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Archival Texts and Bodies in Thomas Hardy's and Em ARCHIVAL TEXTS AND BODIES IN THOMAS HARDY’S AND E. M. FORSTER’S SHORT STORIES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ESİN KORKUT IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENGLISH LITERATURE SEPTEMBER 2014 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences. ____________________ Prof. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ____________________ Assoc. Prof. Nurten Birlik Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _____________________________ Assist. Prof. Margaret J. M. Sönmez Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Nursel İçöz (METU, FLE) ____________________ Assist. Prof. Margaret J. M. Sönmez (METU, FLE) ____________________ Assist. Prof. Trevor J. Hope (YU, DELL) ____________________ Assist. Prof. Elif Öztabak Avcı (METU, FLE) ____________________ Assist. Prof. Cumhur Y. Madran (PU, DELL) ____________________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Esin Korkut iii ABSTRACT ARCHIVAL TEXTS AND BODIES IN THOMAS HARDY’S AND E.M. FORSTER’S SHORT STORIES Esin, Korkut Ph. D., English Language and Literature Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Margaret J.M. Sönmez September, 2014, 256 pages This thesis has been written with a view to making analyses of Thomas Hardy’s and E.M Forster’s short stories in terms of the discourse the stories produce on textuality and archive. The thesis has been based on Derrida’s approaches to textuality and archive, in which Derrida regards both as unfinished constructs. In the deconstruction of these discourses, Derrida deals with the metaphysical assumptions associated with these terms. This thesis, as well as making use of some terminology introduced by Derrida, is also based on what Derrida has revealed to be an important part of metaphysical assumptions such as the artificiality and supplementarity attributed to writing when compared to speech. However, Derrida also reveals that this metaphysical discourse is not consistent in itself; it has ambiguities and contradictions. After scrutinizing Hardy’s and Forster’s short stories, this thesis also reveals that the stories’ discourse on writing and archive share some common features with the texts analyzed by Derrida. For instance, like Plato’s Phaedrus, Hardy’s and Forster’s short stories also consider textuality as a substitute to memory and underline the priority and importance of memory. These common features reveal that the short stories analyzed in this thesis partake in this metaphysical discourse. iv The analyses in this thesis also reveal that this apparently consistent discourse on archive and textuality has some contradictions. For instance, while the stories create an opposition between body and text, they describe textualized bodies. Additionally, Hardy’s stories seem to underline the importance of presence but they, at the same time, describe this presence as a myth. Key words: Deconstruction, short story, discourse v ÖZ THOMAS HARDY VE E.M. FORSTER’IN KISA HİKAYELERİNDEKİ ARŞİVSEL METİNLER VE BEDENLER Esin, Korkut Doktora, İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Tez Yönticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Margaret Sönmez Eylül 2014, 256 sayfa Bu tez, Thomas Hardy ve E.M. Forster’ın seçilmiş kısa hikayelerinin analizini içermektedir. Tezin amacı, bu hikayelerin metinsellik ve arşiv üzerine nasıl bir söylem ürettiğine bakmaktır. Tez Derrida’nın metinsellik ve arşiv konulu çalışmalarını temel almaktadır. Bu çalışmalarında Derrida, metni ve arşivi bitmemiş yapılar olarak değerlendirmektedir. Bu incelemelerde Derrida, metinsellik ve arşivin batı metafiziğinin geleneği içerisinde nasıl değerlendirildiklerine bakar. Bu tez, Derrida’nın ortaya attığı bazı terimleri kullanmanın yanı sıra, metafiziğin önemli varsayımlarından olan metinselliğin konuşmanın ardılı olduğu ve metinselliğe güvenilemeyeceği gibi bazı iddiaları da temel almaktadır. Derrida çalışmasında metafizik söylemin çeliştiği ve belirsizlik arz ettiği hususları da ortaya koymaktadır. Hardy ve Forster’ın kısa hikayelerinin incelemesi bu hikayelerin metafizik söylemin bazı özelliklerini paylaştığını göstermektedir. Örneğin, Derrida’nın çalışma konusu yaptığı Plato’nun Phaedrus adlı eseri, tıpkı bu hikaylerde de olduğu gibi, belleğin önemini ortaya koymuş, metinselliğin ona zarar verdiğini iddia etmiştir. Öykülerin analizi, aynı zamanda bu kendi içerisinde tutarlı gibi gözüken metafizik söylemin zayıflıklarını ve çelişkilerini ortaya koymaktadır. Örneğin, vi öyküler bir yandan metin ve beden arasında karşıtlık ilişkisi kurarken, bir yandan da bedenlerin metinselliğini vurgulamaktadır. Diğer bir çelişki ise, öykülerin sürekli belleğin önceliğini vurgulamaları, ama bir yandan da belleğin tek varoluş biçiminin maddesel arşiv aracılığıyla mümkün olabileceğini iddia etmeleridir. Bu tezdeki analizler için özellikle öykülerin seçilmesinin nedeni, öykü türünün bu tezin gerektirdiği detaylı okuma için elverilşli olmasıdır. Anahtar kelimeler: Yapı bozum, kısa hikaye, söylem. vii To mum,dad and Ahmet viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my profound gratitude to my dissertation advisor, Assist. Prof. Margaret J. M. Sönmez, who laboriously and patiently gave valuable feedback at every stage of this study. Without her guidance and encouragement this thesis could not have been completed. I also wish to extend my gratitude to Assist. Prof. Trevor J. Hope, who prepared the background of this study and who gave direction to it. He contributed to it immensely with his insight and guidance. Without his positive attitude I would never have found the motivation to go on with the study. I wish to express my thanks to Prof. Nursel İçöz for her valuable feedback, advice and suggestions on various aspects of this thesis. I am grateful to Assist. Prof. Cumhur Y. Madran and Assist Prof. Elif Öztabak Avcı for reading the thesis and contributing to it with their valuable suggestions. I would like to thank my dearest family, grandma, Özgül-Mesut Özgen, my friends Güven and Tamay who were always with me whenever I needed motivation and support. I also wish to say thanks to my friends at the Department of Modern Languages Metu, who supported and encouraged me all the time. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ……………………………………………………………………..iii ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………...iv ÖZ…………………………………………………………………………………...vi DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………..vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………...ix TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……………………………………………............1 II DEFINITION OF DERRIDEAN TERMINOLOGY……………….18 Supplementarity………………………………………………….18 Archive ………………………………………………………….22 Différance….....………………………………………………….29 III CRITICAL BACKGROUND………………………………….........36 Textuality in Hardy’s and Forster’s Works……………………….37 Archive in Hardy’s and Forster’s Works………………………… 57 IV ORIGIN AND DIFFERANCE…………………………………….. 77 Archival Texts………………………………………………….....77 “An Imaginative Woman”(Hardy)…………………………..…80 “Ansell” (Forster)……………………………………………...92 Trace and Erasure………………………………………………..106 “The Life to Come” (Forster)………………………………..113 “The Purple Envelope” (Forster)…………………………….128 V BODY AS ARCHIVE…….………………………………………...137 Resurrection of the Past through the Archival Body…………....143 “The Withered Arm” (Hardy)……………………………….143 “Dr. Woolacott” (Forster)……………………………….....159 “The Other Boat” (Forster)………………………….............171 x Loss of the Father and the Archive…………………………..…..182 “A Tragedy of Two Ambitions” (Hardy)…………………...182 “For Conscience’ Sake” (Hardy) ………………..………….195 “The Fiddler of the Reels” (Hardy) .………………………...206 VI CONCLUSION………………………………………………..............214 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………....224 APPENDICES A. CURRICULUM VITAE…………………………………………..231 B. TURKISH SUMMARY…………………………………………..235 C. TEZ FOTOKOPİSİ İZİN FORMU……………………………….256 xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION What brings Hardy and Forster together as the major concern of this thesis is the fact that, notwithstanding forty years between them (Hardy was born in 1840 and Forster was born in 1879), they handled the issue of textuality and archive in similar ways, although the former is considered as a writer closer to Romanticism and the latter as more of a Modernist. By being treated together, these writers reveal a conflict concerning the problem of the discourse on textuality and archive peculiar both to Romanticism and Modernism. Looking at hardy, for instance, on the one hand, the characters he depicts display a belief in the possibility of repeating the past. For example, in the story “For Conscience’ Sake” the father figure Mr. Millborne epitomizes this belief by returning to the woman he abandoned years ago. Similarly, in “The Fiddler of the Reels”, Carline never abandons hopes of meeting her lover Wat Ollamoor after being jilted by him. Similarly, fathers in Hardy’s short stories are a point of origination and at the same time they are spectral, they never die. They are archived and their death is commemorated. On the other hand, in spite of hopes of attaining and repeating the past once again, there is always an underlined feeling of loss in Hardy’s stories.
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