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Sacred Mountain : Interpretation of Sacred Place in Thailand

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Sacred Mountain : Interpretation of Sacred Place in Thailand SACRED MOUNTAIN : INTERPRETATION OF SACRED PLACE IN THAILAND By Waranan Sowannee A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2009 The Graduate School, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the Thesis title of “Sacred Mountain : Interpretation of Sacred Place inThailand” submitted by Ms.Waranan Sowannee as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism ……........................................................................ (Associate Professor Sirichai Chinatangkul,Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School ........./..................../.......... The Thesis Advisor ....................................................... (Professor Emeritus Ken Taylor) The Thesis Examination Committee .................................................... Chairman (Professor Emeritus Trungjai Booranasompob,Ph.D.) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member (Professor Emeritus Ornsiri Panin) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member (Assistance Professor Chotima Chaturawong,Ph.D.) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member (Professor Emeritus Ken Taylor) ............/......................../.............. 49056967: MAJOR: ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM KEYWORD: SACRED MOUNTAIN, MOUNT SUMERU, INTERPRTATION, SACRED PLACE WARANAN SOWANNEE: SACRED MOUNTAIN : INTERPRETATION OF SACRED PLACE IN THAILAND. DISSERATION SUPERVISOR: EMERITUS PROFESSOR KEN TAYLOR 183 pp. The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning of sacred space and places in Thai context as well as other sacred places in Thai Buddhist region. It aims to understand Thai sacred space and place, to discuss on meaning of sacred space and sacred place in a Thai context and to illuminate concepts, spatial characteristic, and sense of Thai sacred places. The significance of sacred mountain theme is a medium to interpret the sacred phenomena. Abstract meanings of sacredness can be understood through the sacred space and sacred places that affect human senses. Sacred place idea in Thai culture heritage has always been concerned with the sacred mountain as symbolic and focussing on Mout Sumuru. The sacredness is revealed senses of places and developed by using metaphors of the mountains. Through the sacred mountain narrative, the knowledge created from within this theme illuminates ways with familiar patterns of existence and can be opened up to process to new meanings. Through this research we come up with the ideas in which various manifestation stages can serve as a medium to create senses of sacredness. The sacred mountain themes provide with new perspectives, for instance, the sacredness is the attitude of human to nature, it is an approach of human being to nature, the manners of people who live harmoniously with the wholeness is duality existence. The position of people who live under the nature control and accept the power of its that expressed the attitude into several ways such as religion and belief with the holy world. They are new approaches of thinking about fundamental issues. Sacred places cannot be measured by any tools of secular objects and cannot be protected by any secular based methods; just enhance sense, use immaculacy mind and intuition as well as rely on cognitive avidity in experienced impression of its phenomena that beyond visual sensation. The more perceive, comprehend and appreciate, the more totally clear how to maintain and pass Thai sacred place as heritage to the next generation. Nevertheless, as Thai history imprint, Thai sacred space and place reflect the transformation of the association, the social procedure, the living cultural system, and the paradigm of Thai people. Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism Graduate School, Silpakorn University, Academic Year 2009 Student’s signature……………………………………………………………………… Thesis Supervisor’s signature…………………………………………………………… c DEDICATION This work is dedicated to sacred power, sacred spiritual, especially sacred mountain and Thai sacred place spirits. d Acknowledgements Sacred Mountain: Interpretation of Sacred place in Thailand, the thematic and topic of my dissertation, like a pilgrim that reach the destination through suggestions and advice from my supervisor; Emeritus Professor Ken Taylor, my advisor; Assistance Professor Dr.Chotima Chaturawong and my teacher; Associate Professor Dr. Woralun Boonyasurat. I have been grateful for their inspiration, advice, teaching, encouragement, and support since I develop the idea of this dissertation. Thank you all foreign professors of the International Program in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism and the Faculty of Architecture professors, for valuable knowledge and new vision in cultural heritage. I would also like to thanks Ajan Kirtikhacara Jayadhira for introduce me to appreciate the sacred place though my mind, Dr.Sutsan Suttipisan, Dr. Wattana Boonjub, Dr. Kraingkrai Kerdsiri, Paramaporn Sirikulchayanont, and my friends that I am not able to mention all their name here for both experience and knowledge share, for their help, kindness, and friendship. For help during my fieldwork, I would like to thank Amarit Muadthong and Sayaporn Arpornthip. For hearten along 3 years, I am appreciative to my friend Alisa Decha. I am grateful for Strategic Scholarship Fellowship Frontier Research Network, Office of the Higher Education Commission and Interior Design Department, Faculty of Decorative Arts, Silpakorn University for the scholarship supported. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents for their loving, understanding and supporting everything I do. Last but not least, I am indebted Kruba Norathep Arunmanee who introduce me to experience the sacred world and Kommot Kamolpajak who bring me in balanced layman world. If I contain some degree of merit, I would like to share with them. e Table of Contents Page Abstract………………………………………………………………………….. c Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………….. e List of Figures……………………………………………………………………. i List of Diagrams…………………………………………………………………. k Chapter 1 Sacred Mountain and Thai Sacred Places Studies :Introduction………..... 1 Statement of Significance……………………………....……………. 1 Objectives……………………………………………………………. 1 Research Methodology and Process of Study…………….…………. 1 Dissertation Structure……………………………………..…………. 8 Uncontrollable Factors and Limitations of Study………………….… 9 Notes……………………………………………………..…………... 9 2 Sacred Mountain as the Archetype………………………………….……. 11 Universal Concept of Sacred Mountain……………………………... 11 Sacred Natural Mountain………………………………………. 11 Imaginary Sacred Mountain………………………………….... 15 Artificial Mountain of the God………………………………... 19 Universal Significance of Sacred Mountain…………...……… 20 The Sacred Nature of the Mountain…………………………………. 21 Definitions of the Sacred………………………………………. 21 Mountain as Sacred Space…………………………………….. 23 Mountain as a Sacred Symbol…………………………………. 27 Spatial dimensions of Sacred Mountain………….……………. 29 Inspiration for the Image of Sacred Mountain……………………….. 32 Mountain as Sacred Medium………………………………….. 33 Creators as a Sacred Place Maker……………………………... 34 The Creator’s Interpretation of the Sacred to the Recipients Through the Sacred Mountain Symbol………………………... 35 The Recipient………………………………………………….. 35 Experiencing the Sacredness of the Mountain………………………. 37 Chapter Summary …………………………………………………... 39 3 Chronology of Mount Sumeru: Sacred Mountain in Thai Concept…….… 41 The Transfer of India’s Sacred Mount Meru to Thailand's Mount Sumeru and the Belief of Sacred Mountain in Thailand……... 41 The Emerge of India’s Sacred Mount Meru…………………… 41 South East Asia Mountain Worshiping……………………….... 45 The Impression of Sacred Mount Sumeru in Thailand………... 45 Mount Sumeru and Traibhumikatha or Tri Phum Phra Ruang… 48 Sacred Mount Sumeru and Thai Sacred Culture……………………... 50 Thai Buddhism ………………………………………………... 50 f Page Sacred Mountain and Thai Paradigm………………………….. 53 Elements of Thai Paradigm……………………………………. 54 The Principle of Mount Sumeru in Thai Paradigm and Thai Sacred Culture……………………………………………. 55 Cosmology of Mount Sumeru……………………………………….. 58 Mount Sumeru…………………………………………………. 59 Triphum………………………………………………………... 60 The Mountains and the Oceans (Sithandorn Samut)…………... 63 The Four Continents: The Human Realm …………………….. 64 The Transformational Powers of Sacred Mount Sumeru into Sacred Places…………………………………………………..... 67 Chapter Summary……………………………………………………. 74 4 Manifestations of Sacred Mountain into Thai Sacred places…………….. 75 Sacred Mountain and Sacred Places in Nature………………………. 75 Sacred Places in Nature, in Thailand………………………….. 75 Significance of Sacred Mountain in Sacred Places in Nature ... 77 Values of Sacred Mountain in Natural Sacred Place…………... 83 The present Sacred Mountain and Natural Sacred Place…….…86 Sacred Mountain and Ritual…………………………………….….… 87 Sacred Ritual in Thailand……………………………………… 88 Significance of Sacred Mountain in Thai Ritual………………. 89 Values of Sacred Mountain in Sacred Ritual…………………... 92 Sacred Mountain in Sacred Ritual in the Present…………….... 94 Sacred Mountain and Sacred State…………………………………... 96 Sacred State in Thailand……………………………………….. 99 Significance and Values of Sacred
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