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Brief Biography Brief Biography Edward Morgan Forster • b. Jan. 1, 1879, London, England • d. July 7, 1970 • Father died when Forster was a year old • Raised by mother, 2 grandmothers, and many aunts • Part of his life at Rooksnest, a country home, in Hertfordshire • Prep school at Eastbourne – unhappy due to his lack of athleticism; bullied • Mother moved him to Tonbridge to a day school which forced them to leave Rooksnest • 1887 – received a legacy of £8000 from great- aunt Marianne Thornton • 1897 - Attended King’s College, Cambridge • Studied classics and history • Began to write essays for publication while at Cambridge • Published in the undergraduate literary journal, later in the Independent Review – largely biographical essays and short stories • elected member of the Apostles, intellectual discussion and social group – included Lytton Strachey, John Maynard Keynes, Leonard Woolf • Expanded to become the Bloomsbury group when moved to London • Bloomsbury Group began its salons in 1905 with Toby Stephen and his sisters Virginia and Vanessa (later Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell) – enlarged to include Clive Bell, Duncan Grant, Roger Fry and others • After graduation, travelled with his mother to Italy; taken by vibrancy and spontaneity of Italian life and art • Began work on characters that would become part of A Room with a View • 1903 – cruised to Greece with friends • 1902, instructor at the Working Men’s College in London • 1905 – worked as a tutor to daughters of Elizabeth von Arnim ( Enchanted April 1922); von Armin read proofs of his first novel, Where Angels Fear to Tread and was supportive of his writing • 1903-1910 – four novels: – 1905 - Where Angels Fear to Tread – 1907 – The Longest Journey – 1908 – A Room with a View – 1910 – Howards End • 1911 –The Celestial Omnibus, collection of stories, • Chronicle the life of the upper middle class – depicted its graciousness and also materialism, lack of spontaneity, • 1906 became Latin tutor for Syed Ross Masood • Masood introduced Forster to the culture of India; they maintained a life-long friendship • Cambridge friend, Malcom Darling, became an British civil servant in India, later worked for Rajah of Dewas State as a tutor • 1908 – Forster travelled to Italy, paid with profits from his writing • 1912-1913 – Forster travelled to India – found the trip liberating • Began work on A Passage to India , writing the “Mosque” section and parts of the “Caves” • 1913 – Forster began work on Maurice , novel about homosexuality; character tries to cure his homosexuality, but eventually accepts it • Circulated privately, but published posthumously in 1971; (Oscar Wilde imprisoned in England for homosexuality in 1895) • Nothing published for over 10 years • WWI – conscientious objector; worked with the International Red Cross in Alexandria 1915-1919; searched for missing soldiers • Had a homosexual relationship with Mohammed el Adl, a train conductor • 1922 – Alexandria: A History and a Guide – history and tour • fire was believed to have destroyed the published copies; wasn’t reprinted until 1938 • Met Greek poet, C.P. Cavafy; published some of Cavafy’s poems in translation in his collection of essays, Pharos and Pharillon (1923) • 1922 – secretary to Maharajah of Dewas State Senior – saw it as an anti-colonial, anti-racist statement; gave him an opportunity as insider • Witnessed the Hindu ceremony of Gokul Ashtami, a celebration of the symbolic birth of Krishna • Upon his return to England in 1922, encouraged by the Woolfs and T.E. Lawrence to complete novel • 1924 – A Passage to India published • Post 1924 – writing included essays, biographies, criticism, unpublished short stories with homosexual themes • 1927 – Clark Lectures at Trinity College, (later published as Aspects of the Novel) • followed by a three year appointment at King’s College • 1928 – spoke in defense of Radclyffe Hall’s book, The Well of Loneliness • 1960 – spoke against the censorship of D.H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterly’s Lover • 1945 – death of his mother; elected as an honorary member of King’s College and lived there until he died • Returned to India, attended a PEN conference in Jaipur • 1947 – travelled to U.S. • 1949 – co-wrote a libretto for Billy Budd , an opera written by Benjamin Britten, based on Herman Melville’s novel; refused a knighthood • 1953 – The Hill of Devi – second visit to India – collection of correspondence from Forster to relatives in England and letters from the Maharajah of Dewas State Senior • 1969 – awarded Order of Merit • Writing shows vivid sense of place; plots feature England, Egypt, Italy, India • Importance of personal relationships that transcend gender, culture, ethnicity, race, class • Rich characterizations Modernism • ~1885-1945 • Innovative period in music, science, visual art, philosophy, and literature • Several major centres: London, Paris, Vienna, Prague, Berlin, New York - also China and India (Rabindrinath Tagore’s Gitanjali ) Music – Stravinsky’s “Rite of Spring”(La sacre du printemps) – Written for Serge Diaghilev’s Ballet Russe – Premiered in Paris 1913 at Theatre Champs Élysées and caused a riot; celebrated pagan rite and sacrifice to spring – Music shows emphasis on rhythm over melody and harmony, repetition of chord, irregular meter, dissonance, use of folk melodies; – Seen as barbaric, primitive, untamed music Science – 1905 – Albert Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity – measurements of time could vary with the physical position of the individuals; showed that two individuals, in different locations, observing the same event, will perceive that objective physical time passes at different rates – 1915 – Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity – the universe is expanding from all points and there is no centre; it is no longer a question of multiple frames of reference or centres, but no centre from which one can have a privileged or unbiased view Philosophy – Henri Bergson – Introduction to Metaphysics , argues for two kinds of time: clock time and subjective time as we experience from an individual, psychological experience Psychology – Sigmund Freud – The Interpretation of Dreams – unconscious mind is largely unknown and manifests itself through dreams; argues for stream of consciousness as a means of accessing the unconscious material; notion of subjective states Visual Art – Cubism begun ~1907 by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque – Emphasizes the two dimensional surface of the canvas – Depicted figures into facets or cubes – Rejected perspective and other techniques from the Renaissance used to make the painting look like an imitation of nature – Attempt instead to convey impressions and show subject from all perspective simultaneously – Viewer makes sense of the painting by considering the fragments in space, rather than time – No longer concerned with the relationship of the parts to the centre, but rather the relationships that exists between the various parts or facets Renaissance Period Raphael The School of Athens c1509 • Single point perspective, 3-D • Use of parallel lines and colour to fool eye • Emphasis on reality • Unified, authoritative view • Focus on humanity, not God Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles d’Avignon 1907 • Single point perspective as contrived • Reality as unstable • Focus on subjective experience • All perspectives simultaneously • Discontinuities in surfaces • Meaning determined not from relationship of parts to centre, but from relationships between facets Literature • Writing often experimental, innovative in form • Development of stream of consciousness, subjective point of view • Lack of linear narrative and conventional plot of beginning, middle, and end • Lack of closure and conventional ending • Irregular or lack of punctuation • Reality is no longer conceived of as neutral and universal • Self-conscious; authors often involved in commentary on writing process • Intertextual references (classical, historical, literary, popular culture, media, music, art) • Form to mirror content (show and tell) • Confounds reader’s expectations; may lack accessibility • Use of “high” and “low” cultural forms “…if a writer were a free man and not a slave, if he could write what he chose, not what he must, if he could base his work upon his own feeling and not upon convention, there would be no plot, no comedy, no tragedy, no love interest or catastrophe in the accepted style…” (Virginia Woolf, Modern Fiction 154) Anglo American Modernist writers: • T.S. Eliot, James Joyce, William Faulkner, Virginia Woolf, Ezra Pound, Djuna Barnes, William Carlos Williams… A Passage to India • Received critical praise • However, some felt portrayal of Anglo- Indians lacked knowledge • Became popular in England and the U.S., later in India • 17,000 copies printed in 6 months in U.K., 54,000 printed in U.S. • Won the Feminia/Via Heureuse Prize and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize • Events of novel take place in ~1912 • Title suggests notion of journey by water • Also notion of transition from one state to another • Also ‘passage’ as corridor • Constructed in 3 sections: “Mosque”, “Caves,” and “Temple” • While very little of the first section occurs in the mosque – a chance meeting – Forster chooses to foreground this event by using it as a section title • Forces us to juxtapose the events in the mosque with the events at Hamadullah’s and the Civil compound • Mosque becomes a passageway, a conduit or means by which the two cultures connect in an authentic way, outside the power structures of colonialism, ethnicity, class, gender • Opening paragraphs give
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