Die Karen: Ideologie, Interessen Und Kultur

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Die Karen: Ideologie, Interessen Und Kultur Die Karen: Ideologie, Interessen und Kultur Eine Analyse der Feldforschungsberichte und Theorienbildung Magisterarbeit zur Erlangung der Würde des Magister Artium der Philosophischen Fakultäten der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität zu Freiburg i. Br. 1992 vorgelegt von Reiner Buergin aus Weil am Rhein (Ausdruck vom Februar 2000) Inhaltsverzeichnis: Einleitung 1 Thema, Ziele, Vorgehensweise 5 2 Übersicht über die Literatur 6 I Die Karen in Südostasien/Einführung 9 1 Bezeichnungen und Sprache 9 2 Verbreitung der verschiedenen Gruppen und Demographie 10 3 Wirtschaftliche Verhältnisse 12 a) Brandrodungsfeldbau 12 b) Naßreisanbau 13 c) Sonstige wirtschaftliche Tätigkeiten und ökomische Krise 14 4 Soziale und politische Organisation 15 a) Entwicklung der Siedlungsform 15 b) Familie und Haushalt 16 c) Verwandtschaftsstrukturen und -gruppen 17 d) Die Dorfgemeinschaft 17 e) Die Territorialgemeinschaft 18 f) Nationalstaatliche Integration 19 5 Religion und Weltbild 20 a) Traditionelle Religionsformen 20 b) Religiöser Wandel, Buddhismus und Christentum 21 c) Mythologie, Weltbild und Werthaltung 22 II Geschichte der verschiedenen Gruppen 1 Ursprung und Einwanderung nach Hinterindien 24 a) Ursprung der Karen 24 b) Einwanderung nach Hinterindien 25 2 Karen in Hinterindien von ca. 1200 - 1800 25 a) Sgaw und Pwo in Burma 25 b) Die Kayah 27 c) Karen in Thailand 28 3 Karen in Burma und Thailand im 19. Jh. 29 a) Sgaw und Pwo in Burma 29 b) Sgaw und Pwo in Siam 31 c) Sgaw und Pwo in Nordthailand 32 d) Die Kayah im 19. Jahrhundert 33 2 4 Karen in Burma und Thailand im 20. Jh. 35 a) Burma 35 b) Thailand 38 III Vergleich der untersuchten Gemeinschaften/Gebiete 1 Feldforschungen nach 1950 42 2 Vergleich der Gemeinschaften/Gebiete 45 a) Vergleich der wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse 45 b) Landressourcen und Vererbung 46 c) Haushalt und Familie 47 d) Abstammung und Verwandtschaftsgruppen 48 e) Soziopolitische Organisation der Dorfgemeinschaft 48 f) Die Territorialgemeinschaft 49 g) Religiöses Bekenntnis und rituelle Praxis 49 h) Soziale Organisation der Kayah im Vergleich 50 3 Ergebnisse des Vergleichs 51 a) Kategorisierungen und kulturelle Variabilität 51 b) "Kulturelles Grundmuster" und ethnische Kategorien 52 c) Religiöse Variabilität und 'ideologischer Pragmatismus' 54 d) Auswirkungen jüngerer Entwicklungen und Kulturwandel 57 IV Thesen und Theorien in der Literatur über die Karen 1 Forschungsschwerpunkte in der Literatur 59 2 Thesen und theoretische Ansätze in der Karen-Literatur 60 a) Ökonomisches System und soziale Organisation 61 b) Soziale Organisation und ethnische Identität 62 c) 'Argumentationslinien' und Kategorien der Forschung 64 3 Die wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung 66 a) Opiumproduktion, Naßreisanbau und Seßhaftigkeit 66 b) "Matrilineages", "matrifocal cult groups" und "Ahnenkult" 67 V Ideologie, Interessen und 'kulturelles System' 1 Ideologie, Interessen und Kultur 77 a) Ideologie, Interessen und ethnische Identität 78 b) Interessen, Ideologie und Ahnenkult 81 2 Bemerkungen zur wissenschaftlichen Beschäftigung mit dem Phänomen 'Kultur' 88 Anmerkungen 93 Anhänge und Literatur 108 3 Anhänge und Literatur: Verzeichnis der Anhänge 107 I Chronologische Bibliographie der Literatur über die Karen 109 II Linguistische Einordnung der Karen-Sprachen 126 1 Karen innerhalb der sino-tibetischen Sprachfamilie 2 Linguistische Differenzierung und Gruppierung der verschiedenen Karen-Sprachen III Karten 1 Verbreitung der verschiedenen Karen-Gruppen in Burma und Thailand 127 2 Differenzierung und Verbreitung der Splittergruppen 129 3 Gemeinschaften und Gebiete in denen Feldforschungen durchgeführt wurden 131 IV Übersicht über Feldforschungen und die aus den Untersuchungen resultierenden Veröffentlichungen 1 Übersicht über die verschiedenen Feldforschungen 133 2 Aus den Feldforschungen resultierende Literatur 134 V Tabellarische Übersicht über Basisdaten der Gemeinschaften/Gebiete 140 VI Übersicht über die Auswertungskategorien 142 VII Exzerpte der Auswertung der Feldforschungsliteratur nach verschiedenen Gemeinschaften/Gebieten (1-15) 143 VIII Wirtschaftliche Daten der Gemeinschaften/Gebiete (tabellarisch) 219 IX Kategorisierungen von Dorfgemeinschaften nach Kunstadter, Marlowe und eigenen Beobachtungen 232 Literatur 234 4 Einleitung Thema, Ziele, Vorgehensweise Die erste Konzeption dieser Arbeit hatte zum Ziel, über den Vergleich der verschiedenen durch Feldforschungen untersuchten Karen-Gemeinschaften, die Zusammenhänge zwischen Elementen der sozialen Organisation und der Kontrolle von Landressourcen zu analysieren und insbesondere zu versuchen, die These Hintons von der Determinierung der "matrilineages" der Pwo durch die ökonomischen Verhältnisse zu überprüfen. Im Verlauf der Arbeit weiteten sich die Interessen und Ziele sehr bald aus. Darüberhinaus wurde auch klar, daß eine Überprüfung der These Hintons in diesem Rahmen nicht befriedigend angegangen werden kann. (Eine kurze Auseinandersetzung mit der These findet in Kapitel V1b statt.) Schließllich wurde die Auseinandersetzung mit 'der Literatur über die Karen' zum Rahmen der Arbeit, genauer die englisch-, deutsch- und französischsprachige Literatur des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts, die sich primär oder zu wesentlichen Teilen mit den Karen Burmas und Thailands beschäftigt und in der Regel einen wissenschaftlichen oder doch zumindest dokumentarischen Anspruch erhebt. Dieser Rahmen lag schließlich nahe, nachdem ein großer Teil der in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zitierten Veröffentlichungen ausgewertet worden war. Im Rahmen einer von Prof. Dr. Stefan Seitz organisierten Exkursion nach Thailand im Frühjahr 1990 (März/April), die durch einen einmonatigen unabhängigen Aufenthalt verlängert wurde, konnten persönliche Eindrücke bei verschiedenen, zum Teil in der Literatur beschriebenen Karen-Gemeinschaften in Nordthailand gewonnen werden. Diese Eindrücke spielen aber in dieser Arbeit nur am Rande eine Rolle. (siehe auch Anh.IX) Ich möchte mich an dieser Stelle noch einmal für das große Engagement bedanken, welches Herr Seitz für die Vorbereitung und Durchführung der Exkursion aufbrachte, sowie seine beratende Begleitung dieser Arbeit. Die Gesichtspunkte, unter denen die Auseinandersetzung mit der Literatur stattfindet, sind primär ethnologische und soziologische und wurden nicht unwesentlich durch Form und Inhalt des vorhandenen Materials vorgegeben. Die Arbeit umfaßt fünf Teile (I-V), die sich in drei Blöcke mit jeweils verschiedenen Zielen und Vorgehensweisen gliedern lassen. In Teil I und II wird versucht, aufgrund einer Auswertung der verfügbaren Literatur, im Hinblick auf übliche ethnologische Kategorien (siehe Inhaltsverzeichnis), eine Art Einführung zur Geschichte und Kultur der Karen in Burma und Thailand zu geben. Diese beiden Teile sind darüberhinaus als eine Art 'Stichwortregister' gedacht, als 'Führer' in und durch die Literatur über die Karen. (Eine Fülle von Zitaten aus der Feldforschungsliteratur, die viele der in Teil I und II angeschnittenen Punkte vertiefen und differenzieren, finden sich in den Exzerpten der Anhänge VII und VIII.) Der erste Teil (I) beruht weitgehend auf einer überarbeiteten und aktualisierten Arbeit, die im Rahmen der Vorbereitung der Exkursion nach Thailand angefertigt wurde und bietet eine allgemeine Einführung zur Kultur der Karen. Teil II, 'Geschichte der verschiedenen Gruppen', geht in Teilen ebenfalls noch auf diese Arbeit zurück, wurde aber erheblich erweitert und unter neuen Gesichtspunkten überarbeitet, sodaß mit diesem Teil nun ein Abriß der bekannten und wissenschaftlich bearbeiteten Geschichte der 5 Karen bis in die jüngste Zeit vorliegt, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Entwicklungen in verschiedenen Gebieten und verschiedener Gruppen. In einem zweiten Block, den Teilen III und IV, wird primär die Literatur ausgewertet und verglichen, die aus den Feldforschungen in Karen-Gemeinschaften seit den 60er Jahren dieses Jahrhunderts hervorgegangen ist. In Teil III wird die Struktur und Organisation dieser verschiedenen Gemeinschaften und Gebiete im Hinblick auf Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede verglichen, während in Teil IV eine Auseinandersetzung mit verschiedenen, auf diesen Feldforschungen basierenden, Thesen und theoretischen Ansätzen stattfindet. In einem letzten 'Block' (Teil V) wird schließlich noch versucht, das zusammengetragene und behandelte Material nach eigenen Gesichtspunkten auszuwerten und zu beurteilen, vor allem auch im Hinblick darauf, welche Rolle Ideologie und Interessen im Rahmen einer Kultur spielen. Insbesondere soll hier, basierend auf den Auswertungen in Teil III und IV, die Überzeugung vertreten werden, daß es dringend nötig wäre, umfassendere und komplexere, ethnologische, soziologische und psychologische Forschung integrierende Vorstellungen und Modelle von 'Kultur', 'Gesellschaft' und anderen sozialen Einheiten zu entwickeln, um so kulturelle Phänomene, Entwicklungen und Fragestellungen in einem umfassenderen Zusammenhang analysieren und interpretieren zu können. Übersicht über die Literatur Die Literatur über die Karen ist, soweit ich das beurteilen kann, umfangreicher als die über jede andere ethnische Minderheit in Hinterindien. Das ist zunächst einmal auf das große Interesse der christlichen Missionare an den Karen zurückzuführen, in der Folge dann aber auch auf die Aufmerksamkeit, die sie bei westlichen Ethnologen gefunden haben. Im Anhang I findet sich eine chronologische Bibliographie der Veröffentlichungen, die primär, oder zumindest zu wesentlichen Teilen die Karen zum Thema haben. Ausgewertet wurde dafür
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