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Edward Morgan Forster 1 Edward Morgan Forster Edward Morgan Forster 1 Edward Morgan Forster E. M. Forster E. M. Forster, por Dora Carrington c. 1924-1925 Nombre de nacimiento Edward Morgan Forster Nacimiento 1 de enero de 1879 Marylebone, Londres Defunción 7 de junio de 1970 (91 años) Coventry, Warwickshire Nacionalidad Británica Período 1901-70 Lengua de producción literaria Inglés Lengua materna Inglés Género Realismo, simbolismo, modernismo Firma Edward Morgan Forster, OM, CH (Londres, Inglaterra, 1 de enero de 1879 - Coventry, Inglaterra, 7 de junio de 1970) fue un novelista, ensayista y libretista inglés. Sus obras abordan las diferencias de clase y la hipocresía de la sociedad británica de principios de siglo XX. Edward Morgan Forster 2 Biografía Hijo de Edward Morgan Llewelyn Forster y de Alice Clara Whichelo (conocida como «Lily»), iba a ser llamado Henry, pero le pusieron Edward por error. Durante su infancia vivió en Rooksnest, una casa de Hertfordshire, cerca de Stevenage. Su padre, arquitecto, murió un año y medio después de su nacimiento. Estudió primeramente en el Colegio Tonbridge en Kent y más tarde ingresó en el King's College de la Universidad de Cambridge, donde estudió literatura clásica e historia. Allí formó parte del grupo Los Apóstoles, del cual muchos de sus integrantes llegaron a formar parte del Círculo de Bloomsbury. Gracias a haber pertenecido al grupo Los Apóstoles, también conocido como Cambridge Conversazione Society, conoció a personajes como John Maynard Keynes y Lytton Strachey. Vivió una temporada en Italia y tras su King's College de la Universidad de Cambridge. regreso a Inglaterra, se entregó exclusivamente a la escritura. Entabló una amistad con el profesor universitario y humanista G. L. Dickinson, y con él visitó, en 1914, Egipto, Alemania y la India. Al acabar sus estudios universitarios, viajó por Europa con su madre y vivió con ella en Weybridge y Abinger Hammer en Surrey hasta que falleció, en 1945. Sus varios viajes a países europeos como Austria, Grecia o Italia le inspiraron en diversas obras suyas. Su primera novela, Donde los ángeles no se aventuran fue publicada cuando contaba con 26 años, en el año 1905. Mientras trabajaba para la Cruz Roja en Egipto en los años 1916-17, conoció en Ramleh a un joven egipcio de 17 años, llamado Mohamed el-Adl. En este país llegó a conocer al poeta griego Constantino Cavafis. Después de una segunda estancia en la India se publicó una de las obras más célebres del autor inglés, Pasaje a la India, en la que analiza el conflicto entre las culturas occidentales e indias. Después de la Primera Guerra Mundial (1914-18), dirigió durante un tiempo el periódico laborista Daily Herald. Participó en las protestas contra la censura de una novela lésbica titulada El pozo de la soledad, de Radclyffe Hall. Durante los años 1930-40 se hizo muy famoso gracias a sus intervenciones en la radio BBC y, además de ello, fue nombrado presidente de British Humanist Association. A principios de estos años, Forster tuvo una feliz relación con un policía llamado Bob Buckingham. Hizo amistad con la mujer de éste, la cual la integró en su círculo en el que se encontraban el escritor y director del The Listener J. R. Ackerley, el compositor Benjamin Britten, el poeta Siegfried Sassoon y el novelista Forrest Reid, entre otros. Forster hizo un tercer viaje a la India y varios a América, y durante sus últimos años siguió escribiendo en revistas y periódicos. Edward Morgan Forster 3 Le nombraron miembro honorario del King's College de la Universidad de Cambridge, donde vivió de 1946 hasta su muerte, en 1970, en casa de los Buckingham, tal y como fue su deseo. En vida, Forster recibió varios premios, entre ellos el Femina, el Premio James Tait Black Memorial de ficción, The Order of the Merit e incluso le fue concedido The Order of Companions of Honour por la reina Isabel II del Reino Unido. Temas centrales de su obra Las barreras sociales que ha habido siempre en la vida, primer tema central, son causa de las tentativas que hacen los personajes principales de Forster para comprenderse los unos a los otros. En dos de sus obras más célebres, Pasaje a la India y Howard's End, Medalla del Order of Merit expuesta en el Royal medita sobre la prácticamente imposible reconciliación entre las Society, Londres clases sociales. Sus ideas humanistas las desarrolló plenamente en el ensayo What I Believe. La sexualidad es otro de los temas que aborda el autor inglés. El ejemplo más claro es Maurice, un libro que no fue publicado hasta después de su muerte por tratar la homosexualidad. Con esta obra, Forster mostraba la posibilidad de poder eliminar la diferencia de clases a través de una relación homosexual. Se puede afirmar que los escritos de Forster hicieron una evolución del amor heterosexual al amor homosexual. La colección de cuentos The Life to come (La vida futura) también fue publicada poco después de su muerte por ser también escritos sobre homosexualidad. Forster suele utilizar símbolos como técnica en sus novelas, y fue criticado (al igual que su amigo Roger Fry) por estar tan atado al misticismo. Un ejemplo de su simbolismo es el árbol olmo montano en Howard's End, las características del personaje Mr. Wilcox de la misma novela y de Mr.Moore en Pasaje a la India, los cuales tienen un vínculo místico con el pasado y pueden conectar con personas, más allá de sus círculos sociales. Obra Novelas En vida, Forster vio publicadas cinco de sus siete novelas en total. Maurice, pese haber sido acabada en 1914, fue publicada en 1971, un año después de la muerte de Forster. La séptima y última es Arctic Summer, la cual está inacabada. • Donde los ángeles no se aventuran (Where Angels Fear to Tread), 1905. • El más largo viaje (The longest Journey), 1907. • Una habitación con vistas (A Room with a View), 1908. • La mansión (Howard's End), 1910 • Pasaje a la India (A passage to India), 1924 • Maurice, obra póstuma, escrita entre 1913 y 1914, fue publicada en 1971, un año después de su muerte. • Arctic Summer, obra póstuma publicada en 1980 Edward Morgan Forster 4 Cuentos The Celestial Omnibus and other stories (El omnibús celestial), colección de 6 cuentos publicada en 1911 cuyos títulos son : • The story of a Panic • The Other Side of the Hedge • The Celestial Omnibus • Other Kingdom • The Curate's Friend • The Road from Colonus The Eternal Moment and other stories, esta colección de también 6 cuentos fue publicada en 1928 : • The Machine Stops • The Point of It • Mr. Andrews • Co-ordination • The Story of the Siren • The Eternal Moment The Collected Tales of E. M. Forster, publicado en 1947, combina los cuentos de las dos colecciones anteriores "The Celestial Omnibus" y "The Eternal Moment" The Life to Come and other stories (La vida futura), es una colección póstuma publicada en 1972, dos años después de la muerte de Forster. Los títulos que contiene son los siguientes (exceptuando el primero, que se trata de la introducción) : • Introducción de Oliver Stallybrass. • Ansell • Albergo Empedocle • The Purple Envelope (El sobre morado) • The Helping Hand (La mano amiga) • The Rock (La Roca) • The Life to Come (La vida futura) • Noche • Tarde • Día • La mañana • Dr. Woolacott • Arthur Snatchfold • The Obelisk (El obelisco) • What Does it Mather? A Morality (¿Qué más da? Un cuento moral) • The Classical Annex (El pabellón clásico) • The Torque (El collar) • The Other Boat (El otro barco) • Three Courses and a Dessert: Being a New and Gastronomic Version of the Old Game of Consequences (Tres platos y un postre. Una nueva versión gastronómica del antiguo juego de "las consecuencias"). En este último hay más de un autor : • The First Course (El primer plato) por Christopher Dilke • The Second Course (El segundo plato) por E.M. Forster • The Third Course (El tercer plato) por Alfred Edgar Coppard Edward Morgan Forster 5 • The Dessert (El postre) por James Laver. Obras de teatro • England's Pleasant Land, de 1940 Ensayos y otros escritos • The Abinger Pageant, de 1934. Forster escribe un romántico himno pastoral a la ciudad y evoca nostálgicamente la gloria de la antigua Inglaterra. • Abinger Harvest, 1936. Esta obra es toda una colección de artículos, ensayos, revisiones y poemas escritos durante 30 años de Forster. • Two Cheers for Democracy, 1951. Esta es su segunda colección de ensayos y artículos. Se compone de dos partes, la primera titulada The Second Darkness, vinculada con la Segunda Guerra Mundial y donde aborda temas como el anti-semitismo o la censura de la época. La segunda, What I Believe, se divide en tres secciones, cuyos títulos son Arts in General, The Arts in Action y, por último, Places. • What I Believe and other Essays. What I Believe es quizás su ensayo más célebre, en el que plasma sus pensamientos sobre las relaciones personales y el estado, la democracia y el individualismo. • Commonplace Book, póstumo, 1987. Biografías • Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, publicado en el año 1934, es una biografía sobre este historiador inglés, el cual se hizo íntimo amigo de Forster desde que lo conoció en el King's College de Cambridge, del que era profesor. • Marianne Thornton, A Domestic Biography, de 1956, trata sobre la vida de su tía, la cual le dio el suficiente dinero para poder estudiar en Cambridge. Murió a la edad de 90 años. Relatos de viajes • Alexandria: A History and Guide, 1922. Forster acabó de escribir esta célebre guía el mismo año en que acabó su trabajo para la Cruz Roja en Egipto, en 1919. La primera parte se compone de una historia de Alejandría escrita por el propio Forster, desde la fundación de la ciudad por Alejandro Magno, pasando por las invasiones y ocupaciones que sufrió (árabe, romana y turca) hasta la Alejandría cosmopolita del siglo XVIII.
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