadiikskurusstj slovar' lTajik-Russian dictionary], Moscow: Gosudustvennoe Izdatel'stvo Inostrmyx i Nacional'tryx SIovarej, r954 ) definition with a more suitable term, such as ethnolect, is in order. An ethnolect is an Sjoberg, Andr€e P. t963. Uzbek StructuraL Grammar (Indiana University Publications, Uralic and independent linguistic entity with its own history and development that refers to a lan- Altaic Series r8).
[Show full text]
The Unicode Standard, Version 6.2 Copyright © 1991–2012 Unicode, Inc
The Unicode Standard Version 6.2 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. Copyright © 1991–2012 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium ; edited by Julie D. Allen ... [et al.]. — Version 6.2.
[Show full text]
ADAPTATIONS of HEBREW SCRIPT in This Chapter I Present An
CHAPTER TWO FROM ARAMEA TO AMERICA: ADAPTATIONS OF HEBREW SCRIPT In this chapter I present an overview of the development of the Hebrew writing system, followed by a survey of language families with attested Hebrew-letter texts. While I aim to provide a broader and more inclusive overview of Hebraicization than has been available previously, I do not make any claim to comprehensiveness. 1. FROM HEBREW TO JEWISH WRITING Nothing is known of Hebraic writing before the Israelites emerged in the land of Canaan and "borrowed the art of writing" from the local inhabitants in the twelfth or eleventh century BCE (Naveh 1982: 65). In the earliest known Hebrew inscription, the Gezer calendar,1 the writing resembles that of tenth-century Phoenician inscriptions from Byblos, and features no specifically Hebrew characters. Indeed, the Phoenician influence was so dominant that neither the Hebrews nor the Aramaeans ever innovated new characters to represent consonant phonemes that did not exist in Phoenician. The first distinctive features of Hebrew writing are actually to be found in ninth-century inscriptions in Moabite, a Canaanite dialect related to Hebrew. According to Naveh (1982), these adaptations of the contemporary Hebrew script represent the first stage of the Hebrew scribal tradition. Despite dialectal differences between the spoken Hebrew of Judah (the 1 Naveh notes that although the calendar can be dated to the late tenth century, the language of this inscription "does not have any lexical or grammatical features that preclude the possibility of its being Phoenician" (1982: 76). southern kingdom) and Israel (the northern kingdom), the same script was used in both kingdoms, as well as by the Moabites and Edomites to write their own kindred languages while under the rule of Israel and Judah.
[Show full text]
Middle East-I 9 Modern and Liturgical Scripts
The Unicode® Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2020 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 13.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/) 1.
[Show full text]