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AUTHOR: CTESIAS
TITLE: j|_|£ FRAGMENTS OF THE PERSIKA. ...
PLA CE LO DC " J DATE: 1888 Master Nei^nuvp # 91-80088-^ COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT
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i"Ji'ii{<¥e^!^<«M*!'W*iW'-iii'-'*«v>*^va"i*«^ nt»i^^nfiiim'ir'Kif'« Ctesias. - Tho fragments of the Percilia of Kteoias, eci. with introduction and notes by John Gilmore*.. London, Uacmillan, 1880. vi, 212 p. 23 cm. < f ' ' If ' fI I ' U Restrictions on Use: TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA RATIO:__ FTLM STZEt " REDUCTION __J_LX '^ iMAt;F. ri.ACi Mi "Mi: ... 4 ' ^ IIB ); 1• ' 6__/ INITIALS C?i.Gi- CT ' *. WOODBRIDGE. !''• -; a A V >, INC I'li.Mi•!) I a;<'."HPU \ c Association for Information and image Management 1 1 00 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1 1 00 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 mm lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll lUllll lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll llllllllllllllll lllllllllllll TTT TTT TTT TT 1 1 14.5 Inches I 2.8 2.5 1.0 3.2 2.2 I 71 m m 2.0 I.I 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 MRNUFnCTURED TO RUM STRNDPRDS BY APPLIED IMRGE, INC. A ^ . Columbia ©nitieriittj) in tftf Clip afllrm Dork LIBRARY ^^'^ tV3«.Tr i s ?. ^! I !M, 1 i; \ i; \ I's OF THE !'i;U-« 1 k i>V !•> ^ I* •\ 1 THE FRAGMENIS I OF THE Pj. ns \ \ l.SI S i EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY JOHN GILMORE, M. A % MACMILLAN AND CO AND NEW YORK 1888 \_All rights reserved."] ^ l; yr i^ Pi: \ l•: In the following pages I have endeavoured r ;£>• the remains of the Persika of Kicsias in ah iniriji-hii 1 .rm, and at the same time to biiiig the light of m discoveries to bear upon his statements. iliui nu edition exists in which these objects are aimed at uiust serve as my apology for the present attempt. I ) ubts have been expressed as to whether what I have desig- nated the ^^ Epitome of Diodorus" is really drawn fiuiu Ktesias. Ihese doubts I cannot share, in view if the rx]iross statements rf Diodorus, and whaf we know i)f hi^ ]^rnrtice of wliolesale hnrrnwinij^ iYc^m authors {e,g, Mtgasthenes, in ii. 35-42, iiniiiediiitt Iv after tlic extracts from Ktesias; and Airntliin-kido, in iii. 18-48). In any case, it seems better t iiiit \\\v doubtful matter, and leave the reader lu lujuct it if he thinks fit. In some cases of greater uiictrtuiity i have given passages which may have been derived from by PoNSONBY and Weldrick, Dublin. I Printed Ktesias in the Notes (see pp. 79, I 131). I. 4^ ! ^i VI PREl At . expressing my obliga- I laiiii 1 conclude without the Librnrv. Trinity tluiis to . T]u'iu:<^^ X. K^^enan, of valuable assistance in the . r Ills Cnlh-gt , Duhlii f most correetlnii nf flic proofs. J. G. / October, 1888. CONTEXT^. PAGE 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION, 9 INTRODUCTION TO BOOKS I.-IH•, 15 BOOKS I. -III., 92 INTRODUCTION TO BOOKS IV.-VI., 97 BOOKS IV.-VI., 120 INTRODUCTION TO BOOKS VII. -XXIII 122 BOOKS VII. -XXIII•, 195 FRAGMENTA SEDI8 INCERTAE, 198 FRAGMENTS OF MINOR WORKS, 202 ADNOTATIO CRITICA, 205 CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA, ;i 206 LIST OF AUTHORITIES, . 211 • • INDEX, . • • I > nF\i.i;\i iXiKnhiVTinv Ktesias, the son of Ktesiochus (Lucian, Tzetzes, Suidas, l^ Iokia\ or Ktesiarchus (Suidas, Eudokia) was an Asklepiad (Galen, torn. v. p. 652), and therefore one of a family of hereditary physicians, of Knidus in Karia. lie was taken prisoner in battle about li.c. il7, under circumstances of which we are ignorant (Tzetzes, Hist.^ i. 82 sq., is of course wrong in saying it was at Kunaxa), and became, like Demokedes and Apollonides before him, physician to the Persian court (Diod. ii. 32), especially to Parysatis and her son Artaxerxes II. From his narrative we learn that he attended Artaxerxes at the Battle of Xunaxa [Persika, frag. 34), and cured him of the wound he there received {id. frag. '). He was sent after the battle with Phalinus to urge the Greeks to surrender {id. frag. 35), and subsequently used his influence vAfh Parysatis to procure the alleviation of the captivity of the Greek generals {id. frag. 41). He subsequently took part in certain negotiations with Evagoras of Salamis {Ejnt. § 94, frag. 44). He returned to Knidus and Sparta about b. c. 398 {Epit. § 95), the year to which he brought down his Persika (Diod. xiv. 46). At i^parta he seems to have been put on trial, on what charge we are not informed, and was acquitted {Pereilca, % 95). \ None of the works of Ktesias have come down to us in a com- plete state. The most important was the Persika in twenty-three books, the first six of which were devoted to a " history" of the Assyrian and Af-dian empires down to the fall of Astyages ; the other seventeen » / 1" GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 8 e GENERAT TNTRODUCTION. Tertullianus (a. d. 145), frag. 22. oonipii-iiig tilt liistory of the Persian empire from its foundation to Sotion, frag. 9 c. B. L. \)>^. Tiiu ;5uuitL'5 and \aluf ui the several portions of this Clemens Alexandrlnus (a. d. 200), frag. 14. Athenaeus (a.d. worli aro *li-russed in the separate Introductions prefixed to the 228), frag. 10, 12, lla, IG, 19 ^ 30, 45, 50, 51 52, 55 rt. i]\Yr^• iiiniii »Hvisions. Pamphila, according to Suidas, wrote an LoNGiNus (a.d. 250), frag. 37. LpituiuL 'f it in tliree books; but this, like the original work, has Arnobius (a.d. 297), frag. 3. prri-lir 1 W'i nr Ti 'W indebted for our knowledge of it to (1) an EusEBHJs (a.d. 815), frag. 46 . epitome of the In ' six (or five) books preserved by Diodorus, in Harpokration (A. d. 350?), frag. 17. the last ilie Lvgiiiiiinu uf his second book; (2) an epitome of Moses of Chorene (a. d. 431), frag. 46 c. Stephanus srvrTitrrn books. ' h is included in codex 72 of the Bibliotheka (a, d. 500), frag. 5, 7, 26, 27, 29, 31. HESYcmus (a.d. 550), frag. of I'li tiii. this is more avowedly an epitome of Ktesias than the 38. AoAxmAs (a.d. 570), frag. 18 ^. wuik ti I'iijdorus, and avoids the introduction of extraneous Georgius Synkellus (a. d. frag. *< 808), 6, 18 b, 46 b. inaff !\ lilt if much more condensed, occupying only about the Photius (a.d. 850), Epitome, Books vii.-xxiii. >ii!i» .r- ! »iodorus' epitome of one-third as much of the >pace TzETZEs (A. D. 1150), frag. 1, 4, 20 c, 23, 24 r, 25, 49. ;!:": Numerous fragments preserved by various authors. , (3) EusTAxmus (A. D. 1160), frag. .50/>, 55 />. \'• iiavc ilius a very fair general idea of the substance of the Pi I'sika, 1 u* . in ely of Ktesias' text has come down to In the above list a sentence it is assumed that the works in which Ktesias vt'rltat 111!. is quoted us are the genuine productions of the writers to whom they Th* i iH'uing are the authors who quote the Fersika, with the are attributed, though — this is not of course always true. each, and their dates : The divisions portions preserved by of the PernUca into books cannot always be indi- cated with certainty, as our information on this point is Xenophon (B.C. 401), frag. 34/>. defective, and sometimes contradictory. 1 METRius Phalereus (b. c. 317), frag. 20/>, 21 /;, 36. To Ktesias are also Amigonus of Karystus (b. c. 250), frag. 9 b, 56. attributed the following works: — De Ei^\TnsTnFNES (b. c. 240), frag. 2 a. Asiaticis Tributis {\ ttjv )—- Sti \i;u (B.C. 24), frag. 2d, da. bably a part of the Persika. He may have treated of this sub- Nik LAUs (B.C. 14), frag. 19a, 21 a. ject in connexion with the organization of the provinces under Oi-DORus (B.C. Epitome, Books i.-vi. ; frag. 8. 8), Dareius I. ilv(.i.\us (a. d. 4), frag. 2 b. De Montibus ), and Be Fhnmmbus Ptjttarchus (a. d. frag. 3ia, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, * { 80), 32, 33, 43, { ). These w^orks may possibly have been portious of the } 1. r,?>b. Persika. It II is not certain that Pllmus (A. d. 100), frag. 9^/. they were really by our author. Periplus Kephalion (a. d. 120), frag. 4«, 13. ). Of this, as of the three preceding h. { Theon (a. d. 130 ?), frag. 24 works, we have only a few fragments. PoLYAENUs (a. D. 163), frag. 24 a. Indika. The best preserved of Ktesias' works. It was only Anonymous, Un Women famous 7 War, frag. 2 c, 20 a. in one book, but Photius' epitome of it (^odex 72) is equal in Aelianus (a. d. 150), frag. 53 a, 54. length to half his epitome of the last seventeen Athenagoras (a. d. 177), frag. 11 books of the Persika, and there are 33 fragments, Pollux (a. d. 180), frag. 15 h. mostly of considerable len-th, 2 Apollonius (2nd century a. d.), frag. 28. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 8 2 GENERAL INTEODUCTION. Tertullianus (a. d. 145), frag. 22. comprising the history of the Persian empire from its foundation to Sotion, frag. 9 c. t Clemens h. . >u^. jlie sources and value of the several portions of this Alexandrinus (a. d. 200), frag. 14. Athenaeus (a.d. . ik aro liscussed in the separate Introductions prefixed to the 228), frag. 10, 12, 15./, 16, 19 i, 30, 45, 50, 51 52, 55 a. thii. iiKiiii divisions. Pamphila, according to Suidas, wrote an LoNGiNus (a. D. 250), frag. 37. t ir iu * f it ill tliive books; but this, like the original work, has I Arnobius (a. d. 297), frag. 3. li-h .1 \' ( now indebted for our knowledge of it to (1) an l> EusEBius (a. d. 815), frag. 46 a. epitome of tii ' first six (or five) books preserved by Diodorus, in Harpokration [a. d. 350?), frag. 17. til. Iw liUiiiinrt- of the last of his second book; (2) an epitome Moses of Chorene (a. d. 431), frag. 46 r. - Stephanus (a, d. ? v( !iti . I! 1 )oks, vhich is included in codex 72 of the Bibliot/ieka 500), frag. 5, 7, 26, 27, 29, 31. HESYcmus (a. D. 550), frag. i-i lliutiii-, this is more avowedly an epitome of Ktesias than the 38. Agathias (a.d. 570), frag. IS work nf Pioilnrus, and avoids the introduction of extraneous a. Georgius Synkellus (a. d. 808), frag. 6, 18 6, 46 b. iiiMtt*!, liut it is much more condensed, occupying only about the Photius (a.d. 850), Epitome, Books vii.-xxiii. fdiiiv >}at• .:- I)iodorus' epitome of one-third as much of the Tzetzes (a. d. 1150), frag. 1, 4 6, 20 c, 23, 24 c, 25, 49. nipiiial; 5 Xnmerous fragments preserved by various authors. EusTATmus (a. d. 1160), frag. 50 A, 55 />. have iim- a \ ery fair general idea of the substance of the ataiiji ly of Ktesias' text has come down to In the Persik'.\ but a sentence above list it is assumed that the works in which Ktesias us Vf-rbat iiii. is quoted are the genuine productions of the writers to whom they 'iia following are the authors who quote the Pcraika, with the are attributed, though — this is not of course always true. p*jrii.iii> pre•operved by each, and their dates : The divisions of the Fersi/ca into books cannot always be indi- cated with certainty, as our information on this point is defective, Xenophon (B.C. 401), frag. 34 /v. and sometimes contradictory. DFATFTTiTTs PuALEREUs (B.C. 317), frag. 20/>, 21 />, 36. To Ktesias are also attributed : Antigonus of Karystus (b. c. 250), frag. 9 />, 6Q. the following works Eratosthenes (b. c. 240), frag. 2a. Be Amdicis Trihutis {\ ^/ y) —pro- Strabo (B.C. 24), frag. 2//, 9. bably a part of the Fersika. lie may have treated of this sub- Nii.oLAus (B.C. 14), frag. \d a, 21 a, ject in connexion with the organization of the provinces under i)i oiir.uus (B.C. Epitome, Books i.-vi. ; frag. 8. 8), Dareius I. TI K.I MIS (a. d. 4), frag. 2fc. Be Montibus {\ ), and Be Fhwiinibus 1 lARCHus (A. D. 80), frag. 32, 33, 34 ^i, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, ^ -). These works may possibly have been portions of the I 1 . 53 h. Fersika. It is not certain that Pi iMUS (a. D. 100), frag. 9 i/. they were really by our author. Feriplus Kephalion (a. d. 120), frag. 4«, 13. ). Of this, as of the three preceding (a. D. itiu "?), frag. h. { iiiEON 24 works, we have only a few fragments. PoT.YAENus (a. D. 163), frag. 24 «. IndiL•. The best preserved of Ktesias' works. It was only Anonymous, On Women famous in War, frag. 2 c, 20<'i. in one book, but Photius' epitome of it (codex 72) is equal in Aelianus (a. d. 150), frag. 53 «, 54. length to half his epitome of the last seventeen books of Athenagoras (a. d. 177), frag. I 1 the Fersika, and tliere are 33 fragments, mostly of Pollux (a. d. 180), frag. 15 ^. ' considerable length. AiuLLu.MCs (2nd century a. d.), frag. 28. B2 . I — vX^ i GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 4 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. ipoa € eVcti/os, . ' cV yc , iv ^ , / phenomena of the , The work contains an account of the natural . 8 Persians (probably Kashmir and iv , portions of India known to the € , but io ih of its inhabitants, - customs ^ manners and Vhu\:iuU , and the tin ^€. €/€.'? € cVti , Modern commentators have pointed . bistoncai inform:ition. Be € r. € ' in it ' most surprising statements contained r.it that some of the . facts, or are derived from are eitlier misconceptions of actual and Miiller; Id. . 144: — ponuin. TnliMU legends (see the notes of Baehr vol. ii.; V. Ball, in Pro^ ... «V 9 ^€. l\clisoTi, in Heeren's Asiatic RcmnrJm, Acadou!/, Dublin Societi/, vol. iv., and in the best oppor- cmlings of the Royal The portions of the Pcrsika which afford us the vol. xxvii. p. 105; see also 'il, . ^:r, vol. p. 280, frag, 20, V 1. xxin 1 . of Ktesias' style are 13, 19, tunities of judging H)0). •'<<^1' vi'l. x\i\. . '/'V, [ 32-37, 39-42. does not include the Lnlihi, as there is little remains of this ]iresent edition There are not many lonicisms in the extant commentators. . previous to all ! til. works of work. Among these may be mentioned: know very little. Commontarii Medici. Of this work we (Epit. (Epit. 42) ; 44) ; (frag. 19) ; 7€ not give us much opportunity Tlio rxfnTif roiriaiusof Ktesias do STrapTirjTas^(Epit. 56); eVca (Epit. 74); (Epit. 48); it was admired by (Epit. 90). opinion as to his style, but (Epit. 86) ; nf fornnn- an (Epit. 84) ; €'/€ ancient critics. cannot be de- — But the readings of the MSS., in cases like this, Pometrius, !)< Elocnt, § 218 : pended upon. "Ottcp € IjKaXovaiv 8€€) :— ' ) Persian words occurring in the Persika are (Epit. U!S - (Epit. 72); 77); €vaf)y€ . (Epit. 33); (frag. or (frag. 38) ; 40) ; ' (Epit. 78) ; ^ (Epit. 92, frag. 42). yiip alThv 8k (soil. Ctesias), / ; Assyrian, Mt^dian, SLopy6 The question of the credibility of Xtesias' Tts ^, €€ . the separate introductions and Persian history is fully discussed in Dionysius Hal. ii. p. 9, Sylb. : has made the and the notes. The progress of Oriental discovery CK Kvl^Iov commentators on these ! y€ {) ^ dissertations of Baehr, Muller, and the older ^^Set. €>' Ivi € Su'K^.orros. 7 .\ . , points almost useless. (apud Thucy- .. .;.;), ' ^- cttcI ' €KCiVoi9 €> tiironological Though the ancients generally adopted Ktesias' didem et Antiphontein) ' ;€9, . as appear^ fmm scheme, they had a low opinion of his veracity, turn to his narra- ! arch says he gave a dramatic, or tragic, cited by MiilL r ii iii the long stidng of unfavourable testimonies Aelian, u.iiiu^. ui.d t L t' Aristotle, Strabo, Plutarch, Lucian, Arrian, Persika) :— Photius (at the ciil ^^f In*-^ epitome of the Lidika; but in that we Tzetzes. These mostly relate to the rt rjSowr) Ktesias than in his A-^^yriau "VjTji 8€ i <€ have less cause to complain of € (-' 6 - Se , cVia? Tims €€. olSi ' , Kabarrfp /,. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 7 6 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. .r of Herodotus, the whole forming an expensive and unwieldy was told, history, as he appears to have really related what he volume. exaggerated and made mistakes. * ii.« oftpii M\ aim in the present edition has been two-fold (1) to im- arrive at the exact words used by — A 11 is impossible for us to prove the arrangement of the text, by bringing the fragments and precise expressions used Kit >ia>, aii.l imiiiaterial to determine the epitome into their proper connexion to incorporate in the the ; (2) in him, I have confined myself in I y r.tii* r nuthoi.-. quoting notes the results of modern discoveries, so far as they bear directly which affect the sense or (•riii II. St. Heiiricus Stephanas. tency. (editor of Thotius' Bihlio- J) David Ilocscheliiis theka). MS. of Tho- Cod. Mon. (or Mon.) = Codex Monaccnsis, No. 30 (a tius of the 15th century). II. Stephanus (1566), Tlir^ ,v/;7;o pHuceps of Ktesias was tliat of oi ilurodotus (1570). nlmn.t i*|r .Iu.^mI :ii the end of his edition and a few of the frag- This (nniaiii> >.iil,v the epitome of Photius nir-iit>. those of Uauhr (Frankfurt, 1824) llu, 1 . >i m^'A^^rn editions are tliese incorpo- . Neither of and K, ]\liil!. r Pari , Firmin-Didot) Oriental scholars during the rates tlio . at results obtained by of little value for the lasi liai! century, and they are therefore edition is characterized by a . . Baehr's ( aria I t ks of the Persika. in- is perfectly marvellous: for coiiiuM 11 1 aiiaiigeraent which placed at the end of hiaia ( la iiist six books of the Persika are numberings of the frag- the xa.ltnia•, aial iL•• i•• ar• two distinct i-ear twdce. The typography, too, is riioiits, orio m• t w^ of vs^hl u a] space is taken up \ • great deal of ,i(.t all tlint ..add d* mk^m. and a not intended for Ly niauai wlri< h is out of place in an edition is now, 1 believe, out of print. f^olmol riM• : moraovor. the book arrangement, though IMiila iV r liii II is superior in printing and latter respect. The notes are vt 11 It i> in Ir la perfect in the those of Baehr, litilt tiani a series of meagre extracts from Dindorf's edition i I i; separately from aiai i'» w. al at be obtained INTE BOOKS I, II, I i. In these books, which are known to us chiefly from the epitome in Diodorus, ii. 1-29, Ktesias gave his version of Assyro-Babylonian history t down to the capture of Kineveh by the Medes. Both the chronological scheme and the details of this portion of his work are almost altogether fabulous ; but the legends he relates are not, as a rule, in their outline, his own invention, but are derived from Oriental, or occasionally Hellenic sources, and in the selection of his ''facts" he was apparently guided by a definite system. The sources alleged by himself for the statements contained in these books, as for those in the other parts of his history, were the ^ —the Koyal Chronicles of Persia (§ 23, Diod. ii. 22, 5 : Ilept ovv Mc/Avovo? TOiavT iu - : this is an extract from Book ii. or iii.). AYe have abundant independent evidence of the existence of these chronicles, and he no doubt made use of them in the seventh and following books of the Persiha, but they could scarcely have contained an account of events before the time of Kyrus. For an earlier period the only Persian works he could have had access to were collections of Iranian legends, either in prose or verse. Such, doubtless, was the nature of the * chronicles and histories' of Persia from which Firdusi derived the materials of the Shahnameh, and of the work which Chorobutus translated into Greek in the fourth century a. d. (Moses Chor., Hist. ii. 67), and Ktesias may have Persian legends for his Median history ; but even the high authority of such writers as Dr. Duncker, Prof. Sayce, and M. Lenormant^ is in- ^ Duncker repeatedly speaks of Ktesias' narrative as the " Medo- Persian Epos," and even attempts to distinguish the Median— and Persian elements ; Sayce {Herodotos, Introduction, p. xxxiii) says of Ktesias: "The greater part of his Assyrian history BOOKS I, II, III. 11 h) INTRODUCTION. would not be very deep ; all he wanted was to compose a plausible and siiffii iriit to nviuce me that Ktesias' Assyrian history had the same interesting narrative. One of the objects he aimed at in his work was to discredit the work of Herodotus, and as Semiramis had been specially Iht 1 \iMrncc in favour of this view, though now generally received^ named by the latter, he would probably make special inquiries in regard him- Stems t. ) b(j iui iiuiu conclusive. Apart from the statement of Ktesias to her. He would hear, as Herodotus^ had done, of Sammuramat, the Fi'lf, wind! i> (If moTiitrahly false to a certain extent (since the wife of Ilimmon Nirari III., King of Assyria B.C. 812-783, who is ht certainly not the only ii-( l i r hi- A->yrian history were ), reasonably supposed to have been a Babylonian princess. That she was stroiii: liv^uiiu. Ill is that stated by Lenormant in the passage quoted in more than a mere queen-consort is almost certain, from the occurrence of (vi. and tlh 11 ti : thers, such as that deduced by Duucker pp. 20, 21, her name along with that of her husband in a dedicatory inscripti li ii a 45, Eimli>li t r -iation), from the importance assigned to Baktria, statue of iiebo, erected in a temple at Kalah by Bel-khassi-iluiii, the itlati at nioA . nly to particular incidents, and of course I do not contend governor, and now in the British Museum.^ The monumental evidence that Kit'sias in ly lai have worked particular Persian legends into a for the history of this period is scanty, and it is quite possible she may g» lu i il of Avhich was due to other sources. iiarrativ» , th» framework have occupied the position of regent of Babylon, under her husband's \\\' ha\ a no re ;lsuu belie\'e that the Persians ever rationalized the weak successors; and if she were a Babylonian princess, her counti}Ta( li mythohiuy i't /'//'/'' riations to any appreciable extent, and such a would naturally exaggerate her importance. But from this to the ex- 1.101 eediim i- ii\\< i\\ contrary to the customs of Oriental nations. As travagant romance of Ktesias is a long step. Having selected the Baby- iijT the example cited by Sayce, Ilawlinson's explanation of the passage lonian queen as his heroine, he proceeded to look out for materials to fill ot liiK lintu > 1 i^ 1.^ much more probable, and disposes of all connexion in his romance. Ishtar, the goddess of love, was, as we learn from the hetw.iH th' Persian story told to the Halikarnassian historian and the sixth book of the Epic of Izdubar, regarded by tho Babylonians as (arta-k itiyth.' having at one time reigned as an earthly queen, and many legends My owti view of the materials from which Ktesias concocted the relating to her, both Babylonian and Syrian, were accordingly worked by As.^yiiaii portion of his history is this: —During the frequent residences Ktesias into his " history" of Semiramis. of tin Persian court at Babylon, Ktesias must have had abundant oppor- { tuniii - of couA-ersing with prominent Babylonians (even if he did not ^ Herodotus i. 184, \ &, ttjs (viz., Nitokris, wife of one kiiijw Ha'}l•a h»!]i he and they must have been acquainted with , of the kings of the eighth Babylonian dynasty in the sixth century, b. c.) ^ irpore- Piisiaii^ ubuiil the liiil• ly ui their country. Probably his researches pov '- rfj 2,(5. lie then proceeds to attribute to her certain embankments at Babylon. Five generations (about 170 years) from the time of Nebuchadrezzar, brings us to about the date of Sammuramat, especially if she survived consists of Assyro-Babyionian myths ratiouaUzed and transformed in the manner pecu- her husband, and acted as regent under his successors ; but Mr. Sayce, who is ever eager Persians, of which Ilerodotos gives us an illustration in the legend of IG." liar to the to depreciate Herodotus, proposes to adopt Scali^er's conjecture of for In his review of Duncker, however {Academy, xxii. p. 427), he apparently regards - 7r4vT€y though unsupported by any MS. authority, as far as I know. It is contrary to Duncker's view on the subject as exaggerated. Lenormant {Histoire Afic, 9«^ edition, all sound principles of criticism thus to go out of one's way to substitute a false state- : Ktesias "s'est fait Techo de fables narrees a la cour de Suse, en vol. iv., ]). 117) — ment for a true one in an author's text, especially in a case like the present, where a ecrivaai ihistoire de Ninus et de Serairamis," the Persian empire consisting of hetero- ficribe, being more likely to be familiar with the legendary date of Ktesias than with "il fallait done essayer de rapprocher et de rattacher les uns aux geneous elements, Herodotus' correct one, would be more likely to substitute "fifty" for "five" than the autres les differents peuples en confondant leur souvenirs et leur traditions nationales, et contrary ; so that, even if Scaliger's reading was supported by some MSS., we should leur faisant croire que la domination universelle qu'ils subissaient remontait au com- en bo justified in disregarding it. In an author later th-an Ktesias we might expect to find mencement de toutes choses, en un mot que la grande monarchic perse . . . etait cent his date ; but his legend of Ninus and Semiiamis (under that name) is unknown to any fois seculaire et avait une divine origine." earlier writer. The name Semiramis occurs in the fragments of Berosus ; but the text ' found in the legends of Perseus as tho Stronger instances might, perhaps, bo impossible to is 60 corrupt, it is say where he really placed her (Berosus, ii. fr. 11 ; ancestor of the Persians (Herod, vi. 54, and vii. 150, two distinct accounts) ; and of ill. fr. 14). Medeia as giving name to the Medes {id. vii. G2). Both these stories were probably 2 See, amongst other authorities, Lenormant {ffist. Anc. iv., p. 212). Nebo invrnted by Medizing Greeks at the time of tho Persian war, which is indeed suggested is styled in the inscription, " le protecteur de Raman Kirar, roi du pays d'Assur; la Herodotus vii. 150. Compare Ilekataeus fr. 171; Hellanikos fr. 159; Deinias, le protecteur de Sammuramat I'epouse du palais la souveraine." Lenormant says xi. 455 Nikolaus, fr. '. 1; Jl . Apollodorus ii. 4.5.1, &c.; Strabo 13, p. ; : '7 13 12 INTEODUCTION. BOOKS I, II, III. whicli traces may be found in the Zettda- Nrxt v{Q have a Persian legend (preserved to ns by Ilellanikos') raediicval Persian writers, of the writings of the early Sassanian period, quoted by Moses rtLitiiig to II rer-ian {not an Assyrian or Eabylonian) queen named vesta, and exploits of Iranian kiugs, not of foreign Ab)>-ii. inn\ irnm this Ktesias derived some of the military aehievements of Chorene. These celebrate the fixed with empires, or Semitic goddesses.^ lii- lii f iue. The limits of her conquests were evidently to be identified with the god Nin, who is sometimes » is perhaps rtiiitiir. t liiuse of the Persian empire in his own time. Ninus of Beltis, a goddess often confused with Ishtar lit pLLuiiar colouring given to the whole narrative seems, however, regarded as the husband of and of the chase agrees well with that assigned to In Gi. ( k, (liic either to Xtesias himself or to Greeks residing at Babylon, his character as a god war of Semiramis. If, with Lenormant and some others, we re- rathf i : rsian. The Persian legend of Atossa may have furnished to the husband of this deity, which is by no t^oiiK uKiterials; but that the rationalization of the exploits of Ishtar, ject the reading Kin, or Kinip, for the name merely as the eponymous hero of wliicli i lui- iiiuch of Ktesias' story of Semiramis, was due to a Persian means certain,- we may regard him in of the name of the city is uncertain : rims, seems highly improbable. The nature of the Iranian legends of Nineveh.^ The true derivation of Semira- it is spelt in the same way as the name of the husband la> til in my best be judged by those still preserved by Firdusi and other Greek records it is Kina, or Ninua, which is variously mis ; in the Assyrian which it is explained, either as <' fish-town"* (from the ideogram with Kaman Nirar "confiale gouvemeraent de la Chaklee a sa femme la rcine Sammti- '* of the god Kin,"** or ''repose of the gods,"* or lumat qui residail a Babyloiie." There is no direct monumental evidence for this written), or toAvn statement (see Rawlinson, llirodotiis, i., p. 611, "there is no satisfactory evidence that " resting place of the god (goddess?) Nana."' It should be noticed she had any special connexion with Bahylon"), wliich rests on the testimony of Hero- that one of Nin's attributes is that of god of the sea, and that he is dotus, whose veracity is corrohoraled hy the approximate correctness of his dates. titles is " the intelligent Sayce altogether rejects the connexion of Sammuramat with Babylon, and her identity sometimes confused with Hea, one of whose Herodotus, from Ktesias' Semiiamis was evolved. The first with the Semiramis of whom fish"; while Semiramis is the daughter of a fish goddess, and her * it dis- correctness of the reading , Sammuramat,' is almost certain, though has been by which Berosus (i. frag. 1) ** husband is Ounes, or Oannes,^ the name puted, but its meaning is_ obscure. Lenormant (iv., p. 128) suggests shein ram''* = nomen excelsum. The Syriac {Semir amis = Columbarum mater) ; Arabic {Seri = mons designates Hea. I = or Sanskrit [Sami-Iiamesi = quae sami arhorem colit) etymo- and Mamin Columba) ; The duration which Ktesias assigned to the Assyro-Babylonian em- logies suggested in Baehr, p. 415, and Muller, are unlikely or impossible. The A pire, variously given as 1360 (Died. ii. 21), 1306 (Synkellus, p. 359, and given Ktesias 6) favours the explanations which introduce a M'ord iV explanation by (§ Civ. Dei, xviii. 1240 meaning " dove." Sayce, in ISGS {see Journal of iSacred Literature, n. s., iv., p. 166), Agathias ii. 25, p. 120), 1305 (Augustinus, 4), spoke of Khamurahi as the "prototype of Semiramis," Robert Brown {Academy^ (Eusebius, Chroti. fo. 52) years, was perhaps based on data supplied to xxix,, p. 257), who is a follower of Sayce, suggests a connexion between Semiramis Babylonian priests. ITis fall of Kineveh really corresponds (whom he identities with the Hittite Love goddess) and summatu = dove in Assyrian him by the ' of and also compares Simi a Ilittite (V) goddess, rendering the name Simi, daughter of to the event represented by the end of the sixth dynasty Berosus, and Aramis," the supreme god of Carchemish. Professor Robertson Smith, in an interesting paper in the English Historical The view taken by Lenormant {Hist. Auc. iv., pp. 125-6) is not Tery different Review for April, 1887, compares Shemiramoth, a personal name occurring in the Old from that here stated, though he gives much more prominence to the Persian element Testament. The present introduction was written before Prof. Smith's Paper appeared. in the legend. in vol. i. of Vith most of his conclusions I am unfortunately unable to agree ; they are very unfavour- 2 Lenormant adopts the reading Adar (and in the Appendix, Sandan) his able to Ktesias' veracity. He assumes (on rather insutticient evidence) that Shemiram was Origines de Vhistoire, Delitsch, Guyard, and others adhere to Ninib. a name uf the Love goddess. This, if true, was an adduional reason why Ktesias should 3 The conception of heroes eponymi is peculiarly Greek, and altogether foreign to genuine attribute some of her legends and attributes to Semiramis. the Persians. Perseus or Perses anil Medeia are unknown to the Persian ' ITellanikos, fr. 163« : iirtaruKas ", r)]V monuments and traditions. ^ ^' - - Fr. ' : "ATOcrcra, imh irarphs $ * Sayce, Herodotos, p. 358. r , . yvvu'iwv 5 646. &€/ rpacpclaav ^, ( , 4/ See Rawlinson, Herodotus, vol. i., p. ^ vnovpyiav « in his Origines. ' - ^^ ^ Lenormant adopts this interpretation " (^. as 1 in Transactions Victoria Institute. He interprets it as dwelling-place €5. ,^ Budge of " 26. tu ' iyiviTo. Under Belochos, the sixteenth successor of of the god Ninua in his Babylonian Life and History, p, *' Ktesias'/Semiramis, Eusebius (Chronicon inversion of S. Jerome, fo. notes 8 i., 621. 32) Hujus Rawlinson, Herodotus p. filia Actosa quae et Semiramis regnat cum palre an. 7." 9 Explained by Lenormant as = Ea Khan, " Ea, the fish." ; — ^1 14 INTRODUCTION—BOOKS I, IT. III. the era of Nabonassar of Ptolemy, about b. c. 745 ; but his exaggeration of the duration of the Median empire causes him to antedate it about n . 8 Vi : the real date of the final fall of Xineveh was in the last decade of the seventh century b. c. The obscurity of tlie terminal date of Ktesius' Assyrian history makes its initial date also incapable of ascer- CTESIAE CNll^ tain it : lis own figures lead us to some time about the twenty-second ceiitnr\ . { , about the date fixed by Berosus for the beginning of his tiaii «lynasty (compare llawlinson's Herodotus, i. pp. 420-423). Ktesias had, however, no knowledge of the true history of tho tliirt' rn <.r f.niteen centuries which he assigned as the duration of the LIBER PRIMUS. A-~}ria!i empire ; hence the list of kings from Semiramis to Sardanapalus seems to be purely his own invention. Had he drawn from Persian DIODORI. sourcLS, uc should expect to find that each king, as in the Shahnameh of EPITOME Fii'ln-i. reigned, not tens, but hundreds of years: the length actually ii. 1-4). To iraXaCov ] S 1 (Diod. t ' a--im i to each reign in the list is beyond ordinary probability, but at Sjv ovre m^re ih( -;t!!u time is not impossible, so as to suggest that, having to invent ^^1 , II iiULs cover a certain period, he saved himself trouble by gi\'ing as tVu iis possible. The names themselves are of the most heterogeneous . ^ 6 , character—a few, e.g. Baleus, Belochus, and Balatores, are those of Babylonian or Assyrian deities or kings of whom he chanced to hear So Jus- due to the Bible; three of the € . . . »5.] others are ordinary are geographical, Persian names ; others, e. g. Amyntes, are Greek. Chron. (Latin other four names tin, i. 1 ; Eusebius, representing Babylon, Arbela, and Sardanapalus, as far as his name is concerned, represents Asshur- version), fo. 11 and 15,^ and per- Kalah, and probably Anebis is so >v bani-pal, the last great king of Assyria. His existence and his character haps Apollodonis (fr. 68, Chron. for tlic paucity (fr. 11) also. To account for luxury were well known to the Greeks, quite independently of the Fasch. p. 29a). Abydenus early records a story was in- gives Ninus five predecessors of Pi ! -iiii^. long before Ktesias* time. At the same time what is related vented that Ninus caused all the Belus, Babius, Anebis, 'Arbelus, ot t h „XU!'\ i\ alii effeminacy of himself and his predecessors may come his predecessors to be Chaelus; Kephalion and Kastor, records of If • a tiaditional recollection of the weak princes who reigned shortly and burnt (Moses Chor. i. one—Belus; Eusebius in the Ar- collected befoir ji. c. similar story is told of 745, as Lenormant suggests.^ menian version, one—Nebrod (= 13. 12). A ii. a), and That Ktesias' details of the destruction of are Chorene {Hist. Nabonassar (Berosus, 11 Nineveh probably Nimrod) ; Moses of he iden- of other princes, e.g. Shi-Hwang- founded on fact may be deduced from the authentic account of the siege i. 4), six—Nebroth, whom 212. Bel, Anebis, Arbel, Ti, emperor of China, B.C. if the seventh century b. c, preserved by Berosus (ii. frag. 13), and tifies with one The only Greek writer earlier Chaial, Arbel II. ; SjTikellus, perhaps from llic prophecy of Nahum. Ktesias who mentions Ninus Belos. The introduction of these than in whom Ntvos occurs names was due to various causes; is Herodotus, ^ B.ist. Anc. iv., *' Aussi la p. 213, memoire des princes faineants qui se succe- twice, as of Babylonian once only, or at most a derent alors sur le trOne de Ninive fut elle maiidite par Ics Assyiiens et echo de cette the usual scheme personal name : the passages are reprobation est arrive jusq'aux Grecs sous la forme d'une legende accreditee par Ctesias, mythology made Ninip or Sandan aussi historiquement fausse course i, 7, KavSavXr] ' ^ ) ' vr/xi (uras f) , ,. - - KciKnTrafkla klvSvvol^. ^^ ^- ' !)!' ,^ ^ , 8 c , / . '\ i / h €, € Greeks that their kings were oe " /3^ ckt/ r/xei >;. ' ~"' Herakleids but they, not per- S'v<>'''. /,, ; -(wims "'-. eye- ceiving the identity of Herakles . ' iiro lajxH'nr, . . 155, and , the son of Bel, were * ^/ ras ~S:i'i-n : \(:•>> (of obliged to introduce him, with a ' ,, . t - Babylon). In the latter passage son whose name is one of his own Sin'oii' almost certainly means epithets, at the top of the genea- , ^ ^- arrcKTiu-e. y'v.irxiti- (as just below logy, no other place being available !ih;in^ !\i>^sian), and we may there- for him. ^ ^^^ iuiL It a\t It out of consideration. Hence the mention of Ninus in , Tn the former passage many Herodotus gives us no ground for the reign of Ninus almost all the Aretas in Greek. The Assyrian seliM iis see evidence for an As- regarding him as anything but a conquests and exploits he had heard kings of the seventh dynasty (b.c. sYiii!!. or nt least Semitic descent god or demi-god, and we cannot, L• of of all the Assyrian kings, with 745-640) had frequent wars in oi liie Lydians, a view which by counting up generations or many more, he has constructed the Arabia, and apparently met with Tiawliii^'i! ' TierodofHfi, vol. i. p. otherwise, arrive at any precise first part of the romance to which he an obstinate resistance. ;; \.'k seq.) altogether rejects.^ Sayce date to which Herodotus may have 1 gave the name of Assyrian history. /? ' /.^ Our (note < Tii^rodotus i. 7) as usual intended to assign him. Eor another portion he worked into author is probably correct in making tiin]- tlh Ilittites in the legend, in The hero of Ktesias also (so far the history of a Babylonian queen Babylon of later origin than many whi- \x he is perhaps riglit. as he is a person at all, and not the legends of the Asiatic Love other Babylonian cities. Erech, Ur, l"h< |.!obahle explanation of the merely the eponym of the Assyrian goddess. The whole treatment is Zergul, and Agade (Sip para) seem genealogy is that the Lydians, capital) derives his attributes and similar to that of the history of to have been capitals before it. It after they came in contact with character from those ordinarily Kyrus by Xenophon, but while is just possible that the Assyrian the Assyrians (or if we adopt assigned to the god Xin, Bar, or tlie Kyropaedia was generally re- conquest of Babylonia here nar- Sayce's dcw, at an earlier period Sandan, the Assyrian Herakles, cognised among the ancients as a rated may represent the Semitic even), invented a genealogy for which Ktesias could easily have romance, the similar work of conquest of the country which their kings which made them de- ascertained from the Babylonian Ktesias was unfortunately treated took place at an early (at present >• ipliiits of Nin, the great As- priests. By treating the materials as if it were authentic history. uncertain) period of its history. ^\|-i;i!l uo'l nf w;!!• tilid llUUtillg, thus supplied much as Diodorus, Both used oriental materials, and is 'Ap/xertW] The Arme- nw\ tiie equivalent of the Greek for instance, has treated Hellenic both have preserved valuable frag- nian historians, with their usual Herakles ; hence they told the mythology, and ))y attributing to ments of histoiy; but to separate national vanity, while adopting outline of the history " truth from fiction in either is not the general * On the whole it must be concluded that the remarkable genealogy—Hercules, of Ktesias, give a different colour Alcaeus, Belus, Niims, Agron—contains no atom of truth or meaning, and was the always an easy task. Belus is clumsy invention of a Lydian, bent on glorifying the ancient kings of his country, bv ' *.~\ to these transactions. claiming for them a connection with the mightiest of the heroes both of Asia and of Midler compares the later Arabian killed bv the Armeuians under Greece." Rawlinson, op. c\t., p. 347. — royal name Haret (or Harcth), Haig (Mos. Chor. i. 10); Aramus, ; I•] CTESIAE PERSICA. 19 [lib. 18 CTESIAE PERSICA. * TU'cis , . rr.is 6 , . , , -' /,,,, * ^/ , 8 ' '. : 87.^ ^ - \) hi Sims ,. - ir\'€\(|)yj(i^^ , , ^, , , \,>-)/' 7.W ( 8. , , &'>•<. iiTTpd-errrrr fU ^\8[, 8 '^, \8., , , (. <1 //' , * 8, Bl- €<'>(>., ( , , , jura 7•> , , 8' ai'(.(rTa\'f)c>f' . ^ * ' •. NtVo) 'j ii. "J, 1 8f -pay ^ ( nind. '' 8 ' \)'(•, 8 § 2. ~\ The included in tlie Assyrian Empire. h. i'du^»' )^ Kiu t / , 7(('!' (.f'7')^ u ' ^» extent of dominions assigned to AvSiW] Submitted to Asshur- TTji' ' • ir:if)poLa Ninus coincides with the empire bani-pal, b.c. 660. Of the otlier yap ToU ei-rry/rTiP ri r-^/• -:' of Artaxerxes II. Manv of tlie countries west of Assvria enume- IttlOviiUw ^^. rij^ /' ^ countries named never came under rated, Kappadokia was inhabited ' •)!• ((.•' tvd rrifn ' Assvriim rule at all. by the Khatti (Hittites) and people • of Meshech and Tubal, who were ^' \\(' ah'ij Myxmrov'] Con(]Uered by the 7:^€7 .\)<^. ^, /•?• \. Assyriiins under Esarhaddon I. and repeatedly conquered by the As- . (b.c. svrians. Of the eastern nations, Asshur-bani-pal 672-660). €TL ^ The Elam (2) had prolonged till the eighth century b. c. , kiiig Aimciiia, defeats, in As- about ''land of the Khatti," or Akharu, wars with Assyria, and was finally — Pharnus is an Aryan name. Sargon syria, -< "quern Barsamum of ^the Assyrian monuments, re- subdued by Asshur-bani-pal. It is ob fortissiiuas res gestas in deos mentions a Median chief, Pliarnes, peatedly conquered by the Assyri- mentioned amongst the conquests B.C. 713. Assyrians first ascriptum ad longuni tempus Syri about The ans from, at least, the time of of Rimannirari. invaded Media about B.C. coluere."^ As llawlinson and 840, Tiglathpileser I. (twelfth century A tribe near tlie pointed out, Bar-sam when the popuhition was chiefly ] others have B.C.) onwards. Tlie country of the Caspian, who figure prominently (= ''Bar by name") is merely Xin Turanian. Khatti, Phoenicia, Bethkhumri in Books iv.-vi. See Strabo xi. 7, The cruel punish- under another name, althoui;h .{] (Samaria), Edom, Palasta, and p. 425. ascrihed by Ktesias to Ninus ^Moses distinguishes him from Kinus, ments Damascus are enumerated amongst An Aryan tribe and Semiramis were fully in ac- ^ whom he makes his contemporary. the conquests of Riman iiirari, their country appears as Yehr- cordance with Assyrian customs. Armenia, however, appears as a husband of the historical Semi- kana in the Zcndavesta, and Tar- here used designates im- --1 state of Assyria at the death The word ramis. kana in the inscriptions of Dareiusl. if Xinus.'^ palement rather than crucifixion. KtXiKiW] Conquered by Senna- Probably is merely a and €K y\']hiav] Media was pro- (Compare Layard, Nineveh cherib, and perhaps earlier. different way of writing the same bably not occupied by the Aryans (/, p. 355.) —] None of name. In §39 we have the name these countries were probably ever spelt It is impossible 2 ' Moses i. 13. Mosee i. 11, 1. . C2 21 [lib. 1.] CTESIAE PEESICA. >) CTESIAE PERSTCA. kclI 8e rovrocq FRAGMENTUM . , , Se en ' Tzetzes, Histor. iii. 83. 6 K^u - - riji' Wi^^-ldii. , Sio . . . ' daiv -rrtai'i/r• tU , , jTfyHTayr^ptmji'Tai , , . ' ) , ikriTr(jl(nr ifh-a.r , - . /3(9 II XeVai . , < \\ ^, , ' atz/ty/xcut' .( ar8/)(7)i• , ^, '^^ , . iya-cTo, rhr fili' /309 ^^, 8e ^ , , arc liaXcrn'"" ', ^ , , '^^^ . 6 ; , , 1 correct similar Greek narratives of fabulous 6 to ib t^rrnine which is the , . kings {e. is nearer the conquests by Egyptian g. , The latter rt u lii.L' ^, i. wliere no ' Diodorus 47, p. 83), , can be suspected. /^ \^ the Sarangiana Iranian element . i'orhaps ' > Probably the Baktrians, like the . . . . . rf TTrrodotus iv. 67, OM Persian .J Arabs, were se- Zarika (llnxvlin^on, Herodotus iv. Indians and the the Hist. iv. 7). lected as a nation of whom : T^uncktr p. V 2u') EPITOME DIOnORI. £.)] Sco§37,fr. 29. Greeks knew but little, on the KupuavtW] The Gormanians of principle, " Omne ignotum pro 3 (Diod. ii. 3). from its fer- § ) Besides, TTerodotiis, who mahcs them a tribe niagnifico." position, it was really m /e'- \\>v i'.maiiB: see Rawlinson, tility and ^ ot , ( most im- ')98. one of the wealthiest and on' rurt Hro(h Frag. 1. 6 Assyriis subactam dixerat, lectori Rawlinson, vol. iv. p. 195, 9. 1 See Heeren, As. Nations, vol. i. pp. 1G5-167; § € ^Perhaps Tzetzes has in raemoriam revocare poterat 5iaTe7vai, avh 2 . 63.'i : Se rh 5 xvi. : - Strabo 1, ^ ^ ^] . . . riorum quondam do- ^-, a-nh Zi rod rh mixed up Ninus and Sesostris. Sesostrin Assy ^'. ^ ToC ^ ^^ . *' •" MrjSous '( recte fragmentum huic loco ?«?'?« ?s € vTrh /, ^ ^^, assignaverim, nescio. Apte tamen —Miiller. uv N^vos ?, »/ iv } if K-aTaTic€i/a^/xeVous ( ^ ^ 3 « ' Ctesias postquam Aegyptum ab § S . ; I.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 23 22 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. To yap 8e 8 Ei^e . , pOlliqKfs €<; . . li I' .<() nXevpcop 7€']'7 () 8e ' , -^ ,. {;9 8. -' ^, iXniSos 8;. 8, yap ' ' ^^, il.c- - 1)1 ) l.ityt{'i}s - , i . ivltsias could liardlyhave made such Nineveh and'Bahijlon, pp. 300-91;. Moses of Chorene (i. 8, 5) the work succeeded by Kalah. This latter Nineveh on This city is mentioned by Tacitus mistake as to place from which his authority Maribas place is, however, included in Tii Nikolaus of {Ann, xii. 13, **Ninos vetustiss- the Euphrates. Catina compiled liis history Avas Ktesias' Nineveh. Nineveli is doubtless iraa sedes Assyriae."). Philostra- ;!uascus, fr. 9, which is found in tlie Parthian Iloyal probably mentioned by name in cor- tus, Vit. ApolL Tyan. i. 19, speaks derived from him, Nineveh is Library at Nineveh, which is dis- the records of the 18th Egyptian of Ninus west of the Euphrates. rectly phu;ed ou the Tigris. The tinguished from Nisibis. It is dynasty. Ammianus mentions a city called (i'v \\:i iu ruins in Herodotus* evident, tlicrcfore, that in the The dimensions assigned to Nineveh more than once (xiv. p. 22, liiiiO (i. 19o, ' ov lloman period the name of Ninus, Nineveh by Ktesias (about sixty " and Comagena . . . Hierapoli, vetere ' teas built), or Niniva, was applied to several miles in circumference) can only ><> of Nino et Samosates civitatibus am- cuiilinutd in the time different places, and Diodorus may be approached by including several xviii. 137, Artaxerxes 11.^ In the first cen- plis illustris"; p. have heard the name applied to adjacent towns, with the thickly '• " Nineve Adiabeno ; xxii. p. 270, tury of our era a city was in exist- Hierapolis, or some other place peopled districts between them *< Adiabena Ninus est ci vitas ence bearing its name, coins of In hac near the Euphrates, and changed and the dimensions of the walls olim Persidis regna possederat Axl'ieh (of Trajan and Maximinus) quae the statements of Ktesias accord- apply only to those of the several Nini potentissimi regis . . . bearing the inscriptions Nixi. Clau. nomen ingly. fortified (quarters, or towns of Eusobius applies tho and Col. N!\:v\ Claud [roroLis] declarans"). Asshur, not Nineveli, was tho Nineveh, Kalah, &c.^ Nisibis, and according to have been found in Assyria (Layard, name to oldest capital of Assyria, and was 1 iii. inl rhu Tlypvra ^. cities were fortified 4, 6-12: icpUouro -. left us by the Assyrians, we know that these Xenophon,^««5. from descriptions 5' ' avr)]V rh Mf/Soi. 120-122, 638-641). TTOKis ^v eV/AiTj €777, fiv ' much as described (compare Layard, Nineveh and Babylon, pp. 5' kKarov, toD hi € €5 $ rh dpos TreVre \ itaUs, Hos Probably in the most flourishing period of the Assyrian empire the space between these TT.ploBos 5 TTupaaaayyai. Se \5 (1$' \$ l•' two cities and Dur ^a.Y^\fu{Khorsubad), was occupied by almost continuous buildings, - '( r^u 4\- to rh ^. \(5 €<, - the whole bearing the general name of Nmeveh, which was thus brought up 4}, ^ e\(7v' ^ 5e ^/ dimensions not much short of those given by Kte^^ias. The passage of Xenophon gives (. and Nineveh proper still continued to 4 4,4- 5 ^ a date at which the fortified quarters of Kalah , . . . ^vrtddev rh 8t Hos \$ , rh € (^ evhs ^, be inhabited (circ. n. c. 550). eya nphs \} napaaayyas e|, Trphs - (ii. Teutamus, King of Assyria, held his court at ^^' }) ' ( According to Apollodorus 4, 54) ' iron ^ ^ ^^ 5e ^ -^ MfWiAa. . Larissa. rb rh flpos (-. 1 wall of Dur Sargina ^ ^earod oyro, ^- According to Rawlinson {Five Monarchies, vol. i.), the outer 6 flpos ) ^ its basement, to the height of three feet, . 4(:- ($, ^ ^- , {Khorsabad) was about forty -five feet wide ; ivTadSa €y(ra Muayv}J ) apayya. of stone the angles were of squared stone, the blocks being about three feet long ? ' €5 was ; € }] ^^ Karacpvyi'iv, ore )] h € . and one foot high. The rest of the masonry consisted of small polygonal stones, • oijre (^ € ' €/$ uncemented. Above the stone basement was ^ merely smoothed over the outer face, and 4-5^ Tobs 4$ \ $ (. a massive structure of unlaced crude brick. Mespila probably Kalah (now Nimroud) ; Larissa represents the city usually called The fortified quarter at Kouyiinjik (Nineveh proper), which is the largest, is only Komjunjik and Xcl)bi Yunus. Sayce, how- represents Nineveh, properly so called (now about seven or eight miles in circumference. remain?, and ever, llcrxlot. p. ii59, rejects both these identiiications). existing 25 21 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. I.] CTESIAE PERSICA. Svpiav i )i< hL ii. /xera 6 Nti^o? <; ^. ^i- ^ . tVr/) irci'ixfp c~( TT^y iv ^, fj ^- , i / ; ^ ^a^eia, rijl•' , :(.(7{7 € , '(• ' ^ , , ^ €€ €< , ' accounts ; otherwise we lafa9ond'un oiseau ; c'est enfant flicting § See introduc- to Ktesias, Semiramis was both ^^ ses * suppose that either Diodorus amoureux de propres principes must tion to Books i.-iii. Semiramis, nurtured by do\'es, and eventually de la cosmogonio de Sanconiatlion." or Eratosthenes misunderstood hira. unlike Ninus, partly represents a changed into a dove (§ 21, fr. 11), The dove and the fish, which are The account of Ktesias, as reported real personage, and hence is men- and the dove was the bird of Aphro- found together in this legend, play by Diodorus, is more consistent than tioned b} w riters like Berosus, who dite. Derketo was the same god- a great part in tlie religion of Asia, either that of the same writer, as ignore her supposed husband. Tho dess as Atargatis, the Dea Syra of and are connected with the various reported by Eratosthenes, or the legnul in flic present section is, Hierapolis (Plin. v. 23 ; Strabo. forms of tlie female deity. legend given by Xanthus with however, derived from the myths xvi. 1, pp. 357 and 412), and may Xanthus (fr. 11, ap. Atlien. viii. the fact that the goddess Derketo relating to Ishtar or Aslitoreth. It have been originally the Hittito cap. 37, 'il ye 'Arc/jyart?, is represented as half woman, half occurs in several different forms. foim of the Babylonian Ishtar, Moi/ou fish, on the coins of Askalon. I am Part of the narrative of Ktesias Nana, and Beltis,^ and in different - iv rrj € not aware that there is any such aspects she corresponded to the ^ is preserved not only in the epitome, ) representation on the Hittite sculp- also Greek goddesses Aphrodite, Hera, , but in a fragment (2) reported * gives tures of Carchemish, or on the coins Ilhca, Artemis. ^ b} no less than ii\e authors. All and variation of a part)of the Ktesian of Hierapolis, the city Avhich suc- a these versions give the substance Lenormant {Jlist. Anc. i. p. 126, legend. AVith this may be com- ceeded it. of wlint Ktesias said in a very seq.) observes that the fable of pared the story in the Etymologi- There are plenty of Assyrian, gent i.«! way. Diodorus and Eratos- Semiramis having been brought up cum Magnum, s. v. ;, that Phoenician, and Greek representa- tlitrM-, wno alone tix the locality by doves is the poetic version of an the Lydian hero, Kaystrus, went tions of the dove, with or without of tli< fiivtii of !»< !keto, differ as to old Asiatic myth, which other to Syria, and tliero had Semiramis the goddess. i' niodorus placing it at Askalon in writers have preserved in a simpler by Derketo. Sayce {Traiisactiona of But Semiramis in Ktesias is not Philistiu. I'j itosthenes atBambyke, form : an egg, say they, fell from the Society of Biblical Archieology, only the daughter of a goddess who 0!" llierapolis, near Carchemish, on heaven into the Euphrates, fish vii. p. 273) cites these stories to il- was either changed into a fish, or iIm Ijiphrates. cannot cer- brought it to the bank, doves lustrate the connection between the saved by a fish : her first husband, tuiiiJy a>Leiiaiii which, if either, hatched it, and from the shell came Hittites (= Syrians) and Asia Onnes, bears nearly the same name Ki( sias really specified. out Aphrodite. " llfautrapprocher Minor, but regards the reading as that given by Berosus to his fish In Diodorus, Aphrodite is distin- de ce mythe la tradition d'apres ^ la- Askalon as erroneous, without god, meaning, according to Lenor- gui^lii d frr.m T>i rl^eto, but both the quelle la sagesse creatrice planait assigning any special reason for mant, *'Ea the fish," and, at all latter and 6emiramis, as her daugh- 60U8 la forme d'uno colombe au- doing so. events, connected with the Baby- ter, are merely the Asiatic god- dessus des eaux qui portaient la In Ktesias, as reported by Dio- lonian god, Ea, or Hea, who had dess of love and wnv under terre. La encore, la colombe pre- dorus, Derketo changes into a fish, the epithet, as already mentioned, different aspects. Doves were sente le caractero do la force crea- while Eratosthenes and Hyginus of ''The intelligent fish"; while consecrated to her, and, accordnig trice qui couve d'oeuf du monde, a make him say that she was saved her second husband probably bears by a fish. Possibly he gave con- the name of a god—Kin—who had ^ See especially Rawlinson'a Herodotus^ Essay i. to Book iii. ; Sayce, HerodotoSf pp. 429 sq. R. Brown's letter in Academy, xxiv. 257, may also be rtferred to. rb Kai ro^e tri ^^, iirav €, 5 ' , . rationalization of this story is found in Mnaseas' Asia, ii. fr. 32 (ap, Athen. /. c.) — apyvpods fj xpvjovs 4, Tubs 5e Up(7s rfj ^ aArjuivovs 5 . . . J/ ',' 4 'F-uoi uf Art ^>7 €€77; \ 4€- \\$ . . . then quotes '', ovs ; rrjs Upus. He irphs 6 , € ^, Xanthus, fr. 11. I.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 27 26 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. €19 et^^, , pKt TUL'l'' Se €/ ^ ^ ((':'') 8 () . ^, . ^- , ^' , , \\.8 , 77f><)iTK()^:H.i(T\i !• rrj TTpoeLpyjiievTj - 0ea, SeLvbv / €€ ,' 8 t I'tai'iiTKnr Tim^ ' ttjv ^^ , yctixa/• /.( ,, € , ot <) ,, € . , (Diod. ii- 5). Se rrai'jini' 11 - , ' ' ' ^ ', ^ ', , , , ' u^/7(tjT\j]jia7i : Aquarii, qui laboranteui Tivos, tjtis and his writings. They 6(€.] - ^ 4 readings of tlie mss. of Diodorus Zoroaster quondam Isim servasse ex- virb ovtos or 5e [_ws " critical note. torture his name (Zaruthrustra, ^ - are given in the istimatur : pro quo benefieio elvai 1 (\(5 . /- in Zend, Zerdusht in - Zarathustra, - as a Baktrian ] occurs siiiiulacium piseis, et ejus iu \ \ ^ , into many strange ^ iv. later Persian) name in Arrianus, 'Exped. Alex. ^! 5e filiarum do quibus antea ^^ . , (for example, Zathraustes in , diximus, inter astra consti- 5( sq., and Diod., xviii. 3, forms rijs AspiccTovs vvktOs, 19, p. 282, and Zoroades iiTiyvoiis i. 94 ; Zarades avTTju %v at ^ tovs - tuit. Jtaque] Syri com- av^phs, NTjos ^^ in both cases of the father of Diod. plures pisces non esitant et iiu, 4'/7](€. ^ addition to the TTous oIkovi/T€S " deby 5 lioxane, wife of Alexander the in Agathias,^ in eorum simulacra inaurata common form and it . ^ Great (in Diodorus he is called ;?), pro dii3 Penatibus colunt. Mera Tbv " . or but this is possible that ' toG . . . € (iTtvcov jicpn^^ Lib. ii. : 5 ^ <)' ,,ayeiv ttjv . hvvauLV, , \ , ^ Tohs ((, (); yap 4 ' ^ ^ ^, 6$ WaKTpiavy) ) yaf) l•ayvva. U }> eVi ', ^^ $ ohK ^ <$ ^ eJvai €6 a,s yvora, ^, voXeai, /xiit/^' tl•' ll^j.^ yeyov€vai, ^ ev ^^ ) ' \ oItos ', eV hv \ , yhs ? ' ^ to.s eVaXetro ( Kae-nyip^v rrjs ayrs ykyov^v ayas, \ ? , iKe:vos, , This is one of the ' (|$. a;uti^as, ^aye:s rivas \ ^€ >e 7)jv Upopyat T'lj 5 ck^arest Greek statements on the subject. ; — ; CTESIAE PERSICA. 31 80 CTESIAE TERSICA. [lib. I.] .\€.> neStop, MeroL Se IStav ?>. ,- t/fi/ic; 1 / ( t , \\ , , Tpcvjajitvoi. TOP ^ ',( 8 ^^ 8 . ^,. later, being due to an inference of in Yasna, xliv. 7, li. 17, and many Babylon, oyerthroys Jemshid, and p. 419, the following statement of tlie historian. In Moses of Choreno later passages). cruelly oppresses the Iranians (this Sir H. Bawlinson is adopted : i. 16,^ his w ill! respective wn tlie Assyrians The mediaeval Persian traditions is placed at a much earlier period "To discriminate the appears in a 14 ally different (probably following those of but elements of this new faith" (a con- Sassa- than the reign of Guslitasp) ; nexion. of and Aryan nian times) confused ^ishtuspa is at last overcome by Feridun. blending the Magian X ritlins (or Pseudo-Xantlnis), under the name of Gushtasp with Lenormant (v. p. 374) says this creeds) *'is ditficult, but not im- fr. li', ])hice(l Zoroaster 600 years Vis]itaspa(IIystaspes), the father of appears to indicate a period when possible. The Avorship of Mithra before the time of Xerxes I. (otlier Dareius I., or rather with Dareius the old Cushite monarchy of Baby- and Homa, or of the sun and moon, readings are 6000, 500, and himself, but maintain his which had been cherished by the Arian 5000) ; connec- lon subdued the Aryans, Hermippus (fr. 79), Theopompus, tion Avith Paktria. seems 'ery doubtful. colonists since their departure religious and Hermodorus placed him 5000 They relate that Arjasp, King Duncker (iv. p. 19, seq.) assumes, from Kiiruhhshetra ; their years before the Trojan war of Turan, took Balkh (Baktra), and from the two -humped camel on the chants corresponded with the A^edic Eudoxus 6000 years before the massacred the Zoroastrians, includ- black obelisk, that Baktria was in- hymns. . . . The antagonism of death of Plato. ing Lohrasp, father of King Gush- cluded in the dominions of Shal- Oromazdes and Arimanes, or of Amniianiis (xxiii. says tasp. ]V[alcolm, Ifi-sfoti/ but of night and darkness, was their own p. 272) (See of maneser II. (b. c. 889-823) ; '' Cni scientiam seculis priscis Persia, vol. i., peculiar and independent institu- multa and Duncker, Uidonj this we cannot be certain ; and ex other hand, the Chaldaeorum arcanis Pactrianus of Antiquity, iv. p. 258.) AVe have though he first mentions the Modes tion. On the addiditZoroastres origin of all things from Zerwan : i/^/wr/i'Hystaspes here, perhaps, a version of the same among the tribes he defeated, it is rex essentially a Mayian doc- prudentissimus Darii pater. legend which Ktesias has preserved doubtful if th(y were Aryans was The Zendavesta, alike in its in this inhabit- trine." (The Magians are assumed passage ; and if so, we may rather than the Turanian priests of earliest and its latest parts, speaks regard this as one of the instances ants of Media. to have been the the of races previously occupy- Spitama Zarathustra (or Zara- in which he has drawn on Iranian Of tlie true history of Zoroaster Turanian thrustra) as a religious teacher traditions to embellish his narra- and the nature of Iranian religion, ing Ir;in.) ** The veneration paid contemporary with King Vishtaspa, tive. yery various yiews have been held. to fire and yateJ came from the and the larsom of residing in Baktria (Eerekhdlia In Firdusi, Zohak, King of In IlaAvlinson's Herodotus^ i. same source ; and ^ " Ea igitur aestate semper in aqiiilonias partes . . . prafecta {Semiramu), poenas luit bello, Semiramis a Zoroastre in Armeniam fugam cepit, atque Assyriae Ninivesque praefecturam Zoroastri (Dzaradasht) Mago Medorum principi autem Cephalionem autem enim oceasionera naetus matrem necavit, . . . (cap. 17) dedit. Qiuimqiie id ita per lono^um tenipus fecisset, universum tandem imperiuni Ninyas * genituram iteraque de Zaravaste Mago fr. 1 : Deinde addit Samirainidis ; sinim ejus fidei commisit. A filiis autem suis propter impuros et mcretricios mores [fr. 2, cf. superatus est de anms denique Bactrianorura rege, et de bello quo hie a Semiramide : saepe atque acriter reprehensa, cunctos in terfecit praetor Ninyara natu miiiinnim, atque alii multi primum Semiramidis quibus Ninus regnavit'] inmemoria habeo . . . Is enim ut nmicis et procis siiis imperium atque tliesauros disportiens, filios nihiU pendebat. victoriam adepta ortum tum ejus adversus Zoroastrem bellum, ubi ut refert Semiramis (iuippe vir ejus Ninus, non ut fertur mortuus in Ninives regia ab ea sepultus erat, certius videtur quod Maribas ac deinde bellum Indicum exponit. Nobis autem id sed ubi impudicitiam rjus ac mores flagitiosos perspexit relieto regno in Cretani con- est etiam regionis fabulae Catinensis ex Chaldaicis libris indagavit ... Ad haec nostrae fugit. Quum vero filii ejus adoluissent atque intdligontia praediti essent, de omnibus earn pedibua Syro testimonium dant quae hie Semiramidis mortem narrantes, hisce rebus cam commonuerunt, eo animo ut diras ejus libidines coercerent atquo potasse ad armatos eliam appro- fugisse tradunt, et siti accensam, aquam petiisse et ; eflfieerent ut regnum et thesauros filiis suis traderet. Quod ea graviter ftrens, uni- est, Monilia Semi- pinquasse, torquesque in mare projecisse, unde dictum id nostrum verses, ut supra diximus, praeter unum Ninyani trucidavit. Ceterum quum Zoroastrea of Ktesias' version of ramidis in mari." The last sentence suggests a reminiscence inreginam deliquisset, et dissidiuni indc cxorirctur, bello eum Semiramis (Shamirani) lacessit the legend of Derketo. ; Medus enira dominari et rerum potiri per vim ipse cogitabat. Ingravescento PERSICA. 88 82 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. I•] CTESIAE «rat eV eXeiv, \ avrfj -8 1\',,\\•! 8c , 6 ^- 68 - i i , , - , ' jitrns rJ) , \\ . ^ , Zarathustra, the Zeiidavesta is the Magiau tlivin- the founder of the true ^Fazday- archangels or demons respectively. banished by Spitama afterwards transformed ini? rod. The most important asnian, or Parsi religion, which ab- But Dualism was very likely only but were The songs of the Magian modification, however, was sorbed the old religion of the ancient the innovation of an influential into angels. " (Median bards, whose songs tlio prr-'^iiiification of the okl here- fire priests" (p. 295), or Saoshyanto, sect. ** A new and fresh proof of bards mentioned by the Greek histor- sioiiyiu ( the Scythic race, and of whom he was one. His homo the unity of the Supreme Being are were the primary sources its immediate association Avitli seems to have been in Eaktria, was required. This was found in ians, and legends contained in the Oromazdes. Under tlie disguise of called Berekhdha Armaiti in the the term Zarvan akarana, ' bound- of the Haug, p. 194) have, Zara-fhustray which was the nearest Gathas, and Baklidlii in the Yendi- less time,' which we meet with Shahnameh, very little con- practicable Arian form, Ziru-ishtar dad, his age was not much later occasionally in the Zcndavcsta"; strictly speaking, the Zoroastrian religion. (or the seed of Venus) became a than B.C. 1200 (p. 264), only the but the interpretation for proving cern with tendency of the authors of these ])rophet and hxw-giver, receiving Gathas (Yasna, 28-35, 43-46, it means the Supreme Being rests The raise the dignity of inspiration from Aliuramazda, and 47-50, 51, 53) can be attributed to on a grammatical misunderstanding Y^ashts was to ]ii'M!iiing the national religion. him and his immediate followers. high the angels to that of Ahuramazda. (p. 309). Moreover, the reported to have Thi pretended synchronism of His doctrine, as ascertained from priests seem to have tried to con- Zarathustra is great reverence, of thi- i! i-tliushtra with Yishtaspa these, was based chiefly on mono- ciliate the men who were willing paid them is no trace in the clearly marks the epoch from which theism (p. 301), but Avith two to forsake the ancient polytheistic which there 262-3). it vas designed that reformed hostile spirits present everywhere, religion and its rites. The Soma Gathas (Haug, pp. be ascribed to between Magism should date, an epoch even in the Supreme Being, rite was reintroduced in a modified They may as Gaotema is selected doubtless out of deference Aliuramazda. The remainder of form (Haoraa: see Y'asna ix.-xi. B.C. 450 and 350, in Fravadin Yasht, 16, to the later Achaemenian kings." the older Y^asna, written in the &c.). Kew invocations addressed to mentioned identified with Wo find a very different view in Gatha dialect, was composed soon those divine beings wdio occupied and is to be who died b. c. Ilaiig {Essays on the Parsis, pp. after the time of Zarathushtra, and the place of the ancient Devas were Gautama Buddha, The worship 286-310. Compare pp. 263-4). in it the religion has already be- composed, and form the substance 543 (Haug, p. 263). and Anahita by Arta- According to him, Zarathustra come slightly corrupted. Later of the late Y'asna (p. 259). of Mithra title equivalent to ' xerxes II. is also alluded to in is a priest, still are the Later Yasna, the Yis- Still later are the Yashts. ' This his! inscription,^ but never by borne by successive teachers ; but parad, and the Ycndidad, dating kind of literature grcAV up at a I. 263). Haug con- the special appellation of the about li. c. 1000-700, and in some time when the Zoroastrian religion Dareius (p. the word Magava, which original prophet was Spitama parts as late as b. c. 500 (p. 264). In had already very much degenerated, sidered to Zoroastrians in the iiathustra. Zarathustra of the these the Mazdayasnian religion is and its original monotheism had is applied {Yas7ia, li. and Yendi- Siiitama family (Spitama is by still further corrupted. Dualism is partially given vay to the old gods, Gathas 15), = other European scholars translated completed by the separation of the had been stigmatized and dad (iv. 47) as Magus. * 1 luly ' ). The struggle with the ad- Good and Bad spirits in Aliuramazda, : " Says Artaxerxes, the great herents of the A^edic creed may have the former being identified with 1 At Susa, see Loftus, Chaldam and Susiana, p. 372 1 placed the images of Tanata and Milhra in the la-tr 1 ! siveral centuries before he him, the latter made into a hostile king ... by the aid of Ormazd gods (?).'» Ormazd, Tanata, and Mithra protect me with the (other) aipeaiXAl m Iran, and separated a power under the name of Angromain- temple. May inscription, and is supported " The form T^mata comes from the Turanian version of the It• \v community. lie has, there- yush 305, Yendidad, farg. (p. 1). has [A]nahata, the Bai)ylonian Anakhitu (see by Berosus and Strabo : the Persian s'c, ninny claims to be regarded as Each is provided Avitli a council of 160). The deity intended seems to Is orris, in Journal of lioyal Asiatic Society, xv. p. D — CTESIAE PERSICA. 85 84 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. '.] ianv (y u 7 i. 77€\ -. 8 , ' ivSov -> ev IT > 1 ( ' avrfj re , - oSoLWopi'i^, ( top , , )> (S 8 77/) 7 cV , , / (/ >) , ' r rrt/)oj' \\., 8 ^ . - ., ' 8 - , ^ yti-ijjiei'y cU it' \\, , 76/) , . , , 6 ^^ . 6000 years before their time, by tion of the Avesta before b. c. 600 l)unc'kcY {Jlisfori/ ofAntiquity, one was ranged over against Aura- the system of cycles of 3000 years (p. 104). (''All the various parts " vol. iv. book vii.) we find a soDie- mazda as his twin brother (p. mentioned in the Mainyo-i-Khard, were collected together before the what diiferont view, not very in- 159). "It is a late speculation, and Eundehesh. He regards the 'Enlightened* [Gautama] began to telligibly expressed. Vhile re- diverging from the Avesta, which Magi* as the priests of the Aryans, preach on the Ganges, t. e. about cognising^ the superior anticinity of foimed the good and q\\\ spirits into apparently from the first (p. 90 the year 600 B.C." He, therefore, the Gathas, he does not see much simple forces, and ranged them and p. 243 *^^.), but he rejects the rejects Hang's recognition of Gau- conflict between the religious views against each other with equal identity of Maghava, in the Avesta, tama in the Eravardin Yasht, in expressed there and in the later powers." His view as to Zarvan- with Magus, ]>. 191), and adds which he agrees with Geiger.) '* . . these various theories, of portions of the Avesta, at p. 146 akarana is like Hang's (p. 160). (p. 91): Let us hold firmly . Of that ** *' is probably on the he says : We may, without hesi- In the Gathas we have the that the worship of Auramazda Haug whole to tation, . . . they counts for all the phenomena better not belong to the original faith of faith of Iran arose but century b. c. ; that the same wor- in than other, is clear the Arians of Iran. . . . These have been systematised the ship was in force among the Medes any and and priests. the consistent in itself. names belong to a period of reflec- circles of the Hence . . . about 650 b. c," and must prescripts of other least, b. c. Spiegel considers the Avesta to tion. . . . The wavering position contents and have been so since, at Avhich Auramazda takes up in the parts of the Avesta, which do not 750, and that, therefore, the doc- belong to AVestern Iran, and as- Avesta toAvards the old deities present a speculative tendency, are trine must have existed m East signs it to a comparatively late date. considers it : h Avs that he is of later origin. . . . not on that account to be regarded Iran about B.C. 800, and earlier; De Harlez to belong He sacrifices to Tistrya ... to as of later origin than the Gathas and he places the composition of the to liorthern Iran (Ragha), and 1 fixes its date as after b. c. 500. Ardviqura . . . and to other gods least of all the invocations to the Avesta in Eaktria (p. 3 1 and p. 36). of the old period." (All this is ancient deities" (p. 161). As the chief Median and Persian Geiger regards it as East Iranian, related in the Yashts only). He explains the statements of cities are not mentioned in the and AvhoUy pre-Achaemenian, and ^Trom the beginning the evil the Greeks, that Zoroaster lived Vendidad, he assigns it to a date perhaps even earlier than the Median before Zoroastrianism reached them Empire {Civilizatiofi of the Eastern Iranians, ii. Tlie have been the Aidvi^ura of the Avesta, but ber Morsliip at Susa resembled that of (p. 95). He places the latest por- p. 111). Achae- Isbtar ; the Greeks identified her with Artemis (see Tolyb. xxxi. 11, where Antiochus,* attempt to plunder this temple is described). Compare Berosus, iii. 16. Classical * . 191 —he regards Athravas as the Eastern, Magusli as the Western, name of MTiters mention severaF successive Zoroastrian writers, one of whom, Osthnnes, was, the priests. according to Pliny, a contemporary of Xerxes. D 2 ^ TEESICA. [lib. PERSICA. 37 P>6 CTESIAE I.] CTESIAE ! L•' CI yvvalKa t ' 77 fX'iTO ^ SI ^^. ) .. / , , ,, (, ^ iv <; /, ,-rex< ^ ?, hM8v, . ^- ' •«1 TU 1 , .^ 8 . - ,. oL• , ;, 8 , ^ ' F R G 3 . brickwork, with probably a flight of Moses of Chorene has been of steps leading up to it on the qui Deinon (fr. 1) Gcntcs, . 52). [Age nunc vcniat already quoted. i\nu.hiusA,Jv. south side, and with a stone base- ab orbc Zuroastres, says that Semirarais, having per- .or i-nom.i znnmn. magis interiore ment, about twenty feet high, and ,, suaded her husband to entrust the ille authorl, Bactrianus ct above it a facing of fine kiln-bumt ll,,inipiH. lit assentiamur royal power to her for live days, exponit bricks. Ktesias, as usual, exag- gcstas liistoriarum to gain over the magnates ,.,,,. 1,'iat, rnj.;~ Licsias res used it gerates the dimensions of the and then deposed and imprisoned ' mound.* him. 5: Nos fiiimus causa—ut inter Other classical Ml. J(l. i/cap. 7//€€(9€1 By this is '] writers attributed the foundation of Assvriosrt n:Htilni..-^Nin €tl be ' - 8c Tov^ \ , [ ^, ^, , ^ '^ 8 , 8 ,^ T>/s ,^ , , ' • ., \\\ - .9 , TpLaKoaivji• ^ , ^ - €\., ]\ ' , , ' ^ tlvai , 8 ^, cV I'uos ( [ 6 ^^. ' \)7 8, - ^. CiFKLvaij-e, , [? Krr^crias ], F R G 4 . it has been assumed Curtius (v. 1, 27) of 308. The Herodotus as ov Ba- that,he pLacecl Semiraiuis at the height is given by (Ccplialion, fr. ap. Syncoll., p. 1G7). [" (), Trojan war, i. e. about 200 cubits, by Ktesias as 50 orguiai time of the (Ccplialion) B.C. 1200; but he only says she (= 200 cubits), Strabo 50 cubits, , ^^^ . . . ' did noiXwid later. Ammianus, xxiii. Curtius 50 or 100 cubits. All , p. 270, endeavours to reconcile traces of this outer vall, which ,^ ^ the two versions, assigning the must have enclosed a large tract of (). (Tzetzes, Hist. ix. 568). [ 8 IBelus, the walls to country, seem to have disap- citadel to open . . . of the Oppert assumes that it Semiramis. The buildings peared ; ,. city were really the work of a long included Borsippa. (For a descrip- '' . . . succession of princes. Most of those tion of Eabylon generally, see . . . which Ktesias assigns to Semiramifi llawlinson's and Sayce's notes on and Kaw- were either erected or improved by Herodotus, i. 178-183, . - Kebuchadrezzar.^ linson's Herodotus, vol. ii. pp. 570, avviqyayEv seq.) Sayce identifies the outer - . . . , which is that ' XcLuij ^ was in accordance vall of Herodotus, . ' : see, for here described by Ktesias, with the 8 with Assyrian custom inscription of 18 instance, the inscription of Esar- Nimitti-Bilu of the , h addon, translated in Eecords of Xebuchadrezzar, who claims to '\ * Avell the Fast, vol. iii. pp. 109, sq.^ have finished ' it, as as the col. V, inner wall. Sir H. Ilawlinson asphalt, the outer of brick only; of building by the Babylonians is (i. gives believes the height of the wall not \•>^ Ifrrodotus 178) is obscure. is likely but the passage well known ; but it not the city a circumference of 480 to have exceeded 70 feet. See Layard, outer walls of the city cXcat ^^] that the stadia, Ktesias of 360, Kleitarchus cts 495 ? sub- Nineveh and £abi/Ion, p. ; constructed of any more of this were 365, Strabo (xvi. 1; p. 335) of 385, The use mode 41, ^] sun-dried Loftus, Chaldea and Susiatia, pp. stantial material than to the present condition of brick or earth. Berosus (ii. 14) 45, as 1 Berosus, iii. fr. U (Ap. Joseph, c. Ap. c;ip. 20), censures the Greek writers who says that the inner these marshes. thought that Babylon was founded by *' Semiramis, the Assyrian," and who ascribed apparently brick and to her the wonderful works erected there by Nebuchadrezzar. rampart was of burnt — [lib. CTESIAE PERSICA. 41 I CTESIAE PERBICA. I.] , ^ / ^ . -^ EPITOME D 1 D R I /, . ^^ 7 dJhni. ii. 8). 11/309 - ' 8^. ( ^^, - LKai-lr lU , 8€€€ ,,' €^•( ' /:< 7 , ^ , . , ot plated with copper and strength- . , . . . ' ened with iron I built up its gates. .^1^ ', ^, as compared ' in war, of ... As a further defence TTOoas ^^' - Avitli the Standard inscription impregnable Nebuchadrezzar, which calls the at the Ingur-Bel, the ()^// strong fxHs . . . with two edifice constructed in fifteen days outer wall, mortar. I made tvTi'jKiyvau: ns - Curtius {£xp. Alex., v. 1, lines of brick and a fort); strong fort, 400 ammas square, . . pensiles a ' - 32, Super arce . . - Nimiti-Bel, the inner The gardens were a inside the U , horti sunt. /'/^/ in the defence of the Babylonians. , of the palace) ; and part them I ^ s* Standard inscription of Nebuchad- Masonry of brick within of my : with the palace .!' rrD rezzar (ap. llawlinson, Herodotus, constructed . . lu fif- , " The great palace cal- father I connected it. . '')! (( 77) H ii. p. 588, . place teen days I completed it"). led Tapratinisi . . . the high .1 • yt^-'Vpa gives the real , of liabylon, This last extract of royalty in the land date of the greater of the two '' t^LLV , in tlie middle of Babylon, and attributed in the text to ^/- stretching from the Ingur-Bel [the palaces , represented It is now ' of the city] to the bed Semiramis. inner wall //() Tjf east € canal, by the Kasr mound, on the ' of the Shebil, the eastern rri/ioi) Ti>v Sippara bank of the Euphrates. The lesser - i bank of the € and from the Nergal-shar- 7 / , palace was erected by 7)/(/ river to the water of the Yapur- , its remains my ezer (b. c. 559-556) ; etyiKOi'Tci. /3 Shapu, Avhich Nabopolassar, divided by the river, w^hich father, built with brick, and raised are now reservoir of Baby- has altered its course. up ; wlien the Because the palaces, 7 '] Asciibod \>j of Eabylon is found in the de- lon was full, the gates of this ~\ to the usual Assyrian, Horodutus to iiitokris (i. 186). scriptions given by Herodotus (i. palace were flooded. I raised the according Persian custom, correct, 181, cv 8c €€[) it was Babylonian, and Ti liawlinson's version is € mound of brick on which on raised platforms. Kebucliadrezzar attributes it, in €€€;( iv iv built, and made smooth its plat- stood inscription, to his tc foundations I pro- i' his standard ^^ form. . . . The Also a work of Nebuchad- father. . . .); Berosus (iii. tected against the water with bricks . . .] Inscription The same con- 14, , and I finished it com- rezzar (Standard ] € ) and mortar ; - I Ingur-Bel, ... . ''Besides the nection between the palaces and . . pletely. Long beams I set up to constructed, inside Babylon, on the some of the inner fortifications trepa /3€ support it. With pillars and beams \ [lib. PERSICA. 43 42 CTESIAE PERSICA. I.] CTESIAE /€, ttXiV- . ' - ' ' tr^pov ivTo^ , , ' ^, iv ^ en raw ;^ ^, 6 \ . "8 ' ^ , , ; ' /3€ 6 ^; , .- , ' ' , . - [< , . . " xjJo ' ' €8 ,. , / , 8 , 8 , , / ^ . . ", ^ '- ' 8- .8, ^ € ' 9). /3/9 ^^ (Diod. . ]€ '. , ^ ^^ ,§ 8 , ,8 more exten- eastern side of the river, a fortifica- ment was probably even ' fragments tion ... a long rampart, 4000 sive. Layard found some ,. of this very palace ammas square [/. e. about 5 miles, in the ruins defence. (Layard, op. cit., p. 507). Loftus \} stadia], as an extra , or 44 fragments at 8usa : fouud similar - I excavated the ditch witli brick ' Susiana, 396). and mortar I ^' -nnd its bed. ... I {^Chaldaea and p. fig- adorned its gates. The folding- Probably ]such as we see in instance repre- wife of Nebuchadrezzar. The doors and the i>illars I plated with ures of monsters, reliefs, but in this reservoir plays an important part copper." This description may the Assyrian bas-reliefs, and on sented by painting or on enamelled in his account of the first Persian refer more especially to tlie inner Eabylonian and Assyrian cylinders. bricks. capture of Babylon. According to of Ktesias, forty stadia Nebuchadrezzar, in a cylinder in- Statrat Compare Ts'Obu- ] built the bridge him, Nitokris square.) scription (see Budge, Babylonian chadrezzar's description of the says he when the river was turned out of iv tri rats '] A Life and IHatory, p. 17), gates. and he has no mention placed images of mighty birds and The its course ; description of the enamelled bricks, § 8. ^€€ ascribed to poisonous snakes on the threshold according]to Loftus of the tunnel here of which several specimens used for Bahr-i-Xedjcf, of of Semiramis. The inscriptions Avail decoration have been found of the great gates of one the {Chald. and Sus., p. 41). He of Nebuchadrezzar give long, but not in Assyria. (^See Smith, Aiisyrian fortresses at Babylon. describes it as a great sheet very intelligible, accounts of the Biscoveries, p. 79, etc.) In Eaby- €8€ . . . water, forty miles long, connected embankments, or quays, of bitumen , where stone slabs for panel- '] Possibly the fort 400 with the Euphrates marslies. and brick, and the reservoirs con- ling were little used (a fragment of ammas (about 4 stadia) square of Herodotus (i. 184, sq.) attributes structed by himself and his father one from the Kasr at Babylon is Xebuchadrezzar. the Avorks here described partly to Babylon. figured in Layard, Nineveh and Kvvr'jyLov^ "A liunting scene," the historical Semiramis and partly at in the BahijloHy p. 008;, their employ- such as are represejited Assyrian to jSitokris, who was perhaps 45 [lib. CTESIAE PEPvSICA. PERSICA. I.] 44 CTESIAE ahv Uarepov - To Sa "^ /, , 4< ^ ^. epi ^ ^Xin^rep ^^), ' 5 7;'' , . . ' - ^ ' , ' , . , ^, h ^,- ,. , ^^ ^ , , ^/. . ' 7] /-^ , o'uFTt Trw 8, , , Tvr ' - . Ba/3vWa ^ , 6 . , . ' ' 8^ ' , >^/ viXca , . .' /£\/ ^-. ^ > , ^- ' . ^ vim. . [ ^ , . , ' oIkoSo- . .]. , . , . ^ ^ , S 10). - ^ 9 (Diod. . ' ] / rt- ^Jyva , ^', '. , , ^ ,, 8, ^09 ^ ' . ,', , Kasr meant by forming a portion of the Irr^v however, is also generally mound. Gardens such as are here ' Ilhea. Assy- ^ described are represented in - oiKCtrat , Tt /xfpos - Nmeirh and (kis . This rian reliefs (Layard, €/09 €9€€] , ; and the Babylo- 232) been always the Bahilon, p. appears to liave referred Avith the ruin at Babylon called nian^ gardens are, perhaps, lepbv . 27. , case: compare Curtius, v. 1, standard latter view is now a passage of the is still doubtful whether Babil. The 'mostly to in It Strabo speaks of it as ^ of Nebuchadrezzar, Both build- inscription the temple of Belus described by generally accepted. (xvi. desert' in his time 1, Ziggurats, after describing his works classical writers (Herodotus, i. ings were originally and where, p. 336). :— Inside the description of the classical on the palace, he says " 1^1 Strabo, xvi. 1, p. 335 ; ; 9. Ttvo5 - g fortifications another Curtius, v. 24, writers might apply to either. the brick jBerosus, iii. 14; 1, Viz. Nebuchadrezzar, who '] of long stones identical Avith the The position assigned by Herodotus Median great fortification &c.) was constructed them for his * stone struc- ** at (i. 181) to the temple of Belus is, (Berosus mentions Temple of the Seven Lights" iii, H)• They wife (Berosus, were vei^ unusual restoration of which, however, inconsistent with the and tures,' which Borsippa, the formed a part of the palace, in connection with the is described in edifice intended by him being that the at Babylon, by Nebuchadrezzar, perhaps, represented by are, gardens; Curtius speaks his inscription, and which is represented by the mound of Babil. brickwork hanging ehapeless masses of the ruin stvled Birs-!Mmrud, or "Hfjtt?] Probably Beltis, who, 46 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. I.] CTESIAE PEESICA. 47 Ti€p^r[Sa, /cat eV Speac //? 8. 6 8, a^toj u ;oz/ 8 / . '''^^'''^€\ , ' 18. ii. - /^ " § 10 (Diod. 11). \ :7«/; (Oci 7 0/ /€^ eU ^'/^ , y;^'^V^^^' ^*- ""^ iv ^\ 6/ Tod 8, - "f^';' , \\. '"^^' 8 ' , ^ • ' ^ del , ' (!^. S' 8 ' ^^ ^^- »s . . et^ei/ err ?8 8 ^ ' ^^^^''-''^^.', , f^-Tfi^' , .)[ . . ' ^'^/' ' '/)/ , ^/ 8, ' €• Tcis ' ^^^ /cot, ' - ^ ^^• ^ \ 8- 8 8, 8 ^/ ,. ' ?9 8 ,. - 8 , 8, 8 884. /3^' 8' - 8 , /) '. * \\ , <-^^y ' ' ^• S^ ^^-- 13). \ Upov Now scription points to a stela, with , , ] ,^ ^, ..€(€ ^, ^? liehistun, celebrated for the tri- a figure of the king, accompanied - lingual inscription of Dareius I., by an inscription (such as the with the relief accompanying it. Assyrian kings were in the habit §11 Compare Hero- Italy, Ammianus (/. c), mentions ] Tliere are also some later inscrip- of erecting, or sculpturing on rocks, dotus, 1. 179, with the notes of other instances. The deadly lake tions. It is impossible that the Eawlinson and Sayce in countries they conquered), with ; Straho, xvi. was, perhaps, merely a hog or meaning of that of Dareius could other i. sculptures, beside it. Bagis- p. 343 ; Ammianus, xxiii. 269. p. quicksand, Ktesias here displaying have been unknown to Ktesias. tan is in Persian ''Place of God," The deadly fountain (hiatus terra) his usual tendency to exaggcrato AYe must in suppose that he is here so its name is here correctly inter- Ammianus) in its properties re- marvels. alluding to some earlier probably preted. semhled the Grotto del Cane in — Assyrian—sculptures and inscrip- \ < E ] 50 CTESIAE PERSICA. Flik. I.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 51 , €€• avrrj - , / . , ' G . .] (Stephamis Byz.). [^ 77(:9, EPITOME DIODORI. eV ^ ] e^^eXavVet, re /cat , 8. § 13 (Diod. ii. l;3. 5). 8 eV ,' F R G 6 . . ^,- (Syncellus, Chronogruph, p. G^, forte liic , , pcrtinot, . scJ cuiiiti Eint. § U, infra). (Ninuni) ^ \ "^^^ , / 6?>6. Tliis is one of the portions of the resisted: , . . . thou didst strike narrative of Ktcsias most clearly him, and to Lenormant points out that this Babylonian, a pillar (?) thou didst Agamatanu ; Hebrew derived from the Babylonian turn him story embodies the legend prob- or Aramaic, ; thou didst place him in — Achmetha (Ezra, vi. 2); legends of Ishtar. In ably the sixth the midst of the ground. ... He Armenian, or at least Orien- Modern Persian, Hamadan. The book of the Epic of Izdubar, tlie riseth not up, he tal—of Er, son of Armenius the Agbatana of Ktesias, and goeth not . . . the goddess proposes to take Izdubar and Pamphylian, who was apparently me thou dost love, and like to Ekbatana of most classical writers, as ]m husband. He refuses, and slain in battle, but whose them thou wilt sei^vc me " (G. body and the Hagmatana, Agamatanu, or recites the fate which had befallen Smith, did not corrupt, and who revived Chahlaean Genesis, ]). 219- Agamtanu and Achmetha of the her previous lovers. She wronged on the funeral pyre ;' 221). The fate of Isullanu suggests (Plato, jRep. x, Persian, Babylonian, and Jewish Dumuzi (Tammuz or Adonis). the Plutarch, Symp. xi. which appears in tho 7, where he is records, were probably the modern " Country after country mourn his son of Harmonius ; rationalized version of Ktesias. Macrobius, Hamadan; but the Agbatana of love. The wild eagle also thou Somn. Scij). Moses of Chorene works an Ar- i. 1); Moses (i. 15) Herodotus (i. 98, sq.), the Ekbatana didst love, niif] then didst strike menian also ascribes to Semiramis the of legend into his account of Judith and of Moses of Chorene hi Hi, itri'l lis wings thou didst works one of the amours of Semiramis at ^, really due to the (ii. 84), is supposed by Rawlinson break. . . . Thou didst love also a native kings of Eiaina. {Hist. i. 14). Arai, son of Aram, {Herodotus, i. p. 227) to have been ruler of the country, and continu- king of Armenia, Avas remarkable § 13. Diodorus and the Ganzaka of other Greek ally thou didst break his weapons. for his beauty. Photius ^both use the form Ekba- writers, the Semiramis, there- modern Tahkti Sole'i- Every day he propitiated thee with tana ; but in fore, proposed to him to become consequence of the inan in Media Atropatene. Isidorus offerings her ; thou didst strike him, husband, and, statement of Stephanus I have of Charax uses the on his refusal, in- form - and to a leopard thou didst change vaded Armenia, ventured to introduce the form to compel him to him liis . ; own city drove him away, do so. Agbatana into the Her sons, however, slew text of Ktesias The same as and his dogs tore his wounds. throughout. ^ him in battle The form in the old Zagrus according to ; but she preserved Baehr and Thou didst love also Isullanu, tho his body, and Persian inscriptions is Hagmatana Miiller. gave out that the ; husbandman of tliy father ; ... in gods had been induced by her thy taking him also thou didst magical arts to restore Arai airoXoyou . . . to life 'Hpos ', > yiuos os iv turn € cruel. Isullanu thy cruelty for ^ the gratiiication €\€•5, , of her passion. ^^ SeKaraiwu ^ ^4, vyi^s ^ €5 5e 5€, 4\\ in\ ] ,652 €$ . 1 2 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. I. era , 8, iie\()i 7) (' €< //? /^^- ' . ' ' iU ', ,/?''' cf 8,- (KTcr ii' , -^' ^. ^Xvvhpov yap LIBER SECUNDUS. 7 7T('>\cc>s^ , - }j(r€i> ' 77(1(7 , EPITOME DIODOm. )!' )(>, >~ , hcohtKa 'Viol•' /) , 14 (Diod. ii. 14). Mera - ? § KakelrfiL fitp 'i)po/T//^\ d] Be 8 ^, '€')^ pcyt^ii ^, > ^. 8 i)p'n()P €) Tyj\ ^ •..<)(•)- LiK(ju'i'iT€VTL. ijK \' /' fnJiD/s (is ,, . CitLTKaoe ., - ' 8ii'i/i?'f fih' : 'S. ^, , - ^''^/ ,^ - r)a hi . ^ ' , ^/^ ' ' . 88 , '', . Alb . * ^ / 9 '- 7€ Kct/AcVov] ** Tho a fruitful plain, abundantly watered ancient city " (at Hamadan) "was by the streams which poured down . , built on a steep eminence, from from the lofty Orontes." F R G 7 . which it descended on all sides to '/] Now El vend. (Steplianus Byzaiit.) [ . ^ 'cu '^.'E/c tcjv ^ - § 14. ] Compare frag. Fr. 7. Tt'/jt^a] *'Alia forma est 6, where another account is given nominis €8 vel quae of the origin of these mounds. est Thraciae urbs ad Perinthi di- They were probably either sepul- tionem pertinens hodieque audit chral tumuli, or mounds marking Feredschich . , . Memoratur Tyre- the sites of ruined cities. Compare diza ap Herodot. vii. 25, et ex Strabo, xii. 2, p. 8, 8e Persicis Hellauici (fr. 162)." iSe/xtpci/xtSos re- tiller. Tci^to'/xcra) . 54 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. II.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 55 EPITOME I> 1 D R I . F R G U . f (d) n: 1 > 1 Mit.l. ii. 14. 8). Mera re ('0 (*) ' xvi. TTiiiTdi' i~}jXJk. Kill - (Strabo 4, p. (Antigonus Caryst. (Sotion cap. 17). (Plin. . xxxi. . 1125 B. p. 402, Mist. Mir. 160). 2). 7Tap}>kJk:' eL9 '^^, , Tauclinitz). ' 5t (- eV [Sed ibi in potan- -. / yti taUai Xoyiov, [ Se t))V [ [5 ] yeiv)'] iv KpT]VT]v \- do necessarius modus .'((-<', Ki/tStoj/] ^ [- - \\ rh TO/?erj TuS ne lymphatos agat,] Topeij/] iKSiSovaau {) \ €ts T^v ip- ^X^i-v epudphv quod in Aetbiopia •..7\^ rtvl-tirlUu I ' ecrecr^^at ^ \p6vov - €€9 55 ! . rovs accidere his, qui ! € fu7'/ ;^ ; , tiovvr]. ' 5. Tovs ' ' avTrjs Tas ' - fonte rubrobiberint, , TTiouTas [Ctesias scribit]. ~'< (^^[ / , \ $ 5 yiyveadai. € (17 {> '' $ 7* \' ^ 8. Eivac yap ^e^pay4va - (.'OJTI ')'!' ^ ye7v. ttoCloi' i!)s c/c 170/,ti^z/K'^i ' 7, 8 - KwraBcpci. ' ' ' ^^, EPITOME DIODORI. i ''• « .1 ,' ?> ' yap ^' (Diod. ii. 15). § IG '. { ' CS /,^/ , \ bicXaJk•' aji'! /, . /5. /, , a L . , vt)\0V TO , eipijKt. F R G [ 8 . ' 6 ^ ^. U. 1. ^ ( . S' oTL 56.) [ tow - ] ii (' [ikii}\Ujne et Troja in Aegypto) 6 ,croj/xacrt. (!(', ^ - , 8 \"(' t S \iyi7;7' / ^ 8 crecr^at Sio 7(€.^( naTf)Ld(')•' ^'(.iLtrnvs . ,' , }•3. '"i Klem. Alex. "//] The god worshipped in 16. ^- case containing the remains, and ] § Sfroii . J. = . .;7, " | speaks of Scniirii- the Oases seems to have been reallv €'] = to be negli- afterwards hardened. Burning the iiii-, km- (it / E^Tpt:. AVilkinson Khnum, not Amnn. (Wilkinson gent." Ktesias probably read dead was utterly abhorrent to the ( iw liii'inTi's ILrodotus, ii. p. 354) in Kawlinson's for in his customs of the Egyptians and Herodotus, ii. p. '€ mKM\h>\i- :i ^ngo-estion. that -(iii. civilized Ethiopians, anil TCtesias by 285.) copy of IIiTodotus 24). For iSeiiiirnni- w i- iritciidcd ilatasii, ^ have, perhaps, the meaning of i-eAos consult the must be mistaken on this point. the great queen of the eighteenth here (and in fr. 9) a distorted ac- commentators on the passage of ctKoVa] By this we are, perhaps, «lyiKi-tv. I'ji-. Lius (Pref. in vers. count of the use of a poisonous Herodotus, and on this passage. to understand the mummy case, Hiernn . to. 5) makes is^inus and liquid as an ordeal, like the tangena Ktesias eviduntly regarded it as which is often shaped in a rough Semiramis contem])orary Avith the of ^ladagascar. Compare Indika, transparent composition, which was likeness of the bodv within; in sixteenth Egyptian dynasty. §14. poured in a fluid state over the the case of distinguished persons it 56 CTESIAE PEESICA. [lib. II.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 57 veXov. .- , ' '- ^^^'^y^^'>TL. , {jpTjac J , 7'7\/( - , , ^. Vt\()l' ~(.l:TL' ^, ' . il. . 111• A » , , rcn^ i*i i S ^• ' ii If]), 8 . 7 ' \ , , , '- ^^-^(^ , €h ^ -. " 8 , , /.' , . , . ' - -rrXeKTrrji' ,, , ' //' , '^ . ,/? , ^^^ ~' '^ ^9 '"^/f y^^'f^' t< (lJi< . 1 , is ^ €(•(1 j. , ' Tos - - , , ,• ^'^? ~^ . 6 ^'> , [_ areypa^M,^^ , , . ^ ) 7'7)'<>• [, .' ')! ^ . GC ' , - ~'\( 7^€9 . ',,-.,^ . Compare In- 7^< -;\;9, § 18. rovs . . '] (TfiTo - avvy]0€Ls eVoiovv] For tlie horses* dilia, § 6. The bamboo is probably ^- . Hero- meant. / dislike to camels compare , dotus, i. 80, and Rawlinson's note. ) 60 CTESIAE TERSICA. [lib. II.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 01 €>€, * ^ § 20 (Diod. ii. 19). To t " Sionep ^^ , -^yyiaai^ ]£- ~\y]i)OHjniT,L T(j)v , , ,6 /3 !' ' ^/^/ - pe 3>/ /' pe'iffpov . ^ ., ,KLi'hvi'ov , , - ' \ Hi/ ~cp\ \'\ca• . ' ., €77(1 ()tk LiTu. ()( ) VLKj) , ' - 7 C / OtKU. 6 / /. ^^ ^8 ^ ' - /ia(jc/\Li>» (177 /rviye , - , ' €>(-} //." , ^^ - - fi.€i-.f^ 7-(. /37^/ . trry- ' , , i>t 1/ . , , <>' txeic ( , , . yiijvpai', ol - 8, (^ ?' ;> 8 , , 8 2- aXkij ' , ^8, 8 ,- 6 <.)€ , , ' ' ^ jr/jfr ^- ' ' ^ 8, . ^, ^^» ', b' • , 8• ,. ,' ? . . ^/ , ' >^ /->/> 77/ .8 . '>^ tr . , , 8 , ai'(nr\i- ' , ,- , . ' 6 - '/•(; /] ' '? ^^/ , , \\,88 . , 8. , 6 / ^^ ^ — — G2 CTESIAE PERSICA. iLlli. II.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 63 V ' '^^' 't''^^ ^ / '^-'. in 21 (Diod. ii. 20). 8 € ^ § ^^ rod enetr ' ' *^^'^ "'^'' ' , ^<^^ ^ ' €€ , ''-(^. ^^^^>^ ^,Seiphv , '^^^^^^rrtviTc. iTokh ) ^ "^ (cod. ^) '. 8e ^ , eVi - 701- , ha , \ , € Xeyuiv, otl , ''^' /^^'^'Au/.r>79 € € ^ - 8 €€ , ^' 8tLV ^ ' €€ € , ^/ ^^' ^:'^'|^"" cViKCt/xeVcui^, - €€. 8.^'8 - ""^' f''[^ ''''[ ^^, ' € ^ ctvat Trepiopav . \^ 8•- .~\ ^^'/"'^ ~'r^ >€ Vas 8 ^- The narrative contained in this '^' , - ^''";' ^"""'^''- ''>^^^ - ' vcavias passage is apparently referred to by "^''^'-^'' ;>^« rnr ' ^, Kephalion (fr. 1, ap. Syneell, p. -'^^^l^fi'^'^V^rras , ", 8 167 ^ ' )(^ ^\"^/\^^^^^^ , ' ' -^^^ , ' NtVov * /?' ''''''"'^'' , ^- ^ ^^^^^ Tod 8, (^ 8 . . . (j(/}(,(: ij T()s, '''^ 8 , f>'>i ^^^^X^' ' , . „ ^ ), ' \iOow btu'JU.^.pe, , . - 8 €>:. ^ • 8 ^ ., ' /3.... . "^ - 88 ^^'''' ^«^'^ , ':' ;^ I'y 8 . The occurrence of the Ionic ^'''^^-^^', Tioy , form (Cod. is, 8 ^5 '€ Escur. ^/^^^ ) '', as Muller points out, strong evi- '!''' ^^^^^^^^^ /^ 8 \ ], , dence that the passage in ^ikolaus ''^^'-'Y'l•' ^ ^. • . 8 comes from Ktesias. '.. , , £7* Polyaenus, viii. 26, has a passage, ^ ^ ) . "8 apparently corrupt, alluding to a 8 - revolt of the Sirakcs against Semi- ^.'., ^20. />] Xcarchus, (ap. 6 ramis, and giving "Otl 'IvSlkov . an inscription f^trah. XV. ^ 1, p. 250) says she set up by her on certain cVei iyevero , - statues, the escaped with. twcDty € style men only. cV of which is not unlike that MySoLS, cVt tl , 8 - of The following passage of Niko- a genuine Assyrian , TravToOcv " cV . inscription. lans is almost certainly derived 7€€ 8, - Valerius Maximus, ix. 3, 4, also tells from this portion of Ktesias' work the first part of the story, but sub- ; 7€, iOeaTo i'Ut i iiave not ventured to insert it stitutes a revolt of Babylon for that €$48, ^) among his fragments ' in the absence 8, ot of the Sirakes. of direct : 8. evidence " and fr. 11. . Se 21, €8€€7] § . . (Xicolaus, fr. 7, Exc. do Tnsid.) €'.;^09 ^ Moses of Chorene's €€€ € )1' , ^ y 64 CTESIAE TERSICA. [lib. II.] CTESIAE PERSICA. :i) ovSer - } aLLKjy ' ' Sevrepco Jl•'.] u()v(ra. K(LL 7 ^ \•)^ -, ,^- fi€Ta(rTr](r(ffi€ri/. ^Ez^lol FRAGMENTUM 11. yti'tirOai. , (Athonagoras, Leg. pro Christian, 26). -'^, /j.€7 /cat [ ^\ 'IvpoC yap \\(T(FVi}L')Vs ' • , ^ firf'-ii y ' ^c/i /.' . , [ 77(7/ ^ iuocov, ' ^ ^]. ' e'r>/ , /3acriXei;cracra Bcrosus, and independent festivals — one Persian, ^ T FRAGMENTUM 10. iini'tis, ' xi\.. p. G30 /. Ikx/SuXcjj / 7 [ -' ^fLKtar rra'T'i, tl•• ali — 86 OLK€To.ii', (•>£( "f 7>]n 88 version of the close of the reign of p. 431 — ETTt^c/xcFot ' (Sacis) Semiramis has been already cited on g 5. Tu-tiri. i 2. says, "ad pos- rore ] ti' nnnn cum concubitum filii pe- ( . . . tiisset ab eodem interfecta est xlii. , annos post is"inum regno potita," lepuv it'i which .•.80. (JTerodotus, \} '^ i. p. 'i 18) compares the fact that ' ]'. hi- was regarded as both the !2. Hesy- ijiutlii. 1' uiiit wife of Nin. chius, 8. V. ^, apparently refers yei iiiOuL 7£€~\ Here to the feast mentioned by Strabo. bcmiramis's character as Ishtar Dion. Chrysost. Oraf. iv., speaks of again becomes prominent. 8ee as a Persian notes on i. ^ festival ; but his account seems to Fr. 1<> i'.'Kt'av] StrabO; xi. 8, refer rather to the Babylonian ,1 in.] CTESIAE PERSICA. G7 ,, ivcavTov .\\_ 7 (- LI i Lh. , I 1) I , DO I . '•-' (a'i«>u. Vl 1. 7 (")(. S . Mi. fL rnp ^ , () All ou Kcu le/i(/ja/(:0u9 t it 8 ' fci/i>// ' thi'Js. - (/ >\e/i.oi^ €€4 . , t'^Xoirds Ii/)ro7o?' , - iv - 8 / '- (^^^-, -' 8€ , TTepL ^'' 8e rpvchip' ^ - ^€€ /',\ ^, , , ' - pcuTLktia^ , ,^, elvat € ^^ XtVoj. yjdi)i'aU (lrt7TtaXv7i'>. Se , (, ^ (( )• .•^' , iviavTov F R G 12. p€7€—ei.L ( 7€ 7U ' Ih: (7pa 7 LOT ii }{ finr (.^.^, (Atlienaeus, . 7, . 528, F). [:; eV ) Ifh'ov^ ,\ 7Tfir7o>r - • ] [^] ^ avrti\tL', 7 4 , 8^ Stvvav €vv()V(TTa7ov 7' 77fpl 77<)( NtVoL» e 1 ' ^ evLav7ni> oie,\/^i/T's. ttuAl!• ':, Tovs LJTDVs (T7pa7Luj7a^, (Tnis TTpnTipnvs (IrTtAuev ( ct? nu . ('7(:, 1) - - DO R . '^^'"^ -'^--^ 2^ an dvvaiiits • § {. . 21, adjin.). / y ^ ,7^, , 22. '^ , 7;• § ^'] Ktesias of The entry Peace in iittiilMit.s . 23 and fr. 13. to all the § veh, only successors of the land" is far commoner in the ^ occupied one book, it XeU] Ktesias' list Semiramis the character « ' of Assyrian is which the Assyrian canon under these not likely he gave many par- popular legends kings is still extant; hut it is of the Greeks had princes (Shalmaneser III., Asshur- ticulars about them. In addi- ali. n]y assigned more convenient to regard to Sardanapalus, dayan-il III. and Asshur-nirari IL, it as tion to what Diodorus has pre- PM hap< alx, witli some representing the list which, ac- served in reference to b. c. 783-745) than under their ini- regard to Teutamus, there the inactive character cording to Photius, formed one of the three mediate predecessors and succes- are a few details in Kephalion of the ^^"-^^^l':^^^'^l^''^ the close appendices to the PerHika, (f of the sors (compare Lenormant, Hist. r. 1 ) which are apparently derived than to give sixtfi A^synaii J \ iia-ty, the names here. As an event ^4;? i. p. 213). from our author. their history, \s iii. h puiil) corresponds to his fall togetlier with the ?] There were account of the destruction of Nine- really several cases in which the F2 \ [lib. Oi) 68 CTESIAE PEPtSICA. III.] CTESIAE PERSICA. ' (VI € H^^XP^ ^^. ]. et? , ':77 7 ' ya^i ,' , M>,-8r>ic € ^' \ , * , - '[ < ^< ) , // probably cor- line of d('so(>iit of the Assyrian the empire are most Tirhakali described him in vague terms as broken but tbose we rect. derived from Cush {e.g. kings 8 ; 528 mat Musur mat Kusi an Aethiopian [Odyss. xi. 521. know of })elong('(l to tlie period From Athenacus, xii. 7, p. is styled Sar Hesiod. Theog. 985. ' it would appear by Asshur-banipal ; and the Kassi ' after b. c. 745, and were, therefore, ((juoting fr. 12), ^ TCKC that Diodorus' reference to Ktesias* are mentioned amongst the tribes - later than the close of Ktesias' list. . ''Second Book" here is either a of Susiana). Among the Greeks the ^^ , Agathias, ii. 25, says : . pas- ^ recapitulation. African nation were always styled This appears to be the earliest mistake or a . . . €$ ' connecting Tithonus with is perhaps the Aethiopiaus, while they called the sage (' YieXeovv ' of fr. 1 a ^ epics ^ of the two of tlie Asiatic nation Kissians, or Kos- Memnon). One e? yap ) * Bellothus, or Belochus II. , in addition to the more attributed to Arktinus—the Ae- JUAeovi' list, the eighteenth king, about saeans, of Elymaeans thiopis—dealt with the exploits ^^ ^ 600 years after Ninus. Eusebius usual appellations of Memnon : Quiutus Smymaeus . ', ,<; makes him father of the Atossa and Susians (Aeschyl. Pers. 119, (ii. sq.), who probably fol- Hellanikus. There were many ^ey 114, (! :.-7 /? of 29 ap. lowed Arktinus, merely makes - varieties of the legend connecting . Pa^jchostasia, fr. 279, describe his journey from , East (Hellanikus, Strabon. xv. 3, p. 317, XiyovTai Memnon Perseus with the shores of the ocean, and his ii. KtWtot ot ^ovaLOL. the , fr. 159 ; Herodotus 91, yeret, < ye- Persika, defeat of the Solymi by the way^ ^ vii. Hiod. i. 41 AXe^avSpu) '- vi. 54, 61, 150; ; ^ 402-3 Apollo- "a Kissian woman"; and represents him (ii. 586) as TopL. This, however, does not come Strabo, xvi. 4, pp. ; ', iii. 91, hi buried. Hap dorus, ii. 4. 5. I). Herodotus, from Ktesias : the Beletaras hero ^ - a tra- The twenty-third king, \(^, cf. (in the Troad). mentioned is not the nineteenth / ] dition which is also found in Strabo, V. 49, vii. 62). king of his list, succeeded according to Eusebius. Odyssey (i, 24, xiii. 1, p. 89. Nothing is here de- Belochus, but corresponds, not only Mithraeum] A name of Persian In the of the king. Tot termined as to the situation in name, but in what is related of derivation, the twenty-fifth ^ ^^ , ' Aethiopiaus whom he commanded. him, to the usurper Tiglathpi- The legends connecting Medeia Eastern Aethiopiaus are Later writers were divided in >.* the Medes liave as little leser IL, b. c 7 1 with ) opinion between the African nation foundation as that connecting Per- mentioned. Herodotus, vii. 70, tV / \€i'€a< ()\ The list, identities the Eastern Aethiopiaus and the Kissians of Susiana, whom liuw over, includes thirty-six names, seus with the Persians (Hekataeus, borders they rightly regarded as Cushites, iii. Strabo, xi. with a tribe living on the countiuir Ninus and his two succes- fr. 171 ; Herod, 62; Memnon's being of India in his time; Ephorus or Aethiopiaus. >)> and Sardanapalus. In § 24 13, p. 455). of the Dawn would seem to (fr. 38) made Aethiopia the south- son Sardanapalus is described as - Some of the earlier favour his Eastern origin; but the ] division of the world ; Strabo Korrros NtVou. Kephalion inhabitants of Susiana, as well as ern 47-59) discusses the balance of opinion amongst the ,^uot» - t\V('7(ty-t]iree kings as the those of Aethiopia, in Africa, were (i. 2, pp. various views about the Aethiopiaus Greeks was in favour of the African nuifiber given by Ktesias, but he is Cushites. In Assyro -Babylonian, great length. Aethiopiaus. very careless and unreliable. Dio- as in Hebrew records, both nations at Aeschylus, as we have seen, earlier Greek writers who dorus' figures for the duration of are sometimes designated by terms The mentioned Memnon, in connection made him a Kissian. Herodotus war, cither did not also (v. 53-54, iv, 151) connects ^ Oppert and some others, however, identify Agathias' Beletaras with Bel-Kap- with the Trojan Susa, Strabo mentions Kapuf?), a much earlier king. specify his country at all, or merely him with I 70 CTESIAE TEESICA. [lih. IH.] CTESIAE TERSICA. 71 Hs /)(.)(t;/ "Aao'vpuop, 6 - , t . ? '/ \\-[, ' ' / 7 1(//)/, ^>}/ . ;;^ ^ ^ xj/as ' , ' re /^^^ 11////• ^ ' f)ojad(j<, vTTyjKnov'' \\, . llepaojv \\ 8 €' ^/^^^ fu ^/ 7//(/ 79 Teura/xol•' , ' , ' '8^' /^;? litr \i7^t :7 (9, 8 ^ 8 68, ^demnoncia, or tombs of Mcmnon, Synkellus, i. p. 286 (or perhaps less, went into mucli greater details tlie Peishdadian dynasty, who be- on the Asepus (xiii. 1, p. 89), Manetlio), identities /^ and than the epitome has preserved to longs to an altogether mythical and at Paltus, in Syria (xv. 3, p. Memnon. Pausanias elsewhere us, some of which still survive in period. 317). He gives the legend connect- adopts the story of Mcmnon being fr. 13. ] See Pausanias, ing liim with Susa (xv. 3, p. 317— a Susian. In the epitome, = Kis- X. 31, 6, who identifies it with the Aey€T(u yap 8r] [ 2'] Aelianus (ii. Anim. -. 1) ap- sian, or Cushite, inhabitants of Persian royal road. (See § 95.) KTnry/a i Tov parently adopts the Susian version, Elam perhaps represented the For the assertion iv / ; by 8* - . . . e/caActro - a strange variation of which is modern Lurs. €, . . ., €Lov), and that connecting him with found in Hyginus, 223 (Domus = Semites. The up- there appears to have been no Africa (xvii. 1. ],. 158 — ct ' ? Cyii regis in Ecbatanis, ^ quam fecit j)er classes in Elam in the time of other foundation than the name '€ Memnon lapidibus et varus candidia Asshur-baui-pal seem to have been applied to the palace ; and perhaps Ac'yerai ['8\ vinctis auro). of Semitic, the mass of the people the Persian legends regarding Me/xvo'ieioi/ Ktesias, residing at the Persian of Cusliite race {cf. Genesis, x. Mithra, in whom Creuzer {Sf/mb. i. (/,;!, ovTTfc; Kill €8 court, naturally preferred the ver- 7, 22). p. 453) recognizes a likeness to iv ///3. €€ AeyeTat ' sion of the legend which made The palace at Susa was generally Memnon, son of the Dawn. The - CJI ijiti ). Memnon an Asiatic ; and as he called Memnonian by the Greeks. subject of Memnon is discussed at The Greeks regarded the African had represented the Assyrians as Sayce {Records of the Pasty vii. great length in the Philological origin ui JsJcmnon as confirmed by rulers of all Asia, lie could scarcidy p. 83) considers that this origi- Museum^ ii. pp. 146-184. The the statues of Amunhotep III. expect his readers to suppose that nated from Susa being styled Um- writer regards Memnon as repre- (whose name they corrupted into they made no effort to relieve their man Amman (= *' House of [the senting the first man, like Menu, ^Icmnon;, and of the palace-temple Trojan vassal. lie turned the God] Amman" in Elamite). Susa Menes, and the Phrygian Mauis. < f r II Hin , -V/Vi'www, at Thebes. legend to his j)urposc by making wastiie capital of Elam from an early See also KaAvlinson's Ilerodotus, ii. The lornH i -r Uiese mistakes is Tithonus an Assyrian satrap, and ))eriod. The palace ordinarily used p. 176, iii. p. 154, and llobertson !!(!• d out l>\ r;iusanias ] (i. 41, 3, his son the commiuider of an As- by the Persian kings was erected by Smith in English Historical Itecicw, etSov oi . . . Meyu- / syrian army. Hareius I. and Artaxerxes II. (see April, 1887. Moses of Chorene I m II- ', Tot'TOl•' He placed these events in the ltawlinson'siZlvof/o/? 72 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. III.] CTESIAE PEESICA. 73 ol nepL ''' €^€. 8e /cat ... ^ riji' .\Lyv777<>r '^'/, Xeyovre^ iv rot? . ^ (3Iifhraeiim, Euseb.) / ^ €'€ ardpff rnvmr, pacriAeia oeiKWOV' (' ) ^^ \1, CTLi', a fit\jjL 71' .' ?'/ We^voveia. Ov ( . . . ^, ^ ^ ^' nns V ^Xeyerat ) ^\€ ,';^ ^, ficra ()(}(•) /it/• , '', - ' 8- aveXeiv f^yji'fiL Tt () (i ^^^yifiii, , eV / ^ ^^ ' ''-•. € - ('}]:' / - ^ ' ^. - ois\ 77'•( rol•' /309 / . (Subjungit Eusebius). Priami exemplar quoque .(). 1 ; ? //^ ^* /^^? literaruni ad Teutamum circuiufertur ejusmodi. '' Militari ( , ," inquit, '' in regione tua a Graccis irruentibus appe- titus sum, belloque certatum est varia fortuna. Nunc F R G 13. vero et filius mens Hector exstinctus est, et aliorum multa proles ac strenua. Copiarum igitur valido ((•1 1 V\, 1, apiid Syncell. . 1^7 et Euse- sub duce nobis suppetias mitte." Hinc diserte ait missum ^hron. Arm.^ ]. . Mai). \^ ' esse a Teutamo auxilium ducemque exercitus . . . . . Memnonem )' € ('• . .)() 6 I'll' i/ ijuiii Tithoni filium quern insidiis exceptum Thessali interem- ( Assyrioruiii) ^ erunt.] )^', 77 8^6 ) !\ or^c c^s ' {''ncmlncmqiie EPITOME DIODORI eoiiini ,^ XX anuis scej>trum tenuisse,^^ Euseb.). To § 24 (Diod. ii. 23). 8, »/' %8 drTMAt/i kuu (1)\()8 rjv § 24. '^^ In his ac- seventh dynasty of Berosus I ^ '. < >f 8 , count of Sardanapalus, Ktesias has while his chronology assigns Sar- oiot '^, ^ \ combined the stories already current danapalus to a date much earlier Kfu av^poiv among the Greeks as to the luxury than even the earliest of these ' of Asshur-bani-pal (b. c. 667-640) events. (Compare Lenorniant, Ilisf. €l tldivfai . 6 ,^ Avith the events attending the fall Anc. iv. p. 213-216.) (>ljivi KiU. y' . . . NtVou ^ ^ of Nineveh at the hands of tlie Our history of the reign of > ^ ' ^ ,. \\, Medes and Bubvlonians, under Asshur-nirari (b. c. 753-746) is liepatvi ), \ Saracus (b. c. 606), and the faint derived from the Assyrian canon, traditions circulating at liabylon of which, for the first four years of Wcpf-rev.; . . ^E^>£ry6 8c . . [*' dc- the inactivity of the later kings of his reign, and also for the seventh, tivir ' vfisso Ferspo liaccJii^fue triftmpho,^^ Euseb.). the sixth Assyrian dynasty, and has ' the entry *'in the land," i. e. ^ ' Tiglatlipilescr II. it 1 their yevcij 1 6 - overthrow by no warlike expeditions. Eor the (b. c. 745), an event represented by fifth and sixth years two important TTXtvifiv tTTL 7L 74 CTESIAE PEESICA. [nn. 111. CTESIAE TEliSICA. 75 'ij• 770 / /, 8e avTov ) . 8' > €'€' , vnepjjpej/ , ' ^ ''revolt at Kalali," and the entry The narrative of lierosus (ii. 13) 8, for the next year chronicles the is our principal authority for the 88, accession K((t >(!/> 8 et/xi, XtVou i . t )/ . ? , (. / . ^^^, , , 77( ..77•)•- , ~ 'ltf)7Ti' Cl TToWa , ^ {'>!• . 1 S <) ,' ? , - . eVaiz/eVa? avSpa, iTTf)€<'>t j-jLiji', Kill Tn'r \ij aphrjv - artTfjiiic ' . , , -f^env F R A G 14. , tKnriu^ , \ ( - ( t < 1 i 1 } i Alt . >^Y/w;?. . 41). [ " < , ' ^? . , /8"' ' 8. 8< : lvl • D R . ,. ^8' /\cjO>] tojv "-^ l>i ii. yira § ( L \ \\(. yap , ^ , yeros, avo^eia ht - , / }), , ^ ^, ^Li'oi'. fxara Ot 8^ . ( •/ ' - , ' \\, '^^ ' ^ < ' . 7(nv \\(, ' \\. , - ^ , ()(1\ 7 cat . , - ^^ ' - § 25. ^'] Phamaccs in BeXcaus] Lenormant explains , , 6 A^t'Ueius, i. 6 ; Arbactus in ' /^ Justin, this name = Balazu, ^^ the terrible,* , i. ' 3 ; A^arbakes in Moses of Chorene adding that Ealazu, son of ; Dakku, ^ ^^^ ^, Sayce in Journal of Sacred Litera- Avas one of the Chaldean princes ' be ture, n. s., iv. p. 165 (1863) conijuered by Tiglath-Pileser ; II.; \ . CMinpared Arphaxad, apparently but it seems preferable to regard it regartling the name as Semitic. In as = Pulu, the name assigned to \\., Judith i. Aqihaxad is , a king of Tiglath-Pileser II. in the Babylo- 3i( li:i, tlie builder of Ekbatana, nian Canon, and under which he € '17] This is explained by fall of Xineveh (ii. 13), the text, as who is defeated and slain by Xabu- reigned for two years in Babylonia, the passage of Nikolaus, quoted on it stands, only mentions Xabopo- chodonosor, king of Vssviia. B. c. 729-727 (see Pinches in Froc, frag. 15. lassar of Babylon, and * Astyages,' liawlinson makes the name to be a of Soc. of BihL Arch., vol. vi. €19 ~\ Arabia also ap- satrap of Media, as entering into corruption of Harpagus. p. 198j. He is the Phulus of pears as an independent state in an alliance against Sarakus, in ad- Arbaku occurs as the name of a Berosus (ii. II), the ? of the account of Xinus' wars, and in dition to the '' forces coming from Median chief in an inscription of Ptolemy, and the ^1»^ of 2 Kings Diod. ii. 48. the sea " (Elamites ? perhaps re- Sargon (G. Smith, Assyrian Uis- XV. 19 (, ;(, or in In Berosus' account of the real presented by the Persians of Ktesias)^ coveries, p. 289). the LXX. 1. I, iir.] s CTESIAE PERSICA. t 'J CTESLU. i.;^i( A. [ltr. rjyoviici'O]' Tor , ) , - >} ot Ta(r\tLr - ^. ' - , ' 8 f forms, TTdi'Tts -<,,. -,^^ ' 8 ^^, t TjKoi' 771•',^ [_ .. 7/>;^( 7>,r ( ^^/ \lvov, ) , , 88) ^^^''^.<. n>s • UL/ /;. ts, TTj ' "^"^*" ^-^^^^rrpinn' ^ vTTcycypaTTTo^ " Was painted ), \ ^ ^, * . - with kohl, or stibium," as eastern €7, ot €'' TC77( e L(T > , , . . . - ^ EPITOME D I I) R I . (h) . lux, ii. Onom, 4). [/ ^- ] 2G (ii. 25). § 7(1 7 i HapSavdnaXov, , in^ 8'• . Ac ": ', ai'Spl ;^^ 6 ' , - ' '^ - ,, € (ie/jcis ovTot Tttf - ; .<,^^?* € ), , ' ?> , KOLvrj , - ^ ,^' <.- ' ' ^ '£ ''"* 7 u.pX}h */ ^/ ;" ' 8, , et? (- ]>;•9. /- yap rt ? ', 6 Ihiav <•> ^, ;" ' ,8 ' ^* , ) tc //), , yap 68 (>ieif)(iT(i)v Kill , 7^€<^ ^ ^8 - ~ 7€. €7€^, } '' ' ,yirj8ov 86( Be 7<). ; € Be- ^ , , (L L b .\'.;• " 8<7 ) .\7] '" ^^^^ 8€<; ^) ^9, ) 8, . iv 8 <(:; OC i77)/V- , , , 79 }] / / /cat " ) €^€' yap oiyuai ' '^ , )u.>jrA(jjiJiuv arc- €V , , - ^ ^"' ci ') €oot€v ^." ' *' ' , 8 irefxiv r . ~~ €7€ - ] - ' 1 1, i , ' \\ > y, ' ' 77// u ^ < >1 _ ( \• !>"• '^'^^ €€ ,- ' "* , 8 " '^'-'if ill Tnrrx ^'' , 8€, y 1 1_ . ^ ;" ,- 8, } - rit ^^ , ~ ' ' .''^ ^• "* //tAA€i , ' 8, (ii^f ^.'?." ^^? ^ ' 8$ . 8 £ 6 - ^^ ^8 , ' " 8 - ;'' - - ;/!• i\cii>it ' . ^ . //." yap Til , ' Uaa €<>9, * " , , - , '^, ^ , - 8, '- Tur , ^. €0 NtVoi; . / ; / yvovo - . . . [^^ K(i.L 8] ^- ;'^ - . ] ^ 6 ~\. be Kill —' ) 6)' 8 ), /?* In this passage it is to be ob- <•/ (ii " ' ^?' yuci Tr/1 ' ' ^ , served that the river is correctly A)c Sij trt yav , , given as the Tigris, not the Kii- /5or,\ /? 7l SeoL i)l , ovv . € 8. * til' • €tN rets TT-iT pida^ amtiuiL^ kiu ^ - '€((^, Ti-ii' ()^ ' £ top 6\€ ^^ ^ (•„^>//)/' ' ? * 6 , , ^ .'. •.7 roc € , ( :; ^ is : reXo? ^€^ /^ ^, ,' 5f cV* \ // . 7(<< ^?, ^ ^ ( /(5(; ^ 6 /i)aiXiXcts ti-LKyjcre, , , , "Ore ^ - ^acriXe'a CKvpievrre. \ 8. ^ ^ ^ J^apavv \\\(''<' (fvi'ijin ht , , \\ , - 8 [)> 77< \<; ^ ''' ^ , , 77/ y€i'i(jOai [). ' , ^ , re - avi'ty^l^ yci u/^traj; 8. - -cpl e\ 07'7, ('^^ , ^ , - \\ ^ \(<}f)iU€(r(^aL 77/ is . , - !)£(,' ti' '7^••)(• ' \ ^, de - ' a(TTpi!}l•' '.' - 8 . . ()( 7Tf)ay!iaTa, /• ,^/€.'(,^, , .;\ ) ijtcL!' }(^.'. , ^ - 8. ^\€ ^ € roir / , /3acriXeu9 SaXai/xeVTyi^ tji^tipuLs 7'>( ' 8 7 , TavTcis )papas 8 /^ ,8' ^.(' tvi pytjnaq, ' ( 7>/ ( 8 />(a>i^ats: tiav '*. '!^)). ^ - ( ^ . , ^, ,SaXaijoteVi^i^ ai^eiXoi^, ' ).')• ' - ttj ytKh(ri}>, OLOTL dvrapac CK , 8,,- L~aijyjs and Arbakcs is liimself, he will make him , . 8 of Media (which the writer the distinction . - looks on as one of the greatest pro- between ,offices the two being looked , vinres of the empire), but regards on as parallel to that between ruler the appointment of satrap of Ki- of the whole empire and ruler of a § 27. SaXat/xeVv;!/] This appears in LXX.) in Hosea x. 14, and pei- likia as something too good to be single pro-ince, the position which to be a genuine Semitic name, Sul- haps into Sulman, in an inscription expected. He promises Belesys the two conspirators ultimately nianeseru, or Shalmaneser, which is of Xabonidus (see Pinches, in Proc. that if lit is made satrap of Eabylon arrive at. contracted into Shalman {^,, Sue. Bibl. Arch., iN^ovcmbcr, 1882). G2 ^[ CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. III.] CTESIAE PEBSICA. 85 Xfjoa.p t<;> '' ' jitTapaXtLr. i'.rrtLTa ' >j ! '. ' ; j^ 1 h »>1. )i j7 (h TTpijiJt /xt/•' rr^l•' (Athenacus - [)€.•., ' 7/y , . 7). [_ 8 ] eU (')' \(•>' ov^iu-' 6\vf)(jTyjTa ^ ? eV 777 77oAet* 7''t!^> 7€7/)/>„» // ^ \^(!<7[€, ] * turrpij- '' .\>.•')€ €\(, ^,' 7c rripoji ' , Kaip'jis ^.•}•(). ' () " fa - .• €l^^ov , TOXf , . .), re 8 (;)\ T()vr<)V 7 ;; . 68 , Kaj-ravfJa ^ tr)] /7 ^ 7t ([)[', - TijLs t ^rnpnj' , .€(, / . TTokeoi^ f ( , ^. Kineveh. walls, if ( The of sun-dried ~\ The statements of Be- -] - brick, would of course offer no re- rosus make it probable that ' (.•, the /xt/ios ?,•.; :7,/-. sistance to the flood. similar last king of Assyria ' <•(.. 6 A really bun t disaster happened at Bagdad in himself in his palace, but Ktesias' 1831, and wixs, with diflSculty details are doubtless imaiiinarY. 2"^ j'tAt ••! - Tfio^ . r This and perliaps also catapults (see averted in 1849 *) (Loftus, Chaldaea That most of the Assyrian palaces statement is refuted by the evi- Kawlinson's Five Monarchies, vol. ii. and Susiana, p. 7). The parallel were burnt is evident from the <]< nee of the Assyrian sculptures, passim). suggested by the English A. V. of condition of the ruins, but this was wLich lepresent chelonae and bat- This may really Nahum ii. 6 is much less obvious the usual fate of buildings in a tering rams in numberless instances, have]happened at the final siege of in tho ancient versions. captured city. .•'Hj CTESIAE TERSICA. [lib. III.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 87 '''> iu ^; II ( ' IV J TpeU - ' ; .- 11 . fNiVoi^ ^. ' ^, /SacjiXea Sovs ' 7/> ^'- StaSpavTa oiKijjia , ' yacre 7 . ^, ) ^' \) ,' i^u/Ka ^^', . ) ^^ . 8 8, e^o'Sol•'. '\-j'Tav(hi t~LlhjKC !' - )(, ^ y8ao"tXer, R) 8 ()€ iirpi'lb^Ls , I'r" t / ^^ ^' ns (!) xal (ftoAAs (')8. " , tKaitTu ' 8 " . § 29. ^/ « €.- lemus), we read: Etra // f-T'TtXtiv' , € \\ Ktesias represents the posi- . . . ^ ol '. - tion of Bahylon in reference to the Median empire as that of a vassal lepc^LOV rjOV7T(iJhj(ru/s €'(!}<: f reXeurr^cre. ^ - ()7( ' ^ kingdom, with its hereditary mo- ,8 (fr. ^ narchs 19), and not liable to /^ €€. ^^- F U A CV ' 17. tribute (§ 29), but, at the same ^/ ^?, time, in a distinctly subject condi- ^\ - lu! ! at ). [* ( | 7/<•7 , tion, the king (who is sometimes , /, 7^ , \\") .^ called satrap, and even ) [^'^ , \ being liable to be removed by the ^ . . . Median sovereign (fr. 19).^ Is there EPITOME DIODORI. any foundation for the assertion Herodotus, i. 185,.certain of 1 that Eabylon occupied at any time the defensive works undertaken by § 39 ('. . 38). "^^ 8 position here assigned to it ? Nitokris are attributed / - the to her fear >)''()<; )€^ re , - Down to the deatli of Nebuchad- of a Median invasion. rezzar at least Babylon and Media In the cylinder of Nabonidus pawn's llh-' ^, 6 ^- appear as allied, but independent, found by Rassam at Sippara occurs 77/) )€~' J/', : — , / , states. Their alliance against Nine- the follow^ing passage " In the €€€( , kcu. \\} - veh under Kyaxares and Nabopo- beginning of my long reign Marduk , KdiJamp tt «/>\>/ lassar is cemented by the marriage . . . and Sin . . . showed me a . ^ of Nebuchadrezzar with A myitis, dream. Marduk spoke with me: KLvrni- Lv)v Sap- ' , daughter of the Median king (Be- Nabonidus . . . come up with the )• ,'^'^. rosus, ii. 13 Ktesias, horses of thy chariot, - ; § 9). In build the ' -')!'. / »/iu (/ 8 ^8^, Herodotus, i. 74, we find Laby- walls of E-khulkhuL' . . . liecently ]( netus,' King of Babylon, as one of I spoke to the lord of the gods ^ ' ' the mediating powers between Marduk : I will build this house Media and Lydia. In Polyhistor, of which thou speakest ; the Tsab- 1 , 10. cts NtVoi/J Fr. 17. ^'] Muller sup De Judaeis, fr. 24 (cj^uoting Eupo- ynanda destroyed it, and strong was " or i> viflf^Titly a mere copyist's poses that this fragment refers to error, periia}^ f i the name of the inundations wliich led to tlie Kottas' capital. capture of Nineveh. ^ Strabo, xvi. 1, p. 333, mentions *' The Syrians of Babylon" as subjects of the Modes. 88 CTESTAF PERSICA. [lib. 1 89 III.] CTESIAE PEESICA. 7Taf)fijrTY](r(Lii€i'<)^, jLLTa ^ TO ' \ ^•-' € /jacnAfic € xpvcrov aneaTecXep ^ eaxjJo , \\)' ' '.\€<, ^ ^ •?)> lUAtaLZ^, i) ( . i . ( S .'Tfoftge , / ?/ " \/; e\e / - ?' C 1 77-/n'pdtni'Tos etavaiar (- , he ^ tc, ^^ tiifir iiim'ni ' Marduk spoke with against the identiiieation, now former (b. c. 546), and who is per- ' Belshazzar. Of Ner- mo : Tliu T.sabmanda, of which usual, of Darius tlie Mode with us an earlier tlioii -pt iiko'it (Neriglissoorus) Be- haps the Kitokris of Herodotus ; t]]oy, their country, Gobryas (Ugbaru or Gubaru), who gal-shar-uzur nothing, be the :iiia iiu• !•> "ig by their side took Babylon as general of Kyrus, rosus (iii. 14) tells us (the latter may, however, son-in-law of >i;;i]l liut vx\-\.' in tlie third year and \vho may have acted as viceroy except that he was wife of Nebuchadrezzar). four of the cause•! k'yiu-, Kini: ^• Auzan, before that dignity was bestowed Nebuchadrezzar, and reigned If we adopt this view successor must suppose liis youui; servaiil. t.» <> with his years ; but to his son and course of events, we on Kambyses ; but it seems impos- i'( littli' arnix' li»• 'i\-. rt (Laborosarchodus) that Daniel, who was evidently out ; hrow the wide- sible to sustain this identification Labasi-marduk It followed the i !ii an odious character. of favour at Babylon, -piiaih'ng Tsahiu la ; 111 iptured if we accept the authenticity of the he ascribes I>tiiV( <;i I' is from improbable that the Me- conqueror to his own counti\, and . Km- Tsabmanda, and sixth chapter, for how could a far invasion, in which the temple dates his regnal years from the period took his treasures to his own mere viceroy have ventured to arro- dian Avas destroyed, claimed the supremacy over gate to himself divine honours? of Sin at Charran when he \Vt lui\ r liere place under Nergal-shar-uzur, Babylon, though this supremacy evidence of hostile The following is a possible, took or death, on the murder of Labasi- relation- If twtrn Afcdia and Eahv- though only a possible, explanation and led to his deposition, ceased being set up as a marduk, a few months after his ]"ii, in wlii^'li till' latter country of the statements in Daniel. Amonir his son, a child, \'<)•-<'<1. vassal. Hence the odium accession. In Theodotion's version was the royal names appearing in Baby- Median Xn names in l,i-t"i with which the latter Avas regarded. of Daniel xiii. 1 appa- y Lave given lonian trade documents of the ' moiv trwulilr t'l «ritics The suppression by Berosus of a rently represents Aapeios of the than the lk\~ period of the eighth dynasty is that shii/zar * which made no permanent other passages; but in tin i.XX aaid I'ariu- tin. ode' of the of Marduk-sar-uzur, which, accord- conquest Book of Daniel, impression need not cause us any the name is omitted. Since tlie diseovei \ ing to the well-known fact that at ,is nfthefaet tliat NalH-ni-ln- LadaMiii sui-prise, the Babylonian docu- Daniel ix. 1 {" in LXX.) that period the title Bel had been wlio 1,(• the ioiiiica- ments he followed probably did not the name of the father of ' Darius name (Bihi- appropriated to Marduk, is equiva- siiar-iizur aial a'^ it. have thus a tem- the Mede,' and in Tobit, xiv. 17, it , aeted eonu-!)ai:der lent to Belshar-uzur, orBelshazzar. mention We ot the anil}" interval of vassalage to apparently represents Kyaxares. duriim ih•• \\: wiMi Hoscawen (see IVans. Soc. Bill. porary Kyrn-, til* '[iK-ii ,,. Media, such as Ktesias represents All this, however, is exceedingly seemed almost Arch. x\ |i.. 1-78, 106-112) at l• I '-ett'ed, and. il it as the normal condition of Babylon hypothetical, and perhaps a simpler were not f<.r tlu' lirst naturally identified this king period of the Median alternative is to retain the •1 statenuni^ in 1 the Ihinn vl. respecting with the son of Xabonidus, but during ' Dariu-^ tilt; Me < liap. xiii as eliaptr!•- \•.. for. He seems to have vention founded on , ix., I counted aiidxi. <.f ]}j,n\, he is the same as Nergal-shar-uzur Aramaic and re- are eoncLTned; there i.^ married his predecessor's widow, since the hXX. notluiio- (B.C. 559-556). This therefore gives the queen whose death is recorded censions of what may he calird tlie in the annals of Nabonidus and ' Life of Daniel,' as dn-tinct from 1 See Pinches, in Vroc. Soc. lUhl. Arch., Novoinl.er, 1882. l\'vrn-, in the ninth year of the his werk<. npperir to be of abont 90 CTESIAE F . SIC. [lib. III.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 91 ]\\(!.)'( ,^^ elpaL varepov . F R A G 18. ](^Ot rij^ trj-^t , ' ^/,evvoiav, ^ tojv tUl•'l•' ^, (Agathias, 45). (Syncellus, 359 •). . 25, . . [)3€/' '')!' ati')!• elrfit } €€- &$ BeAecruj ^^- ^ airh " ^^^ ^ €€ (€' fls yap €'( (J \\ Tot tovs 5, €\€5 Thv '^€€5 yevovs c's 5 M5hv - cTTi€LK('is.~pr>(T€Vf\^ii\, ^ ' ( € 8loj- ^ K-qTcouphs 4\€ ^ €( yivos $, c'l € \ Trphs to7s ^ e|7}s KLcre, ras ^ ttoXlv ^ ,, ^ , XiXiois \ d\iycf ^ 4 - ^^ '. 2- eocKhix; (('>\ re avetAej/ . ' ^ Nlvos 8 5e ^ \ e'yay(V KareVxe yap ^' TOP tK ^- TTi/iiis ^^ () [^ $ ' €is , Tohs 6$ avaypa\pa• . ^' 7€.(€ T)ji Mr^Stas,\\. \ \ $ yap AeyovTi 5 ) ^. . . . eyy- Ton' \(TirvpL(oif II . \ 5$ a i . .] tTij dt rrAcui 8 - tkvih] Tur €€., [FfiAGMENTUM 18. ( q]i:il autliority, being late and in- (or 1239, or 1237) ; Exccrpta Bar- irptiulent compilations from pre- bara, 1314; Kephalion (fr. 1), i xi-ti nt materials. 1300; Velleius (i. 6) has 1070 (or '\•- \ i\v liere suggested as pos- 1230, or 1700); Justin, 1300. sible i . 1 believe, one of the many From the beginning of the second iiLld ]j} > before modern dis- to the end of the sixth dynasty of coveries, but the arguments for and Berosus is probably 1711 years against are now of course quite (B.C. 2458-747). {', Tit. The system by which these dates /i€v 7>'<'> y€V€tts] Scc notcs were arrived at by Kastor and tlie Oil i;^ :!;; ;.•1 2 1. later chronographers is discussed ' ^ ~\ at great length by MuUer, in his ' . i;WH,/or Over laOO' in § 23. notes on Kastor. Ktesias, how- In . !^ \v. L;;\i i;J06 given by ever, probably derived his figures Auwthias, and 1300 or 1360 by from a Babylonian source, and they S)iiktliLis. Ill the list Synkellus were afterwards twisted by the givo^ 1460 years (including reign chronographers to suit their several el , 'n; 50 vears) ; Euselmis, 12•40 schemes. BOOKS IV, V, VI. 98 Lcnormant, which supposes Ktesias' list as made up by regarding contem- porary dynasties as successive, a process with which we are familiar in the Greek accounts of Egypt (see Lcnormant, Manuel de VHistoire Anc, " chefs ffi ii. p. 341. The names in Ktesias' list doivent etre des noms de locaux qui commandaient a telle ou telle partie du pays et dont la iXiii^nn'i tradition avait conserve le souvenir ... La liste des rois medes entre Arbace et Dejoces, empruntee par Eusebe a Cephalion a le meme caractere . . . et parait etre la 'j que celle de Ctesias elle comprend moins de noms } I ; < \ I y, \ 1 . liste continue des chefs qui se succederent pendant cet intervalle de temps sur une meme partie du pays," probably that where Ekbatana was Ktesi - la-ofcsses to have drawn his Median, like his Assyrian, history afterwards situated, "les predecesseurs directs et les ancetres de Dejoces. from tih Royal Chronicles (§ 30). His real sources appear to have been Leurs noms sont : Mandauces, Sosarmus et Artycas, les trois premiers de two-fuld— (1) for the general outline some kind of tradition of the real la liste de Ctesias, qui doit contenir ensuite les chefs d'une autre pro- history of the period ; (2) for the details he partly used the legends of vince." Comp. Hist. A71C. vol. v. p. 418, where Ellibi is mentioned as the Laily liiiiuiy ui tuu Iranians current in his time in Persia, tho the locality of this dynasty). ' ]\(-( r Deiokes, 53 Madaukes, 50 I Mandaiikes. Mandauces, 20 on the other hand, apparently regards Kyaxares as the leader of an Sosarmus, 30 Sosarniiis, 30 Sosainms. Sosarniiis, 30 Aryan immigration {Herod, i. p. 397). The inscription of Sargon trans- Artykas, 60 Medidus, 40 Artukas. Aitycas, 30 ^ Disc. gives Median chiefs with : van, Arbianes, 22 Cardiceas, 13 Kardikeas. lated by Smith, Assyr. p. 289, ^ Artaeus, 40 Deiocles,- )4 • Deiokes. Dejoces, 64 along with others with Turanian, names (b. c. 713). There is no chief of Phinortes, Artynes, 22 Phraortes, 24 Art lines. Aphraates, 51 Ellibi amongst them; but in b. c. 709 Sargon made Eita king of tlit Kyaxares, 40 Astibaras, 40 Cyaxares, 32 I Kvaclisatra. Cyaxares, 32 Sennacherib, in his second expedition (b. c. 701), conquered A styages, 35 Aspadas, or Astyages, 38 Adzdahak. Astyages, 38 district. Astyijjas, Ispabara, king of Ellibi, and took thirty-six cities belonging to him 1.50 282 + a: 259 283 (G. Smith, p. 301). If llawlinson is right in distinguishing two Agbatanas, we mny Twn explanations of these lists have been given in modern times, perhaps regard Agbatana, or Ganzaka, in Media Atropatene as identical v!z., that of Volney, adopted by llawlinson {Rerodotm, i. p. 394), vhich with the Bit-Daiukku taken by Sargon, and Agbatana in ^ii li .Magna, looks on the list of Ktesias as a mere duplication of that of Herodotus near Mount Elvend, as a city founded by Kyaxares (in Ellibi ?V (Kig-c^tLd b} liic length of the reigns) ; and that held by Heeren and AVe may perhaps, with Lcnormant, take Madaukes, or Manduukes, Sosarmus, Artykas, and Deiokes as representing a series of chiefs of one ^ al. Ijardycens. "^ ul. Dojoces. of the Median states (Ellibi according to him, but perhaps rather of the 91 INTEODUCTIOX. BOOKS IV, V, VI. 95 (iitiKt of which Uii-JJaiukku became the capital) ; Arbianesand Artaeus, We must now consider the source of the details which he gives of una Mvduhis and Knrdikeas (both of which names arc very suspicious, ^[edian history. But little of them has survived—merely the legend of an! rest on bad authority) as chiefs of other tribes ; and Phraortes, or Parsondas and Xannarus under Artaeus (§ 30, fr. 19); that of Zarina Artynes, as the author of an attempt to unite the Modes and neigh- and Stryangaeus (§31, fr. 20, 21) ; and part of his account of the over- bouring• tribes against the Assyrians (b. c. 655-633), which resulted in throw of Astyages (§§ 32, 33). iii.^ death at the hands of the latter, his successors being Kyaxares, or Except as regards the fall of Astyages, the true history of Media Astibaras, who succeeded where liis father had failed, and Astyages, or seems to have been forgotten in his time, though still remembered in Aspadas. that of Herodotus, and he supplied its place by assigning to his Median It would seem that each of the last two kings at least had both an period those popular Iranian legends which, so far as they had any 111 nvA } Turanian name. As regards those given by Ktesias, histoi-ical basis at all, related to the history of the Iranians in their Arbakis is evidently the same in name as the Arbaku cliief of Arnasia earlier settlements, especially in Baktria.^ in Sargon's list of chiefs, a name which is perhaps Turanian; Kawlinson, The Zendavesta (especially the Yashts, its latest portion) contains }•.\\.\., uiakt- ii a form of Jiarpagus (Herod, iii. 539). AYith the legendary exploits of a series of Eastern Iranian heroes, ending with l^r-adaukes Baehr compares Deiokes, which is also Turanian. Vitapa (Gushtasp, in Firdusi, and Mirkhond). AYe find them turned Artykas, Aitueus, of Iran in Artynes, and perhaps Arbianes, are all Aryan into kings general, and at the same time, owing to the identi- containing the intensive of \'i9ta9pa Dareius, prefix arta. Kyaxares occurs in the tablets of fication with son of Hystaspes, several of them are Asshui-akh-i.Iiii identified historical 11., rekting to the fall of tlie Assyrian monarchy, as partly with kings of Media and Persia {e.g. Kava Kastariti. "Rawlinson identifies it with old Persian 'Uvakhshatara, Tu- Hu9rava with Kyrus), and the later Achaemenidae are tacked on to ranian Yakistarra, Babylonian Uvakuistar, which occurs in Beliistun them. An intermediate stage is represented by the use made of the Inscrip. par. Jl ..here Fravartish (Turanian Pirru-vartis), a Median legends by Ktesias, and we can trace other stages also. rebel, claimed tu be '' Khshathrita (so old Persian, Turanian Sattaritta, Hence we may expect the stories told by our author to have the Jiabylonian Xhasatrita), son of 'Uvakhshatara.*' and explains 'Uvakhsha- same general character as those told by Firdusi, but we must not expect tara as an ' Aryan name = more beautiful eyed.' Sayce {Herod, 63 to find minute resemblances, as in the course of ages the legends became p. ; Academi/, xx. p. 142), however, rightly regards Khshathrita, and not altered and misplaced. 'Uvakli^hatara, as representing Ktesias' Kyaxares, a view which Oppert seems to statements as to Baktria iiL § 5, fr. 3, are also, perhaps, adopl in iii^ notes to his translation of the Turanian version of the Be- derived in part from current Iranian legends. histun inscriptions ii Tiecords of the Past, vol. vii., where he also gives The Zendavesta, which contains the germs of the stock of Iranian Sattaritta the meaning of 'lance-bearer' in the Turanian dialect of the legends used in the Shah-ii'ameh, was certainly in existence, at least as to A. haemenid inscriptions (spoken probably by the Elamites and the its principal portions, as early as the time of Ktesias,^ and current in Turanian Modes), equivalent to Persia (but see Rawlinson, Herod, i. 414 sq. Sayce, Astibaras = Arsti hara in Persian (and pp. ; Herod, pp. 448 sq.) Aryan ^I- lian). Distinct mention of the sacred books of Zoroastrianism is not found in The only early Oriental form of Astyages known to us is the Baby- i.iiiuii Istuvegu, occurring in texts of IS'abonidus and Kyrus, and ^ In spite of some high authorities, probability seems to be in favour of the opinion probably indicating that the Avesta was mainly of Eastern Iranian (Baktrian) origin, in accordance with that the name is Turanian; Aspadas probably repre- the testimony of classical authors, vho connect Zoroaster with Baktria. sents the Aryan Except equivalent. Moses Chor. i. 29, 5, says: ''Vox Azhdahak perhaps the latest parts, there seems no doubt also that it belongs to a period earlier in nostra lingua draconera significat." than that of the Achaemenidae, or even the Median empire. 11 a.], liug Darmesteter makes the Mazdaean religion to have originated in Media Atropatene, 11 together of kings of several distinct contemporary dynasties De Ilarlez at Rhaga and Merv. b\ Kitsias, and his treating them all as supreme rulers of Asia, forced 2 Haug, however, assigns the Yashts, in which these legends are chiefly found, to Liin greatly to ante-date the fall of iS'inevt'h. about B. c. 450-350, and therefore contemporary with Ktesias: see note on § 5. ; \ TyTPODUCTIO.N. BOOKS IV, , VI. / classical authors till a later period, but Zoroaster is mentioned by Plato, I)« ' , nil•] i'lliaps by Ktesias himself. The existence of Persian poems or legends similar to that from which iiio Shah-^aiucli was compiled is testified to by Herodotus (i. 1-5, 95, 2]r : Xenophon {Kijrop. i. p. 5 : .... In vvv . . , .); Deinon {Pers. fr. 7); Strabo LIBEI lY-VI. (xv. 3, 327: xvi. p. 1, p. 343); and Moses of Chorene {nist. i. 1 1, ; i. ii, 32 : 7, ib ii. In , 67). the hist writer (fifth century a. d.) we find EPITOME DIODOm. (ii. 7) tiie earliest allusion to the exploits of Ilustem (Rostem Sazik, i.e. Ku-tem of Segestan in Moses), the great hero of mediaeval Persian legends. § 30 (Diod. 11. 32). [ ol The iugLiids are further developed in Pehle\'i nepl ^ y^yt works belonging to ^^^ tlio € , last days of the Sassanian dynasty, and, finally, in the Shah-Nameh of Fir- elvaL dusi (tenth century a. d.), professedly compiled from ancient ' chronicles', wliieh corresponded to one of the classes of 8 works comprehended by , , ytyn- . §30andfr. 19. '68'] - a lacuna, as Herodotus (i. 98) makes ler regards the reference to Hero- Deiokes, and not Kyaxares, to be dotus as derived by Diodorus from the king chosen by the Medes Ktesias. probably 'Kyaxares' is a mere $^ idler marks copyist's error for Deiokes. II — ^. 08 CTESIAE PERSICA [lib. .-.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 90 Kill•' WnoSoTov. 7;- € 8 ISiav Sv- 7)}/ eVl 8 '€ \\4 8 - . . '-'d<)t\' ./ ye^'/xe^9 8e ,, , ^ ' ' ^ (:7:»<( TLjiAnjiti'os . , " , 8, Q :) '<('>} oLoOcpon'. iv Wepaai .''/~(,- ( ,' ( vveaeva ' \ eXaOev. ' ravSpo^^. peyaka F A G . 8 , € - !•'.\'•<•] ' jJaaiAtaj^ (> \Xi('r-1;n],s Pninascomi^. {f, >, ^^ tl*' vir- 8 ' \\/)7niV.r W rfocov 11 tutilMis ct \-i!ii:-l '''Otl t'nl 70V < . 8' (] tKos [ hiaoo\r)V (.~ 7(jv /3(€9_|, 8 \ Karri apSpeiai^ / ./ vhrjr rji' ii' .// ' [ . ^. /ta'Aifira /iv >> )/ ('r/pLa lla/jcron'oi/s, 7«/; it /:><( ^<; , vs rroWjis liep(Tais, ^';/* ///' yeV'Os. crrT rf ('. ' , /'. ' ', ':(•. € hi . dlpeli', u• irraSia ^) . ' - iiKei' tU 77/ 1' ^ iViroi- jifr\t ^. ( opor Na/'r/^r./' TOU , ' '' ,/ ~ ^- -' , -, re 7(1^!rvLitl••a , '€ <\(-^ , 8, \\.('))•. 'V.i7i\ : 8 6 ^ /3( , ' )], ' <^ , 18., *' Adnr-Parsondas tombe cliaque indignity or ill-usage from his own Khosru (Kava IIu9rava of the soil 1 ]) iivoir de son frere rival sovereign, deserts to the Turanians, reign was similar. The same struggle ' Avesta) returns to his allegiance to S ' ! 1 X anna rus ' : Sin and Is in were and leads them to victory. Tlie continued under the Sassanians, and both sons of Bel. He considers it a constant struggle between Iran and was perpetuated in the Turkoman Iran, just as Onaphernes, in Niko- fr. < |H laus, 66 (probably from Ktesias), Mi! if iy i til• riodicaldeathof the Turan, which really existed, ap- inroads into Persia down to our is apparently to SnH--j"-I ;tt ixsiiing, and in winter, pears in the Zendavesta, and forms own times. who be regarded as and (onipares the strife between the staple of the legends told in the The stories in Pirdusi which a descendant of Parsondas (Ktesias, . reconciles himself tlie u ) rothers in Genesis iv. and Shah-Nameh, and of both those most closely resemble that of Par- § 30), with As- tlii ^' lid "I iitrakles and Om- which have survived from Ktesias' Bondas are those of Sohrab^ and tyages and Kyrus. Kai Xhosru in Median history,^ for, from the de- Siawush.2 Siawush (Syavarshana Firdusi is identified with the latter. details relating to !N^annarus 1) iiR iL beems better to regard scription of Strabo, it is evident in the Yashts) having been slighted The the legend as an earlier form of one that we should regard the Ka- by Kaikaus, king of Iran, flies to so much resemble those relating to Sardanapalus, that we are tempted . li n]ipears under several forms dusians as a half-savage Turanian Afrasiab, king of Turan, forms a to attribute them to a Greek origin. in I i-'lu-i. none exactly similar to tribe, and the ethnic character of connexion with him by marriage, Ktesias' version, in which an Ira- the Sakans and Parthians who and, like Parsondas, causes him to Babylon (Bawri) is one of the places in the "West ! mentioned liinii ht !. liavini? received some figure in the account of Astibaras* vow perpetual hostility against few Iran. Siawush is eventually mur- in the Zendavesta. dered by Afrasiab, and his son Kai ^ The early Iranian 'history' of Ktcsias and Firdusi relates almost entirely to the wars in the Eaat ; Herodotus' history of the Medcs relates chiefly to their affairs in the 2 i. 39-42. » Malcolm, Hislort/ of Persia, i. p. 237. Makolm, pp. ' > ! CTESIAE PEHSICA. [lib. IV. -VI.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 103 / napefhjrac oivov re €. CAce^eoi/ •, - , rriivve (^, aKf)aTe(JTCf)()i• .77€. iicJ^rrreeLTj, Krt] irrel dSrji' eTveu, , ,^ 6 €• yreL roi' '\ - uttlol (.ttl t') tr -, ' 7€ , aSeti' ko.l KL^hxpiLtir, OL o€ '<; Ci-jr/jt rrc is 77(..)€. iheiKVvov re , jiCTa ooy( k€LTi)Vuyy. yvraiKi ^€•(>' '^' ar7')f'[, '- ti< /'!''7'/ \j> , ^ oL.Ll , * \ t^'ct, ^ . i. AtiOtV arrLti'd ) 77 ( . ^ yvvaiKa^ I , eyon'.' V ' \ €\ €€ 7€ TjvXuriiTn. ! ^ 8 / vuovcTiav 6 €- -)' '. £ Oi(x /' '• . ^ i U. , ^ . '' € 7(\ - (()(,,_'• yvvnAKa. € , 8, -; ^ ^. (Tvi'edyjirav /' ar-'f;"rr7ni>^ , 6 htn - \. J , elotr ' ('/>// ( , , ^^ ^' ' ), • . 8, . 8, 8 efcii^a/n^t c~aJks, (? ' ; . re 18 1 € (((' ^--' )/<>^ ; einev. : , yi'vaiKa. "'it OLi' , ;7( >}^< «< c^e, € ; 86 , ye tKa ' < yap Syrian Ileitis, often confused Avitli See Herodotus, viii. rather those assumed by Bagaeus KiiAi>J SeKa, bcKU, d/^y /^ (b) |i. ^ - {-/-., xii. 530 i).) ] \\(('()] fnjnfrjijiT'x; [ , af)yvuu)}' (\<•7( , Sai'vapoiJ ^ pyw Svva- eirfhjTCL-; . /jatrtXii Ot xnvcrov jxkp ^ (' ^^ yvi-aiKtia , ' €<_)', <:>(- \)(^ CKciror. a [)%' € ( as > - (' ^' ^, apyvpfn- ot ',( - ^ 8 -' € nafinAijfJeis. kill 7<)\< kul , ll }8 i:JV\y)i' •'7(;> ttaL7"ij(T€i 7)11' . \\)< \\ '< iV\ < >< ('-'} u. , jj . , derjtkLS, .€ -,' ^;^ w;s 77/>/'///. ti"(r € EPITOME DIODORI. ^ /'/; '. \ \ (^^^'/, § 31 (Diod. ii. 31:). ^\8 €> 7()> aiOviipniLLti'. " VA bt € e/iof, ocfrrrora. ()<. ' " \\ , c'V^"^, eiK'uTi. — de ^!' ?. 8c b irol \. ^ -^, .^.-, ] (' ^]' ^^/• '' \1 ap ^ . ( L AC ^ . -j appears to have been ( ) death of fr. — 1 21, by Demetrius and Xikolaus, eunuchs iv : much less promi- earlier Persian kings, owing to Kydnaeus, and marriage of his enables us to see how the latter nent part, and Ktesias may have their undoubted intiuence in his Avidow Zarina to Mermerus, the amplified Ktesias. exaggerated thiir >.>\: under the own time. ^ 10s CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. IV.-VI.] CTESIAE PEESICA. 109 KCiL cTi^yroi' ' €^ tm roujSe ^ '' - ' ]} FRAGMENTUM 20. '^]]^()v .\^. () - {) (*) (, ^'- tlrdi - <,;/ //' \'\<; , {De MitUer.quae hello claru- (UEMETiurs, de Eloc. (TzETZFs, Hist. xii. e,t );•, ^.. 894.) 218 sq.) ' ^ erunt, cap. 2.) k TroAt/io/' l'ijXi-okvlull', ruXjirj <> :T/>ac€i, y(- Zaptvaia. /, t€\€u- ["/) € -. ey- [Tous Sct/cas (dvos bia(!)ef)()V(rar rc^i• a\\f>]' Th u' i^a/cais, r-f)aavTos irporipov av- $ 5€(€ (, ^ , at yva7€s ^phs ahrr]s Soyas '. }\fif'i>,v>i' /./• • ^.• Ji - us /' '2, ^, ( ($ 4yaov(Tv 6$' ^, povs eyci, ' h'iii/v,j/'i.irfrr.'s <"/ ;" fi' \ (^ ] tre- ^ /'^ - (- ^^ rrjs ianat 5vva(r- T7JS evcpyeias avSpos. ' KLrbvrcor• (.}• dl Ac'yera/ re ytieaOat yva€S € }. 5e - yap , 5 € 5t <{, 7-^ tV(p"Aa?9 - ? /- / ' ' \ $ 205, avi}p tis e'/c (h:iviijfjrT ]. ', , 4 . f.lry^.,. ^ ^ ' yuva7Ka ^ 2- '2,py6s - , /japfjap(f}i' c "///i/it/'ots' I.Tpvayyaiov i^ ^ 8- ^ , 7^'''*'^'^'* 2 - ?>(. ' Se airh ', . t/V/K ^'^?- -^ -, avrhu aurip yap ; yva7€ /;/' auc- */- , $ (^ iv 'ZaKais avroXor ,trdatu •( €7, 7] 6 (4 ^^ (€5 / ,€ . ] €, 2/ ^ \ , Au) ; rtvas (, € ahro7s rhv /€?€ . '(<; )' ^^ ^) oiK-o8o/uVat, , 4• 7T(J(J| i . 21 dt rfiXjio FRAGMENTUM ( 7 iti/irfc , ^ () (Nicolaus Dam. fr. 12, Exc. de Virtut.) :£' €• TuL•^ !^./< ^ - . /)/9 ' 0€ 6 ' , , , ( . ctcj tur)). , / . \trai oe ^ /^i / ^. '^;?] Steph. Byz. : '^- '^' '- 7• ' ^. Otherwise unknown. . — 11 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. IV. -VI.] CTESIAE PERSICA. Ill t-K ,^ € ' aneXvero, 8 (^StvYSL^liiis) 1":^7•^^)' Sta ^/ .^ 88 (Strvaglio) K(}Li'<)V7(u (') , ' 6 8 , Se fWf)pvi'as ^ , 8, " , ' ' tLTTtii' . , . '' <.,.' Sc ^ 8, Oia/itA/Vf/irf/s kul (rrcva^d.s (^( EPITOME DIODORT. €07(€' /('.). -, (/;7( ^;. , ? (Diod. 84, 6). ' 32 . 8 (') ! ,^' ^ ( ) * ^ ')^ ' t ^ W-qhojv €!', . tavr^ t^*;,; 7.; inatcrxe^ eivat - ,, ' ,^/ ti-jv fjAapcpoi', KaKtLri'j ^ €^"^, ' ^/' /IVrz/Ji pf-rrfpoj', •^/ ^ - ' €\/.'7 rm- \\ ' ' 1(!>- 'i it ciLTt urfhi '()(.,/•(} b § 33), on the same principle on Mr /(^^ tijv ' ') / ^ \ . . rSni.l;i. - ^', . . is probably based to (Codex Escor. ): 8 ^ 8 tyages, which dvat oui'd^ a large extent on Ktesias, and is, ) /. . \. ^ '' exception of a passage at 6 with the (h) (DiDu frill, [ , do elor-iit. § 210). ^ the end, consistent with whatever , , ' 112 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. IV. -VI.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 118 (HI' HI''tou cTrt ^ ^. 6 - T*'J otvov ( , —(iTi^jj tii)\^iL ilt/JC^', < € € € / cSa. i €t t" itiri \<;(* el , . ^' /. *0 ' , ^ / <-,t ("•^ iJy n}• ;," € Kfpov fill ^, ' ' ' /jo) Af r//.'f tKK'i\<7-Tei T-f 7(.€ . 5 , , tc (>/'> €€€, €7], [] , ^ t\ ~. ' €V 8 6 '- /€< .\ ^ elaTLare . € . "^ ' /." *' • [Zryrct - (77€!/, ' ^/ . ' ' "- 7€ 7/.;.] ' ' 18 € r~rrti•^ ^'- /' —('- } ." , viAiots ^iLjos i~'i Ti<-)'.'i irepav - ' , avSpa , rroAn rrfc/ren -/>u o6oi' €, , , - 8 ? . s )€ '9 1('- '^' /, - / ' ." ^^ ' ' re ('' '.' '^• '. ? Xtiu•^ rrfiocr- ? , ^ ' .»>' '' €;)€ , , ,^ . , f^t Tiji" 8 . Mtr'i '' €is - , - ] . " ' . €>;6' TfiTfxiii II it .' Tti^l•' <,;7€, /'Tos TC CIS , ( )i_,i.;|,fis• ' ,' .'-s ( € € . , 8 ^ , ./-{ ^, /' - ^ 8 eVi tr•: \ , , - * ^ '//^, — Au'c/ K^.fs ,: S '/^" 8. ' -- <1 - (<<€'" 7" S ^ ' 8 ^' '- ) - (is ef? pjL\y]v' € ^ (- Tio r,€iiu) :!!, iv , , ' - , 8• ynp ' eroji -. \< ' , '* . 7;(€'9 r-dfUL W(rTvayovs (.<, ' , * " —', opyr; -^i'i ( • )• , ^/ ,'' , . -\' , ') frpfJi'TCQ -€- .''^ Sk / . '' ' ' (Codex >,} ? € . , ^, ^, - ' €€- •. ^^', "{/- < drS/JCtav }8, - (~f)ioT<)V ) - ' /; 7€^'/€9 ' Ilep- . / ' ' ~€! ' * ot , . 8 croi 6 (»!7/ Sk (f>ivyov(TL ^' et? . - / . (7/€'. , , . 8 Toi ti~(v' *' Ot /xoi fi'ij)'!^' - , . / '// 7;. ' > yruL's or/ or \p:i ? €V ' Tro/eTi , , /') ^^ / - ', , , ' , ^ / Krpov ', ' ;, "s , .'. Kr ' iv 6 ^ Ujii'a -i;XXii Kill /?', €€ . € . . 2^ - ' ',." €€' ^ Traprjveae tovtovs. [ZtJtci ' *' - ' "- ev TTcpt ?) ' €9 cttI ^//.] ' ' '-—€?; € 6 6 S - ." , . Irepav ~ec S t~i " - ^ ' , , avSpa , - rt/'-oi - 6 , -, , - 8 ' (jAA'.is - . / ,." , ' , ' i \tin<, rt ( \ '" , i!»s ~)• 7(- € ? €9 ^^ ^ ' 6'6' ' 7(> 09' ' €€ , , , . ' € ;^/ € >/ €3/ ;/ Tr;v , / - 7 . " - - / > / ' . T£Tfi(tji^,tl WV ". i,~77€WF, .'05 € €1? evepKeU /€€, >;^ ^ ' Kiu 1)/< ^^^ ^ Im /^ €€€. , 8 ' ' 777(>, (7€4, >;/ />€' / € , , ' tri '/ "/',- €? iT/v-Tos , , ' ' '> re ^^- <')7rXt'uei rm €€' \\?fi(>s )' , . r..is :-''/ - - crvi/T'iVrt! 8 '' ^- € 7/7€/'€ '€^€ /^ 8 i^KoiT'is ('s ! i .' (€^€," f " , i • ^ -)' , €, . ', €-(, //! , K(u €vpovT€S cKTCTtty- ^." . ^' ' .' ? € . €, /, deCov ^, (Codex - 7;€, ' -6' ' 8- "^' ?) '^-- TroWijv uv^p€Lav - ^, - ) ' ' <)• -€.(€ llep- . tCjv * ^ ^ (/ Kri''i€f rrc./i tTTTrets' ol '., - . 8 6k €()( ^' - ^ ;? . , ry/xu9 . 8 ' " ^/ ' - '.t^-ti /xot - ', . / L ' Kis V! (ii> "/ or' \ €v / '/ ' ^. o/uus ^()(<; ?;- /^,,7; 70€?, '/ ^ , , , \(r/t»i.s, ^k / , - 6 , ' /?'. -")!• '/_(, ' ycVo?, '/ oAf//p'u• 7/.\'''' €—> 6 ^/ - 1' - , ' ' € ;. ' ^ ." '^ , ( (/£\c , ' . ^ - ' ' . <}( ^ 7; // 8- ^ ' - € " / )' , 'L\- ; fur KeVfifci. € eh > . , , - ' - ~:'•''• 6^ /5, /'', 0€ , ,/ , , , , ' ' ekavvei ) ( ,\ ^ , - . \\€>•^. /'.' . . ' 6' 7} yjvK . , 06, ,- iTTjj.i.TLa - , , ^ , ' "^ ] ' U // , - ' ^^ , . »^ '^'<: he ! , )!', - ' ' 1 IIR CTESIAE PEESICA. [lib. .-.] CTESIAE PEESICA. 119 ' € C J ,) t ]' , including any extracts from Niko- ctvat oi's III' KiKf.nfKi•)^ T€ , . laus, remains. ,Kat , ' '>'7• € ^,- ' •€ € Polyaenus has two or three . 8, 6 " passages relating to the final battle, - Bpto , viz., Kat cti/at vii. 45, 2 : . 8 nr-joj ti,o;/ti<.>i Tjiiii (')iui'()i' ct? , ' ^- 1 ^ .Jr/)/ 8 1(/^•(/'),^ K.Mf ». V.h. rOVTOV ' /€' ('•€~})7!/•((.'> t ot/xry£^i^crav Ct' . . ot - ^ , ru) ^ Ofjcr ^,^! t)j - 8 at , - ifiis t/ ' ^ 7 trriK C7rt €/)('€ - ,. 7(£/.'- i,!s 7>•(^) '^ i.i lltf)aaL € ctti ^, iiKiiny t>iH>s .!.'? ' at /€ ' '/''""' A' )( :'i!'!n)'pap,(i/aL ' ' 8 *'1'. f,'jt r''t i!j ' . KUKLtrroL oivpt ; ' , fii^ €/.T(!/ ^ , tri/ci' ycycvrja^c ;" if 8) Tui ro 1 1 c/jtroji' , cTrciSai/ €'> ! , - <;./,^?) ', )(^6 o''>f>ttr(ii Tin-, , \lti)(rurL yvvaL^l• 7] 87] ^. '/!€'€ iKniTTi: iU Xoyov ^ 1\\ . 6, 9, is another anecdote .\~!!•\ (h i';t - relating to the same events, but \i! ft ires t "Is €t.oov ^ perhaps from a different source. ^-•' Strabo, xv. ^ 3, p. 822, also says •> €78€ €) Kyrus - u>ri>t.•^ ) , at Pasargadae. <• iAti.TTiii., ! f, . Tlie fragment of Nikolaus pro- 7-// <] ceeds : ^ 8 \\ii- - I'm . immediate sequel $ we are , reiciii i in tlu Excerpta de insidiis ^ (Cod• X K-eoriai. i-), in wliich tliis fragni' nt t Xikolaus is preserved, , 8 €'• t • tiM. Kx' . ijta de rebus praeelarc 8 gestis (irepl , wliieh , 8)) ^'^ ct are lost, and !.* the Excerpta de , , 886 8 , S*!.itep:ematibus (-rrepl '8 .^^ ), xsiiiLii uiily a -portion, not - INTRODUCTION TO BOOKS VII.-XXIII. 121 Tlie Book of Esther was probably written in the reign of Artaxerxes I. The contemporary work of Herodotus contains many allusions to a Persian official record, chiefly in its character of a register of benefactors {e. vii. viii. 90 : compare Heeren, Asiatic Natmis, i. 55, ff. 100 ; 85, pp. 56). The passages quoted from Ezra, vi. 2, and Moses of Chorcne have nothing to do Avith the work in question, which probably peiished when the Persian empire was overthrown. The name applied to these INTRODUCTIu.X Chronicles by Ktesias implies that they were written on 'parclmeyxt^ not on papyrus, the ordinary writing material in Egypt (and occasionally in i'.nOKS VII.—XXlil. Babylonia: Sayce, Rerodot. p. 396; Budge, Bahylonian Life, p. 101; Layard, Ki^ieveh and Bahylon, p. 153), nor on clay, as usually in Babylonia. Hence it is, perhaps, that no old Persian documents, other than inscrip- !v this portion of tlio Persika, which relates tho liistory of thp IVrsian tions, have come down to us. iiiiliit its from foundation, on the defeat of Astvages, thnvn to ii.c. 398, vro hnve no longer to deal with matter in which tlie fabulous element iargi V predominates over the true. Most of Ktesias's statements for tliis I)criod are at least deserving of consideration, and from tlie accession of '^''^- ' i"• is our 1 best authority. His chief source for these books ii> : pp. u> liave been that work to Avliich tlie title !€ prperly applies, viz., the Eoyal Chronicles of Persia; wbih• for events belonging to his own time he derived his information partly from his i.\Mi observations, partly from the statements of eyevitnesse8 (Epit. SSj while, like all § ; ancient historians, he did not hesitate to embellish lii•^ iiirrative with imaginary conversations and incidents affording an 02)poi'tunity for rhetorical display (fr. 3G). The loms dassiciis on the Eoyal Chronicles is the passage in Esther ii. 21-2o, wlierc the conspiracy of the eunuchs Eigthan and Teresh to miirnt r Xerxes 1., its discovery by Mordecai, and their execution, is --i*-•-' -•-:--. -.-.-.-, ,-.-.«= -...„.._«, stai•:•! !-, have been recorded ^^ j the Eook of the Chronicles before tlie king" ^cV rfj ^ {-In Tns oVotas iv € LXX.^). In vi. 1-11 we read of the ^ passage being read to Xerxes, Avho recognises Mordecai as one of the Orosangae, or benefactors of the king, and commands him to be rc- Avarrh^d and in x. ; 2 we are told that the Acts of Xerxes vere recorded ill the same work. It will be observed that the specimen of the Chronicles here given is of precisely the same character as the great majuiity ol the statements in the Persian portions of Ktesias' historj'. ^ y in vi. 1 ; Mr}Su;v in . 2. — " VII. -IX.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 128 yav \\, € Sayce, Fresh Light from the Ancient Kyru3 as the * young servant' of l.il'RT .-. Monuments, p. 167; Budge, -5«iy- Maruduk, and the other two docu- lonian Life., p. 75). ments represent him as a worship- (2) A fragmentary tablet, con- per of the Babylonian gods, Sayce >[ 11 . taining the aniuds of the reigns of has somewhat rasldy concluded that Nabonidus and Kyrus down to a he was not a Zoroastrian, but a ^ •^•'• ^ ?• ^r^.y!i',irO S ( KplSlov period shortly after the capture of polytheist ; but for this there is no tr Babylon the latter. Under the real foundation, as the expressions lltfjiiLKa iJifiXiuLs . ' eV ^ €. by € Afrm . 6th year of Nabonidus (b.c. 550-49) used are due, not to the king, but ** (^ (col. : gathered to the Babylonian official scribes. , "we read 2) He aiTu /urTfu 7 , : epcrt/ca Sie^ep^eTaL' iv and against Kuras, king of Ansan, Those employed by Nabonidus are ^'«- ^'(11 i fi- ' >; . . . parallel to the language ' ' ly SU^eLat € Is . . . went and Istuvegu, his closely against him, of Kyrus in Is. xliv. 28, and ( Aapetou re roO army revolted and used , 1 in official documents him with their hands, and xlv. while ; captured ; =iep^f)V, (\€()' !• ("• Lhwa - \8 f\ . ; Kzra, ^ to Kuras, in compiled for the Jews , Kuras they gave him. xbtviTTiji• (tvihi' tm.Kiy^c.r u• I. (Ezra vi. - the land of Agamtanu, the royal i. 1-2), and Dareius ()\(')'' as reverencing Je- ' y^^-p €€^ // , city, silver, gold, furniture, and 1-12), appear goods captured, from Agamtanu he hovah ; and in Egyptian documents Of. !• 77€)')7• . yepopevop, ) carried off, and to Ansan brought Kambyses, Dareius I. (Brugsch, Wtinrow ' the furniture and goods which he History Egypt, ii. pp. 301, 305), [ ^) of •7 i appear •7(, /. ^^ had captured" {^Trans. S. B. A. vii. and Dareius II. {Id. p. 308) 155-6 Sayce, op. cit., 168). as worshippers of the Egyptian (): >• /'/, pp. ; p. , his ancestors are (3) A fragmentary cylinder of gods. Kyrus and )1 ^1' t 77 " 8 ' '^ * . ^ Kyrus proclaiming his devotion to described as kings of the city of ' € 11 \ 8, the Babylonian gods, especially Ansan.' This has been identified /' ! \\tj}(TLK"••, Pinches {Trans. € >; jj ^.\ ]Marduk, recording his capture of by Rawlinson, ) Babylon, and giving his genealogy S. B. A. vii. 170), and Sayce with '' rrepl doj^ 8 style as follows : ''I am Kuras, king of Elam, as the Elamite kings Kvp'^s 8 sunkik Anzan, [ multitudes, . . . son of Kambu- themselves gig >> Aij-rrtya/ 8 of Anzan. .^ - ziya, the great king, king of the "Powerful sovereigns city of Ansan, grandson of Kuras, Sayce {Rerodotos, p. 438, &c.) the great king, king of the city of hence assumes that Kyrus and his § 33, and fr. 22, 23. The earliest is a cylinder /] (1) of reigned in Elam after the Ansan, great-grandson of Siispiis, ancestors Our ancient Oriental accounts of Xabonidus found by llassam at the great king, king of Ansan overthrow of the Elamite kingdom the reign of Kyrus down to the Sippara, principally devoted to an Asshurbanipal, and had become {Trans. S. B. A. vii. p. 151 ; Sayce, by capture of Babylon are all Baby- account of his buildings, but inci- bearing oj). cit., p. 172; Budge, p. 81). almost Turanian Elamites,' lonian. In addition to some short dentally mentioning in a passage As Nabonidus' cylinder describes Turanian names, and neglecting the inscriptions of } rus 1\ on bricks, alieady quoted (on Apit. § 29) the wlii 1i give no additional informa- overthrow of Astyages by Kyrus 1 second language used in the inscriptions of the tion, they arc The resemblance between the three in number (see Proc, Soe. JJibl. Arch. v. p. 6; Achaemeuidae and that of the Elamite inscriptions was pointed out by Xorris as long li!i CTESIAE PERSIC A. [lib. VII. -IX.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 125 / 7. is ) ,, ^ re >2 arciKpiveiv , /> re ^ / ^^ €€^', ^' kavrov , ", ivasnian religion, wliilo the the small importance of Persia < Persians revolt. As- ancestors f Dareius I. ruled in before the time of Kyrus may have the Astyages sum- / . ]\ i-i.i, an 1 li- interprets the ex- led to its being included under a mons Kyrus to his presence, and tyages is succeeded by his son pression of the latter in the Ethistnn name which properly applied to a receiving an insolent reply, arms Kyaxares ; Kyrus acts as his ge- inscription, par. 4, dun'fotaraHam province of Elam, just as in later liis subjects, but makes Harpagus neral, subdues the Lydians, Baby- rayam khshayathiya amatiya, *'in a times the latter was sometimes re- their general, and he betrays his lonians, and other nations, and double line we have been kings." garded as a part of Persia (Strabo, trust, so that the Persians gain eventually peacefully succeeds him. victory, re- Oppi it, however {Records of the XV. 3, p. 317 : ^ Se tl an easy ^ Deinon's version, from what I'aatj vol. vii.), from the Turanian ^ /xc/)os yeycVryrat llep- 6 * ^^ " mains of it (fr. 7) seems to have version of the inscription, concludes '?). ' ye . somewhat resembled Ktesias'. tliit duvitataranam means * on two Herodotus, i. 95, mentions three Strabo, xv. 3, pp. 320, 322, says occasions,' viz., before the time of versions of the history of Kyrus ol that Kyrus was previously called Achaemenes, who, he supposes, was ditfercnt from his own, according €€,,-- Agradates, and that he honoured deposed by the Medes, and again to which Kvrus was son of Kani- , € Sk - the Pasargadae especially, and city and a palace uiKi! I K)rus.' A simpler explana- byses, a Persian of moderate station, € €V € //, founded a memorial of his tion i- to regard the two lines as and of Mandane, daughter of As- '6€ 7€8. i^aya- amongst them as a 1 nu tiiat of Kyrus I., ending Avith tyages, who had no son, and mar- yoiv final victory over Astyages there. 1\ linbyscs, son of Kyrus the Great, ried hertoKambyses, in consequence , - Justin combines the accounts of t-iiM-tiiiiz "f \•]-^ . Ivambyses I., of a dream he had, which the Magi ( €$ Herodotus and Ktesias, adopting ill•! . . . (i. 4-6). Moses of Jwiii- il , Kanii>yses II., and interpreted as portending danger to part of each thai iyaianiana, the oidy king himself from her oifspring. Owing € olSev 7] Chorene {ITnt. i. 23-29) as usual to ' ereAeiTiyfre assigns the most prominent part 1 1 'Sluing to which was Dareius to anotlier dream, he directed Har- €€ ' € tiie kings making pagus, his countrymen. Tigran, King of liimseli. other up ' (i. 95-130). Kyrus, King of Per- tile nine referred to in the Be- € ^^ (. It is reasonable to suppose that Armenia, and alliance, which, liituh in i 1•! i'.ns, being the com- , to kill the child. He gives the earlier part of the account of sia, contracted an iiaii (>1<' Chispaish (Teispes), him to Mithridates, a herdsman, to Ktesias is contained in part of the together with a dream resj)ecting liakhauitinish (Achaemenes), and expose, but he and his wife Spako extract from Nikolaus, and in those the former, so alarmed Adzdahak j)r()babl\ the father and grand- bring up the child as their own. from Strabo and Polyaenus cited (Astyages), King of Media, that he to compass the destruction i;i|}a ! <'f the latter. If the im- Eventually Kyrus is reconciled to on § 32. Xenophon's account is resolved mediate ancestors of Dareius had Astyages, who restores him to liis spread out over the eight books of of Tigran by treachery, and as a been kings, probably he would have parents, but cruelly punishes Har- the Kyropaedia, a great part of step to doing so obtained his sister baid so explicitly. pagus for sparing him. Harpagus, which is admittedly fictitious. He in marriage. She refused to assist As to the use of the name Ansan, therefore, persuades him to make makes Kyrus son of Kanibyses against her brother, and escaped, (i. p. 5, pkv Srj whereupon Tigran engaged in war with Adzdahak, who was killed in ago as 1852. Sayce, of course, finds in it an argument in support of his views; but - , battle. In i. 30 he says, Tigranes Sk it is probable that then, as now. Turanian dialects were spoken by many tribes of tbe ( • *' adjutus, Cyri alacritate ac studio l*ersian dominions, and the most prominent of tliem was naturally selected as one of ' 18 the official languages of the empire. Medorum sibi et Persarum impe- * Norris {Mtinoir on the Scythic Version of the Behistun luscription, p. 96) explains ) rium arripuit." In cap. 31 he has . . . /'^ ... 17 /^ the Turanian version {savak-inar) as = "from of old." * , a confused storv : ' Ex Persarum : 12 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. yji.-jx.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 127 uyi at'Tn]) ol . Kvpov ov t i t (1 i ^ lii^ -Se9rji/aL' ^ ' , 8e , fabiilis de Eyraspe Astyp:e' (Adz- ^ tus in representing his defeat as '' el-o (Ldiak ' , ^\ho teniporibiis Nebrothis due to treachery. What Ktesias \\<'',, . . fuisse dif'itnr,' and thoroforo said on this point we cannot tell : [ li.is nothing in coiumon wilu As- l)oth this and the spoils .'] t-uA^/o; re, taken from tyairos, son of Kyaxares, but the Astyages are alluded to in tlie last 8 -\ ('- 11 ill! p. representing . in fact the paragraph of Nikolaus, vii. fr. 66; X iiak of ni(di;r\ il Persian legends, but this is not ap])arently from him, " in tin ,i , 1 K;p-!u takes the place but from some other authority , ' of Kvi U-. Hi i I he Turanian Afrasiab (perhaps Deinon). Nothing as to . of AMy.ii:. -^, lilt tlic legend has the number of battles fought can scared V an itsemblance to the be concluded from tlie brief Baby- F 11 G 2 2. 'ersi()]i ui\i li i)\- Ktesias. lonian notices. On the whole, Con.jiai !,_ these (Tcrtullianus) Persas cum suis accounts with Herodotus' account of tlie war is matribus misceri the contempo! iry !; abylonian ones, confirmed in all points where it [Ctesias rcfcrt]. ^vc ilral lii,.! «'ur author's account of differs from that of Ktesias. the early hi tmy of the founder of cV 'kyavoLf;'] AVhether Baw- = in palati parte colum- in Justin, in the form Sybares, the Persiciu t mpire is on the whole linson be right or not in regarding 71(18 trabesve arietum capitibus caelatis which is perhaps a dialectic variant tlio inn^f- incorrect. Herodotus and the Agbatana described in He- dtstmctas habente, suggested, I sup- in old Persian it be 'Ubara, ^* .]'h I! ir.• liiiht as to hisfatlier's rodotus i. 98 as a different place pose, by the columns, with capitals where 'U- = Sanskrit Su-, the ex- name, on whidi point most Avriters from the well-known city in Media in the form of heads of animals planation of it by JS'ikolaus {i.e. agree with them, Ktesias being Magna, there is no doubt that the used in Persian architecture. The Ktesias) is correct. If \\ r. *iiu. X( noplion alone is riglit, in latter is intended liere and in § 13. capital of a column, however, seems Oebares -was a real person, the makinu hiin hcrrditarv Kiuirof Per- It is described by Polybius (x. a most unlikely 27) hiding-place. legend of his early liistory may sia, though iii all other points he is as an unwalled town, with * a strong ^/] Spitamas = most have been due to his name. In iurthc^t astray. Ktesias, who makes citadel, and a magnificent palace holy,' is an epithet commonly ap- Herodotus, iii. 85, it is applied to hiiii S iirap of Persia, comes nearer ( € fxeyWcL (tx€^ou plied to Zarathustra in the Avesta. Dareius' groom, to whom it is the till ih !!i this point than Hero- CTTTa € '^'] = 'holy,' ''from spita equally ap])ropriate. ihit'i-. \\!iM aiakc^ TCambyses a pri- TYJ € - . . €<: spenta (= .) with the Scythic TTpoTepov . . .] \ati• |H r-wjL W'hfilier Kvrus was guttural termination, as , 7€€ in Arsaces" - Baehr and Miiller are perhaps right related to Astyages cannot be de- i$ (Rawlinson's Herod, iii. p. 550). in regarding Tertullian, Apolog. 5, Irniined. Both the Babylonian Considerable ). ruins have 7re8ai5 as a quotation of this passage, but invl i!i. \arious Greek accounts ^ been found on its site at Hamadan, Oebaras appears through- many Greek writers stated directly ngrce iii jvpresi-iitiim Astyages as ^ together with an inscription of out as guilty of acts of cruelty, that the Persians manied their takiii prisoner, not killed. The Artaxerxcs II., referring to a against the orders of his master, mothers and daughters: see Xan- lihiuner of his capture is differently palace erected there by Dareius. whicli the latter repudiates, but thus, fr. 28 ; Strabo, xv. 3, p. 329 statt'l by llie tv\u Babylonian ; ver- So Baehr, generally '] who ex- profits by, leaving the Plutarch, Artax. p. 1870; Barde- sions; but, contrary to Ktesias' plains as = modern Persian unpunislied : ffhiriz ])erpetrator compare sanes ap. Euseb. P. E. vi. 275; account, it evidently preceded the khanch, i.e.domus refugii; Schweio•- the treatment of the Babylonian in Theodoret, Serm. ix., &c. (some of occupation of Ekbataua. The an- haeuser reads = in epi- Nikolaus, vii. 66, and the narrative these limit the statement to the nalistic tablet agrees Avith Herodo- sfijlio ^ Miiller, ; following Osiander, in § 36. The name Oebaras occurs Magi). :y ill !"> CTESIAE PEPtSICxV. [lib. \.-.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 129 F A G 2 3. ^^, - , €. - 8 . i\ , '^^'. ^ ;< * ^ ^ , ^^ ' , d^e- 7 . . , '>. (•)), -TTpn^: \J . . / ^ '' § 35. (4). trrl Kpotcrov ' , € ySacrtXe'a ', '' : ' • ^^^ ^ } ^'' ;)^] ' eiim (As- Here we see the Saka Huma- tyiiem) maxiiuae genti Hyrcanoruiu varga of Dareius ; it is probable |'; p•. ;nt ." Justin, i. 6. that the name Amorges in Ktesias to have been Aryans {Herodotus, } ] "Quod arti- t/'i r< < Ste- , was derived from the name of this iii. pp. 178-209) : compare Heeren, ficium attinet, quo Oebares noster phanas. Proha])]y they are merely tribe : their locality is discussed in Asiatic Nations, ii. 1-34; Philip usus esse dicitur, id non abludere a tliilciint \\\ ui representing the Rawlinson, Ilerodofus, pp. 200- Smith, Manual of Ancient History moribus Orientalium comprobatur same name : see on 2. § 203, but cannot be determined pp. 472-474. The name Segestan lis quae etiam nunc apud Sinesos 31 ii /K/s^ Dareius I., in § the with certainty. Greek writers ap- perhaps = * Place of the Sakans.' Anglis accidisse narrantur. Quibus ill-' r!]»t ! .. his tomb, enume- pear to have always called the § 35, fr. 24. o-rparci-et Kvpo? Ittl urbem nescio quam obsidentibus ut rate- ; nu ihe subject nations of European tribes ('the Saka beyond '] Justin (probably follow- terrorem incuterent oppidani fera- hi- t liijire— (1) The SaJcd IFuma- the sea' of Da reins) Skythians,* ing Deinon) places the conquest of rum simulacra de muris ostendisse vargd (Turanian Sakkapc Omuvar- while they distinguished the Asiatic Lydia after the capture of Babylon feruntur." Miiller. Herodotus, i. gap; Babylonian Ginirri Uinurga); tribes into Skytliians and Sakans Xenophon, and most 84, says the city was taken by ; Herodotus, (2) the 8aka Tigrakliuda, ' Sakan but they were not consistent in the writers, place it before. The date means of a soldier, who climbed up h..\suicn' the Saka tyaiya (?) ; (3) application of the two names in the of the overthrow of Astyages is to the citadel by a steep and un- |: laiiya, ' Sakans beyond the latter case (Herodotus, i. 103 sq. fixed to B. c. 550-49, and the cap- guarded path. Polybius, vii. 17, t>va.' i. 153, iii. })aH8im, vii. 04, viii. 113, ture of Babylon to summer, B.C. 539, describes a capture of Sardis by iltiudutus, vii. ) I inentions, ix. 113; Hellanikus, 1. s. c. Lagoras the Kretan, a general of ; Strabo, by Babylonian documents. The amoiia tlu ti'oops oi Xerxes, xi. ^ 8, p. 429 «^. ; Arrian, . Alex. conquest of Lydia was probably Antiochus the Great, in a some- o' « i^ai, adding rovrovi Se i. iii. < p. 8, p. 171, iv. p. 239 6^., p. later than b. c. 546, which is the what similar manner. Polvaenus, '^Ki'ffds ol \ €€' 273, p. 278; Ptolemaeus, vi. 13, date given by Clinton from late Strat. vii. 6, 2, gi'es the following /"'V € , f ( ^-.< &c.). ^< - The Asiatic Skythians, or authorities. The Parian Chronicle account, probably from Xanthus : Sakans, seem to have been usually (Epoch 41) has ' ov ef Ki}po5 ev rats Trpos Hellanikus, fr. 171, ap. Steph. (not always) Turanians, Sk though the €ts . . . ] ' ^ Byz. : ^ irihiov . ^' - name was loosely used to include .... €7}^€, XavLKO Ill- CTESIAE PEESICA. [lib. VII. -IX.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 129 avSpoq FKAGMENTUM 2 3. ^, - , ), ( IzrlzcSj C/. i. 1, o'J,). Tou ^ Xarvtyav [^] . (^€•7( \^) yeveaOaL , ^^ / KvpoVy ^ . - ^ jcts , » vo'TL^jui• ;£ acpe- 1 . . ' , ^ e^. (8). 77/)os ^^^ ( 7€7]'€ § § 35. (4). '€' , ^-' ' avhpa '• / ' , -' <; re - ^^ . VxtjiKavLUiv ~\ ' euni (As- Here we see the Saka Huma- tvLiem) maxiiuae genti Hyrcanorum varga of Dareius ; it is probable [.raeposuii/ .histin, i, 6. / tliat tlie name Amorges in Ktesias have been Aryans {Herodotus^ ^ "Quod arti- €( th/v, \ f)Kav(H^ ofiopoVf Stc- was derived from the name of this iii. pp. 178-209) : compare Heeren, ficium attinet, quo Oebares noster plianu-, Pr'il.iiiJy tii-.}' are merely tribe : their locality is discussed in Asiatic Nations^ ii. 1-34 ; Philip usus esse dicitur, id non abludere a (liticriiit \\\ 1 epresenting the Rawlinson, Herodotus, pp. 200- Smith, Manual of Ancient History moribus Orientalium comprobatur same name : see on 2. § 203, but cannot be determined pp. 472-474. The name Segestan iis quae etiam nunc apud Sinesos 34. !S j'k /^ Dareius I., in § the with certainty. Greek writers ap- perhaps = ' Place of the Sakans.' Anglis accidisse narrantur. Quibus iTi>rripti"ii on iiis tomb, enume- pear to have always called urbem nescio quam obsidentibus ut the § 35, fr. 24. €€ 1 iti'S among the subject nations of European tribes ('the Saka beyond '] Justin (probably follow- terrorem incuterent oppidani fera- his empire— (1) The Saka llama- the sea' of Dareius) Skythians,^ ing Deinon) places the conquest of rum simulacra de muris ostendisse varga (Turaniiin SakJcapc Omuvar- wliile they distinguished the Asiatic Lydia after the capture of Babylon feruntur." Miiller. Herodotus, i. //'///; ]!il \i iiian Ginirri Unurc/a); tribes into Skythians and Sakans Herodotus, Xenophon, and most 84, says the city was taken by (2) the Saka Tigrakliuda, ' Sakan but they were not consistent in the writers, place it before. The date means of a soldier, who climbed up t'un, ,,' (9). the Saka tyaiya (3) application of the two names in the of the overthrow of Astyages is to the citadel by a steep and un- iiaiaduiuya, ' Sakans beyond the latter case (Herodotus, i. 103 sq. fixed to B. c. 550-49, and the cap- guarded path. Polybius, vii. 17, sea.' i. 153, iii. passim, vii. 04, viii. 113, ture of Babylon to summer, B.C. 539, describes a capture of Sardis by iltrodotus, vii. 64, mentions, ix. 113; Hellanikus, /. s. c. Lagoras the Kretan, a general of ; Strabo, by Babylonian documents. The anmnp^ |] troops of Xerxes, xi. 429 sq. ^ 8, p. ; Arrian, Exp. Alex, conquest of Lydia was probably Antiochus the Great, in a some- ^KrijuL, adding 8k i. p. 8, iii. p. 171, iv. what similar manner. Polvaenus, ^'' p. 239 67., p. later than b. c. 546, which is the \\ '^ (.' 273, p. 278; Ptolemaeus, vi. 13, date given by Clinton from late Strat. vii. 6, 2, gives the following -/'If) iiep(rttt ^<^ • &c.). The Asiatic '? : Skythians, or authorities. The Parian Chronicle account, probably from Xanthus Aecifi '•. Sakans, seem to Imve been usually (Epoch 41) has ' c^ iv ^ Hellanikus, fr. 171, ap. Stcph. (not always) Turanians, . anrjyayi hvvapnV Sc though the € . . ^ >}''- ; .\>iVf)yLOV Trehiov € . ^' - name was loosely used to inchide .... CTriyX^c, ctti AixrtK.ii < 'Ayu-vp- ^ ,, all the nomad tribes. is ^ Kawlinson = probably . c 556. As it not ' . supposes the European Skythians mentioned in the Babylonian annals <; €\( -^- of Kyrus and T^Tabonidus, so far as * ^ . If the Sakans of Ktesias, , § 31, correspond to the Skythians of llerodot us, i. 103, they are known to us, it was pro- Herodotus's version is probably we have perhaps an exception, but the correspondence is doubtful. Jlerod. iv. G ays bably between b. c. 545 and 539, correct. ilif European Skythians called themselves Skoh>ti. for which years the record is lost. The text of this section is ex- CTEST\r: TERSICA. CTESIAE PERSICA. 1-iU CTESIAE TERSICA. [lib. VII.-IX.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 131 ^{^^ f'^'' ^'^^- eVoiKoGz/ra?, Se radra ^ ^^''{ V '^^^• ^^^^ re SiSorat 6 ^'/^ '^"^'' ^^ ^> , F R A G 2 - 4. '''''^;^^ > -^• € ' '^ 6 - ' ^^? "^ ^ (PoLYAEXus, vii. G. 'f J ^, ' 13.) (, Progumn. 11.) (TzETZES, C/iil. i. I, 84.) \- rfi } , - Kvpo^ ^apSeis / fvaTrj "] ^ Thv - ^''^;"^^ ^rtra^eiiyei ( ^ yhv Thv Thv ') ' Tetxeirtf ai/Ths (-5, ' 'fj' LS 671 To'is > \ Aiyerai \€yf / . TpLTov ^ « ijTzh , Thv iv - UepffiK^v (::<^, (, ] 4- ^ - nphs Tas \€5 ^- KOVToTSf vuKThs iv- '^'~^'^;'^^^^/''• ''^'' , \ (| ^^^^^ '^ //^^ 6 €??, - ' els yr|V 4- ' Avhovs K^i 1 .J» CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. VII. -IX. 1 ) , {•)1 '^ ^ (. [ OC \'€ \^ f/' (/)(() \\ . , LIBRI X, XI. avTos 7€ /; \\ ' rrarepa iSeli/. / povktvit \\( ti' )'>) EPITOME II I 1 . \(TTviy(ii\ X(/i,?'J , ' arrr'iKt.ru.i' "veyoue. ' €i'VTTrL(f)i' ()€ T')'v /uacTjLLaTOs i' nivOevTO^, \\( \\- § 37 (6). •:(€..'} lls Tiiuopiai' €?)- ,^ , 8^ ^.)€ T('}is '' Sepaa 7 . ( Km \ €€( ai'tTTdrpcurti•. {)1 , , . ((ji'i'tiia\ovr ofjjjLa TTCifjcrai, '. Kvprn' jiyjoh' Tfv.nrror , ^, . IvSol \€€(>, . rr;is cAeV^xii-ra^ i/hepov), 7(!)^')}{, ' ^ St' 8 6 ^6 uaXXtL, /' 01'' * •. t 1 t . , j t e { : )/ ~ ' ) . 1 £ LUJV7CI > Tij tpijiKo OL a 8€ 6 ' ^ ' e'~t (7(778 '. . \ t auro{% \ G 2 5. FRAGMENTUM 26. fS^toy,]), ^,.). els <. ' ( 7}' ~j)us \() 6 [^, ^. ^ ^ ^'^ n ai-bpts »Viya. \\ ' '7\(•< ()t 7 ' - 7Tp7ot'^JV)Jl', i t //( , :/ ' ' ;.', ( ' • \\(7, , rt i/tlija u^vluls. , § 37, fr. 26-29. ] It is bably the different nomad tribes , evident that in the tenth book have often changed from one dis- Ktesias described Kyrus's conquest trict to another. 3, _' ti\ § . . . . had incurred the displeasure of the of a number of Central Asian tribes, €] A character €1 The first instanoe we king's mother or wife were de- <' which the epitomater has omitted. commonly attributed by the Greeks meet the I'Miu; sories cases livered up to them, and cruelly put There is no use trying to fix the to wild races, of whom they knew / wiiich Ktesin« > htniu-les in almost to death. precise locality of these Dyrbaeans. little : compare Indika, § 8, Trepl everv rciirTi, wiiu h pc^'sons who Greek geographers had very vague ' In Ind. . l^yy,- ideas of the distributien of races in §11, the same is said of the Central Asia ; and in any case pro- mies, and § 23, it is said of the l:;i CTESIAE PEESICA. [lib. X, XI.] CTESIAE PEESICA. 135 li'd.K'fji' 7€€. OvTOL ovT€ - - MiXrycrta aaL' '•(' lU'f'fjioiTuji• ovhiva' lav tl tU}a 8e € iv 68 8 \f)V(jL',!• LOP apyvpiov tl, ovSei^ anoKLvrj- pLV. iJCLar oLT * apTonoLeovaLP iaOiovaLP - LoviTtr, / , Se notovaL FRAGMENTUM 29. /• \ ^, . ^ Kiif-a"77ti) >1 i'^^y]ps, LovL (Steph. Byz.). \^, '• . . . Lv pL FRAGMENTUM 27. .^ (MrpiL .). [\•(, JieprrLKOi/ ^ avihxo'KcH'- ^- • if. , r{./c^i/ 8\ ? . <) y/io^^ '^ (^ 8 - § 38. (7). crirovS^ •' . L~\, apavaL %8, ^, 6 vaLpaL 6 FRAGMENTUM 28. , aL\\ 8 • (A|)r)]|M!uu., llistor, Mirahil., xx.). [< ^I^-P^-lkcji' \ Kn.,injx^ns • ' , Central Asia (Arrianus, . Alex^ removed them from the borders of iii. p. 228 ; iv. p. 243 ; Curtius, India to their later settlements vii. : near the Caspian, is correct. KyiiMkcpuali. X rr 3, &c. of. Strabo, xv. 2, p. Aeschylus, Pro7n. tovs 312. Kearchus (ap. Strab. xv. 2, p. S:h^.f.. fr. 198, -^ r)$,L^ , 8 €€ ciVt €',.,<, . ~\ A people better known 307) makes Kyrus unsuccessfully at \ '€', , 7;9 than the other tribes we have been invade India, and escape with seven dealing with : see § 2. But the followers. (1/ /; re/xvct € ' € ot position on the borders of India Accordingto Herodotus, i. 204 «<^., Ilerotlotus, iv. 26 (the ' . ot Kyrus attacked Tomyris, queen of Issedonians), &c. , assigned to them is irreconcilable Avith the testimony of Strabo, xi. the Massagetae, a savage race near '] Also mentioned in first uTii] 11, pp. 444-5, and Stephanus, who the Caspian, and at defeated §§2 89, in each case with a . "^G are -^y '^^ perhaps to in them, and captured Spargapises, «liif. lit spelling places them near Hyrkania (not in our present understand the land of the Kas- it, Miiller says), Ptole- son of Tomyris ; afterwards, bow- t' \t. Larcher as and identifies them with pians, by Avhom we must evidently (iv. in ever, the Persians were defeated, tile Chorasraians, while maeus, who 20) places them Eaehr makes understand here (as perhaps in suggestion the king was slain, and his body them the people of Khorassan. Margiana. Perhaps the Herodotus, iii. 93, and vii. 86) not of Osiander, adopted by Baehr and fell into the hands of the enemy.* 7} ri^as] Eaehr and Miil- a people near the Caspian, but the Miiller, that the Persian kings Polyaenus, yiii. 28, gives a similar ler quote Aelian, ii. .\. xvii. 34 : inhabitants of Kashmir, the Kas- Atyc? Sk peirians of Ptolemaeus, vii. 1, whose Sk shawls are still famous. , , ^ Duncker, vi. p. 122 sq., regards this as the Median account of the death of €€. . - The historians of Alexander have Kyrus, Ktesias's being the Persian one. To me it seems that the Ilerodotean account rrXct jvs^al - many references to Kyrus's wars in bears as evident murks of being a Greek invention as Xenophon's. 136 CTESIAE PEKSICA. [lib. , XI.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 137 aiT . ' , /cat e^^eiv 7ai )^^ ii'aK.iT\i\LuL. /> , , 8€. ^" 8 /- § 3U. (8). >;'reXevrav ^ \\' ' • TTijCrrnv vV,i' ^ ^- , , ^ Tr^^uift rarrc, />/ ^/ repoj' ^ ^''^ ' \ - ^ . .. ^' Tols ran ^ .7; tviOLaa - accoimt, \ differs as to details, as Q. Curtius, X. 1, &e. : )(€0, Se ? afjtajTiv laira does Strabu, x\. b,])p. 431-4. Bc- At 2Iurgaitl• is a structure exactly . ( iTTdS treXevTirjcre •) * description, rosus, iii. 15, says he perished in corresponding to this ) ^ '. tlir plani "i tlie Dahae,' who were and surrounded by pillars inscribed e'r)/ [_ \)< '^ - Baby- a]>pauiiti\ a nomad Persian tribe. in Persian, Turanian, and ^ *] king, the 1)1 1(1 rii^. ii. ! 1, says: lonian, *I am Kuru : TOtftr, Kit/ I '"I'/Tt t ! i Hi. Greeks \vith Pasargadae see Aca- ill f't demy, xxii. . T'lV •• . . Kfii p. 265). . <( ) Ti'T, ji , t (.\ t rpaywvov § 39. Old Persian ijirfUi • Kabujiya;^Babylonian Kambuziya; 7 firrcynrriLevov Egyptian Kanbuta, or Kambat, = , - ' ' (. "€^','...), ' a bard,' according to llawlinson. = and ihe plunder of its contents in ^'] An epithet ili< lime of Alexander. It bore * strong in body,' the appropriate- the inserij)tioii < I €y ness of which we see from Hero- elpL 6 dotus, iii. 30. His real name was jlfc^.tri ,, ^€^ Bardiya (Babylonian Barziya), €. Mr) out' which Hellanikus (fr. 164) made <)< < . Compare Strabo, into Marphius (ap. Schol. Aesch. XV 320 sq., who describes the Pers. : 3, p. 775 - tumb as TTvpyov . . . , € € . . . fiiv nrffninv, aioj (TTcyryv Aeschylus {Peru. € €^ ) ; 774) ' .. '**.,„, ,*-•^• '*>'i#-f^ ;.^*•' '^if-'-^^ryF^T^j : *7^^,:t^'^'^^^P'^Fv^^>-^':^^^, :PipS*^' CTESIAE PEESICA. 137 ^ X, XI.] PEESICA. [lib. J 13G CTESIAE , ).€\.' />,, . , 78 ^'^- § 39. (8). /3^, he -- ,, '^^ &c. . Q. Curtius, . 1, , account, but differs as to details, as ^: Tod exactly Be- At Murgauh is a structure does Strabo, xv. 8, pp. 431-4. Kvl- description, '. 6 > 'in corresponding to this [^ rosus, iii. 15, says he perished and surround(^d by pillars inscribed the plain of the Dahae,' who were '3 Persian, Turanian, and Baby- apparently a nomad Tersiun tribe. in the lonian, am Kurush, the king, Diodorus, ii. 44, says : r; some of the Achaemenid'; but Sayce and Herodotus into Smer- man, near the entrance To.v TO T€ 7€/ into ,^ ^ refuse to regard this Gulf. Xcnophon, Jujrop. vriters or Persian €€ other dis, and Justin into :Mergis, ^ tomb of Kyrus, rejecting the viii. p. 527, says Kyrus made ycvo/xevov €€. as the Merdis. Xcnophon uses the epithet identification of Murgaub and Pa- Tanaoxares satrap of the Medes, Xcnophon, Kvr. viii. p. 533, makes in the form Tanaoxares. sargadae. (Dieulafoy regards Mur- Ker- Armenians, and Kadusians. us die in his bed from old age, /] The people of gauh as the place where Kyrus after giving certain in junctions (so defeated Astyages, and where his far agreeing with Ktesias, § 39). (Kyaxares) &XKos 5' iK.iuov Trats Kambyses, was buried, and 1 Mvdos yap ^v b rrpwTOS ^»/ £jrp. Alex. vi. pp. father, ' a^hp &pias ^, Arrianus, . . . T^iros Kdpos founded a city (Astyages) ' ^pyou ^. , that Kyrus describes (from Aristobu- supposes arparhv, . MapSos i,].:, sq., ^aaiu up-fivvu t *r<.•;• 139 LIB. XII, XIII.] CTESIAE PERSICA. \8' ^, ' , ,/^ 8 , ^^% LIBM XII, XIII. , , ,, - EPITOME PHOTII. , § 40 (9). [^Apxerai Se 6 ' - . €€€ ' , FRAGMENTU^I 30. 6 ,,^ (xYthenseus, xiii. 10, p. 560 b.). ^ ', €"^ , [_ ] - " 6 Tt kllI ' //^;? 8 , . 8 , /- '' , ", , , ' , ),8( B.C. ^, ab-ra) was dethroned about " § 40, fr. 30. € €5 - " the only possible way vat] See note on § 37. The Acliae- 570, so tliat Herodotus ? the credit of ) 6 nienidac buried their dead, contrary of saving - Zoroastrian rule and Ktesias is that adopted by Dr. ' to the orthodox ^^' his work. wliich the Sassanidae followed. Ebers for the purpose of , cV The reason here An E(jyptian rn'ncess, where he their homes Avas common under the ] represented Apries as surviving 26th dynasty. Amyrtacus ruled assigned for Kamhyses' expedition less so than years. about . c. 415. Achaemenidae, though against Egypt is substantially the his dethronement for many persuasion Herodotus says with the Assyrians and Babylonians same as that adopted by Herodotus Herodotus mentions th.e ^\ his (Herodotus, vi. 20, &c.) of Plumes the Halikarnassian, who nothing about this eunuch and (iii. 1), who mentions two other had deserted from the Egyptians, as treachery. According to him (iv. versions of the story, Avhich made cV TYJ '] jN'car Pelusium, ac- inducement to Kam- 166) Aryandes was made IS'eitetis wafc of Kyrus, and in one, an additional cording to Herodotus. of Egypt by Kambyses. mother of Kambyses. Polyaenus byses. According - Probably a mistake ovSkv (viii. 29) makes JSOitetis mother of ~\ ] really because name Herodotus (iii. 15), Psamraeni- Probably Kambyses, but agrees with Ktesias of a scribe for ///, the to ] tus was put to death for stirring of his defeat by Nebuchadrezzar. in representing her as having i)er- given by Herodotus (//^/'^^?;? The custom of deport- Herodotus (ii. 161) agrees with suaded him to avenge her father in Manetho) to Psamtik III., son np revolt. to a distance fi'om Ktesias. Apries. Apries (Egyptiau, XJah- of Amasis and the last king of the ing captives !^:^^?^ XII, XIII.] CTESIAE PEKSICA. 141 140 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. tou - ' €8 '^ iSiSov et neWei , ^. , . ,6 /• , , EPITOME . . 8' 6 . § 4 1 10). rts ^€88 ^; I became king." There is /- elude, however, from the language mazda ^ used, that the magus had no hand nothing in this paragraph that is , , in the death of Kambyses' brother. inconsistent with Ktesias' narra- The language of the epitome, also, tive; but it does not support him became 1 1 rts Egypt, then the State :^ £ 2€/>;9] seems to imply that Ktesias repre- in any point where he differs from wicked. Then the lie became For the ioiiowing events we have sented him as not reigning till after Herodotus and Justin. in the abounding in the land, both in Per- Uir Irief narrative contained Kambyses' death, but this is not The account of Herodotus agrees of l)areius(par. sia, and in Media, and in the other 1m hi-t 111 iii-cription quite clear. with that in the text in its main I valuable chrono- provinces. Afterwards there was a 10, so.); ;ni ^ome Par. 13. " There was not a man, outline, but differs greatly in the are flemished by num, a Magian {Magmh), named in-'ial inlirations neither Persian, nor Median, nor details. Kambyses sends his bro- li ih\ hui ill ''contract tablets" Gaumata. He arose from Pishiya- ih( anyone of our family, who could ther, who is called Smerdis, from the Egyptian 'uvada,^ the mountain named Ara- ot tlic K-il'i iirm, by dispossess that Gaumata, the Ma- Egypt to Persia, the converse of other inscrip- kadrish ... On the 14th day of and some ; Ajiis-stelae gian, of the crown. The State what is stated in the text and he the Egyptian lists of the month Viyakhana (February- ti. n^, and by feared him exceedingly. He slew is slain near Susa, not in Egypt, Babylonian ones March), then it was that he arose. .M;i!s liiM nnd the many people who had known the and by Prexaspes, not by the Ma- * (iii . fr. and the He thus lied to the State, I am in iitrosus 15), old Bardiya; for that reason he gian. Of the two stories given as Ptolemy. have also Bardiya, the son of Kurush, the Canon of slew them, 'lest they should re- to the manner of his death, neither Herodotus (iii. 16- brother of Kabujiya.' Then the the narratives of cognize me that I am not Bardiya, is that of Ktesias. The time as- -1 (probably 1 i4in (i. 9, State became rebellious. From is 88) an 10) the son of Kurush.' No one dared signed for it, in both writers, Deinon). The name Spenda- Kabujiya it went over to him, both story that from to say anything concerning Gau- wrong. The improbable^ explained by Kawlinson as Persia, and Media, and the other per- dalcs is mata, the Magian, till I arrived. Kambyses made the magus ** = to the holy one.'* provinces. . . . On the ninth day appear given Then I prayed to Auramazda. sonate his brother does not In the Eehistun inscription (par. of the month Garmapada (July- Auramazda brought help to me. in Herodotus, who also correctly Ktesias, there is but August), then it was he so sought death hh 11), as in On the nineteenth day of the places the revolt before the is given as empire. Kabujiya, u!i. agian, but his name the Afterwards month Bagayadish (March-April), of Kambvses, but makes the real P)urdiya (Tanyoxarkes) having killed himself ('uvamarshi- of the rebel also Smerdis, and Gaumata. then it was, with my faithful men, name have been full brother yush), died." The only statements his brother, Patizei- is stated to I slew that Gaumata, the Magian, his instigator, '^ Afterwards Kara- of Ktesias directly inconsistent in Dionysius of Mi- t Ivambyses. and the chief men who were thcs (Panzuthes Eardiya. When with what is here stated are as to minister Artasyras byses slew that his followers. The fort named letus), not the it was Kambyses had slain Bardiya the period of Bardiya' s death (in Siktha-'uvatish, in the district of and the eunuch Bagapates. Kam- people. and the not known to the After- which he agrees with Herodotus Media called Nisaea, there I slew byses, as in Ktesias to Egypt. dies from a tvards Kambyses proceeded and Justin), and the name of the him. ... By the grace of Aura- Behistun inscription, When Kambyses had proceeded to magus. We Avould naturally con- took place while Kambyses 1 Unless we are to suppose that the murder of Bardiya ^ Pasargadae, according to Oppert's translation of the Turanian version of the would be necessary. was only vassal king under his father, when concealment inscription. PERSICA. 143 142 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. XII, XIII.] CTESIAE 8e ' ? , - , €€ }' 6 , - ' ; 6 8e Se , , , , , . ; - ^ - I , , , 6 8 . 6 . \\ , ,, . , //3^€ ' 6 , 6 /•>,:, ,{ L KOU'C / ' , , - 6 : 7 \ , ' . , ihaj'epcoy - . , 43 (12). 6 !• ^ , - , ,! / , , ' //', > , ' ' r(iJ'7<'. .\ .. ( 7 . ) , , ,'az^^aipetrai , l'ru'?"ic-a/.'K')/s, iLiij ]) 1(1 L^LT at bi \ - . ' ( arras \\- , " - ( Wayarrajov ' ^ '-^ , , if^appyj^rc rrpairr. /3 //3.'(/; •' , ^?, 1:2 (^11 j. ( ' zur ^ ()' ^ , . This understood the twenty-nine or self-iniliftcd wmuii'I. h\i\ in Syila, § 42 TreVrc '] dotuR in reprosonting Cometes as thirty years to represent the period agrees with the statement of ^ not at );1>\1. ' .. wiiich making liis brother, whom he calls of Astyages (when, V the murder took place from the defeat ]vtt'>ia^ a--iL'ii- In Izahatcs in tlio Oropastcs, king. reins, that Kyrus first be- the expedition to Egypt. according to them, (Iftcttioii tlif iiiiiuu- is assig-ned According to Valerius Maximus before to the accession of 43. Vw^avq came a king) to Proxaspcs by JluiOilotus ; and (ix. 2) and Ammianus (xxiii., p. § ^ in this they were € iii. tells Kambyses ; but Herodotus, 66, tlu^ laitt r(^])]'(> Klemes of Alexan- ' king of Babylon ' is, according to suppose that Kambyses marched cession J;alyluii is assigned seven months. li- * 16' as far as Baby- dria {Stromat. i. p. 395) gave Kam- Boscawen, Babylon, Elul (au- against the Magus \ tlio f'lonrcst evidence to sum- of the of bys(^s nineteen years. tumn, B.C. 530). But there is also lon, recovered possession liRi•, 15. c. u;]1>, but the date come to the Oriental a document dated ' Babylon, month town in December, b. c. 522, and that of Kambyscs is much more AVe now evidence. In addition Kislev, year 1st, Kambyses, king accidentally killed himself there, as obscure. Berosus iii., fr. 15, gives contemporary in the Behistun of Babylon, in this day also Kyrus, stated by Ktesias, before March, T\vrn- niiK• vcmi'- n- Vm'x "f "Baby- to the statements in the Annalistic king of countries' (ac- . c. 521. Xext we have two dates i« Caniliyses inscriptions, and his father, lon : 't u!H i!u|M, I'imu not Pinches and annis sex tablet of TCyrus and Nabonidus, cording to BoscaAven and Pinches, of the eleventh year. aniiis octo, ( xin I'aini- this supposing speak- • f TCambyses as per- Avinter, b. c. 529 : according to Sayce explain by vX triuinta.' Ptnlduy *:.. lle- which certain ceremonies at Ba- system, however, it might Kambyses was, though dead, still o-niii^ <'ivc's the I'ciui!-- "t tli»• iirst forming Ol)pert's 519-18. bylon just after the capture of that belong to winter, b. c. 530). reckoned as reigning in b.c. three Tersian kiiii;- <>f J3abyli>n as in however, besides its inherent . \N' li iV( the Babylonian document is dated This, - — cit\ (1) Another f()ll^)^\ : — difficult to recon- < t;d>lets,* of which there seventh year of Kambyses, sar improbability, is ] ' irvi(i.y(>>y>j ,] contract the ' reign of hnu' nuui'i'M•. dati^l nine sa ridtitu-su, king of the cile with the dates of the (218). are a matati it is simpler to • and ' ((/(»^ Tfvir^i't" \!-. tlii lir-t ighl andi countries which are his slaves' Dareius L, \". l;t . having been niude ' the eleV( nth : " K;nid«y=;e=;, the (b. c. 523-22). All these dates asr^ume lli.it <^' (22G). " ilalfyiuu, and perhaps -' fir-t Tear > l'.;ndi\ :t, an*! in in"-t easily explained, but we now viceroy ' (/)€' try] (^•- are \\v kingdom soon after n) );(iviii- 1 .. ;ind al-" \\\ t There is a associated in the years I come to a difficulty. ' (2()2). 1' a-^ may perhaps be ill' lit 1 Wn l;;il)\ aiKiIi rrfH U Tebet, (deventh its capture, Manctho's twcuty-^ixth dynasty rriu'l!^ t document, dated often 1;• --e This, from tiie Annals so I ;> cent \\ it h Idni. eighth year of Kambyses. gathered is given by hiiu !().'), nr KIT, ^r < !|;• day, vassal \(i'y i'li'ly in ]•:] rs Pinches and Boscawen, referred t). though not made years, the period from the accession are di-'ii-- XII, XIII.] CTESIAE PERSICA. U7 [lib. 1 1 CTESIAE PERSICA. els lepov, re ^Acei/ €^ rod - Se eV € ,rfj /jar>/s€tK il €/ . , § 45 (l-t). '^ - 522. Summer. He volt of the •'~ tiny would fall in the reign of B.C. alone . C. 529 as the first year of Kam- I slew Gaumata. These men years. Magus. ! i . mp;ne(Inine K\ who byses) B.C. 517 as the fourth, and helped me as my followers, one Spring. Dareius and of the Magns belong B.C. 521. To liit ivign 521 as the first year of Dareius, named \^idafrana (Turanian, \"inda- Soon after B.C. 20th Elul and others kill the ]\ragus. \h,' (iMcum.nt^ rliited but we cannot determine how the parna), the son of Yayaspara, a Naditabira revolts in Babylon. The Ti n< -in the first year of son \A intermediate period was divided Persian ; one named Utana, the accession of Dareius is sometimes l;.i; ly:.. apparently summer Persian one named Kiitu between Kambyses and the Magus. of Thukhra, a ; and perhaps dated from this year in Babylonia. . autunn, B.C. 522, Probably the latter was not recog- Gaubaruva, the son of Marduniya, eighth Egiiptian i7i//ri.—Besides the in- I .(f.. IV t lie tablet dated Tebet, Persian one named \'idarna, the nized at all in Egypt, and the men- a ; scription of Uta-hor-en-piris, which VI 'ur <»i Kuinbyses. of him in some copies of the son of Bagabigna, a Persian ; one informa- tion i^aditabira gives us no chronological It tlu ])H tender Manetho is due to an error. named Bagabukhsha, the son of Da- Egyptian monu- List of zzar HI.) seized the tion, the prin-'ipal one Ar- CXchuflia.l!•. inscription of Ataiuhi, near duhya, a Persian ; named Apis- The the death ments of this period are the tlimiie inim.'lial: Iv after Koptos, seems to give a reign of dumanish, the son of \^ahuka." stelae and certain inscriptions near iii ^I'liiig") B.C. 521, see i,i the ^lami-. six years to Kand)yses (Kambuta) In ^schylus, Per ^ 775, we <'!' all Koptos.^ h\< reign, : the (](Mutii(Ht- in Egypt, but this is perhaps read . . . Apis-stelae apparently reckon y mentioned amongst 1 In the Turanian version of the Behistun inscription Egypt is is examined in a Paper by Ilincks, in the Journal 1 evidence of the Apis-stelae Babylon, on the occasion The the provinces which revolted against Dareius when he was at of his conclusions cannot now Literature, N. S., iv. pp. 421-465, but many of Sacred of the revolt of Naditabira. Egypt, voh ii. 295-331. accepted. See al.^o Biugsch, History of pp. 1,P f L 2 — 14i) [lib. CTESIAE TERSICA. 148 CTESIAE PERSICA. XII, XIII.] yap 7€• py]8kv { Ou'T<> ,,,- /:>7; \\8, '^ 6 , )8 , , 6>, 'Tcryar-coi , -'6 . eha 6 11 ^/, I'tTuL ^, ^ 6 , etVeX^o^re? , 46 (1). ^^ ,^ €€. § ,^ ^ , ei9 , , ? elhev, 6 , \\. ^ ,.' ^- ' spirators' /«^^^'^^-^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ them- . . ycrcV^at eva 8e \\' . blended together, the latter predo- though certainly not their Ttvt, . . .] See . Sl selves, § 46, tCv i~r rEPvSICA. 151 XII, XIII.] CTESIAE [lib. 150 CTESIAE TEESICA. ^^/^ 7?9 6 , . 8 , - ' )/•. ^hv /3 . ^. . € / ^ .///. ^ yovd^ ^ ^ 6 . . § 48 (17). tv tVcl eiSov ,, - ^' /* , ^, , ^^ Xeiir./o-al•^. ^^; . ^, 8 /, ill /CC /' . . . , , ^. § 47 (16). " - } ' ^ h . ^ ^ * /35^ / i .( 26> ^ ', . , ^.. ^^- cVti to ^ ^ polis :— . character, ^ 7^1 Median rf t': i-rus a " ) . says notliiiig iv - .- oi whuii Ktesias , ^^8 ^./ right (sec 7€/) tlio latter i<; probably , - , i., 418- .7., , , Kawiinsoii, Herodotus^ pp. , , TCTcXev- is TrXctoms, eV oU S. ]>. 548, sq., who 19 ; ii 4, ] . ^. Herodotus' view; ^tiniiir n-aiiist , ' , 2G1 and S;;vr. . Iferodotos, p. pp. ^€ . , ^- opyiivwv € Avavers ; and Heeren, ' 110, Ml. w ho ''the the full narrative it would yUiatic Kafion.% i., p. 223, which the epitomater has had Babylon, That ohji>ct— wear a less absurd aspect. conspiracy had a liigher . altogether omitted. "Monsidcirco dictus given by Herodotus, iv. 134, is not namely, the re-cstablishment of the '] ' Buler of the § 48. ^'] fuisse videtur duplex, quod lunac very different. Tiionnrchy of the Modes"). Skyths.' His name was Idanthyr- instar est ab extrema parte," This perhaps AuMf^ns Still falcis to Herodotus; lan- ] sus, according ] left ; . . . duo the sick, who were -iS"akhsh-i-Rustam, Hoeck "est (ii. represents ill existence at cyrus, according to Justin 5). cacumina habens," Hammer. Botli his camp by Dareius, according luat l'-i>epolis, with a sculptured Compare Herodotus, in €€/] 135. high up in the face of cited by Baehr. to Herodotus, iv. frontispiece iv. 127. Probably used for a stele com- resembling those of six 700,000, /?/'] Probably till rock, (5} /] ] passage (compare I3e- ''soothsayers" generally. memorating his otlier tombs in the vicinity. according to Herodotus, iv. 87.^ (vii. 10, OL '€?9] His father Hystas- Herod, iv. 87). Polyaenus iiiiul is a chamber in the rock. Of "- pes (Yishtiispa) is mentioned, in the gives an account of the siege these seven tombs only that of Herodotus, iv. 87, 89. 5) as satrap of ] :— Eehistun inscriptions, of Chalkedon Darius I. has any inscription. It The ] ^ € at a period subsequent to - one Hyrkania a has three— a long trilinguid narrative of Herodotus implies ^ Babylon. , first revolt of - in Persian the on and two shorter ones longer period: see KaAvlinson , There seems no Five Monarchies, iUov iv., 106). - (see Kawlinson, ^ iv. 134 (vol. p. Herod, doubting the soundness Jlerodoftis, iv., p. 250). reason for Com- , vol. iv., ana ^] ' mentions of the text. The Strabo (xv. 3, p. 322) Herodotus, iv. 131, 132. ' pare Herodotus and Sk perhaps on a § 47. '^'] flight another inscription— reason assigned for Dareius' ' place the Skythian expedi- /€4, in front of the tomb. Dio- Justin but probably if we tower seems childish ; Dareius after the revolt of dorus (xvii. 71) says, near Perse- tion of i PERSICA. 153 [lib. XII, XIII.] CTESIAE 152 CTESIAE PERSICA. ( MapBouLO^ ?• 49 roi ^) ( (18). // , § 9 ^ .%. U 4 6'- . 4 Aapeiaws' - €> '. yiverai ^\ iiL , crepos '^, ^ €>9 , '8 ,%. , S>i^ ^ ? 8. ' , , 6 h '. ^ ^ ^ ^ (19). /^/ ^ , <: ^^^'' 52 (21). 8 - ] »/.' - ' , ^^^^^ /^^^ ^"^^ ^^'^ § ? € ^, < (7>; . ^/ \\' , , 6< ^;., - otl ^ hv ? Bctya-a:7>;s ,^ ' ^. ? S 51 20). ^^ 6 , ^ , ^ 6 ^- ', ^, 7a \\l)7if cvf)a ^ ' ' Dareius I. and II., are Darayavush. IS confused with Arta- TTtTTTCt This Apparently rjye• ] usid here is therefore the Hystaspes, and uncle The form ^ contrary to Herodotus (vi. l48). banus, son of ) - more correct one. The name means of Xerxes in Ilerodotus, vii. 10, § 50. ' - (vi. €£€ to Herodotus according , , ii. 10, the uncle of to in Justin, , This appears &c. ; ] explained as - Artaphernes (com- 98), where Xerxes is , true reading. Herodotus Xerxes is styled .€- he the $ €€€ and Artoxerxes as /xey^^ him twenty ahout b. c. 529, pare § 60). , made • €€ ayopav - The lexicographers explam the Mordecai apri'tos. and conseiiuently ahout sixty-four Probably eyevovTO, ] unto Dareius as = or -. € give who " was next his death. Most writers of Esther, at / ayopav at Xerxes (Khshayarsha) = 'vene- €, Achashverosh" (Esther, x. 3). reign of thirty-six years ; king Darcius a to Eawlinsoii. €7£', Perhaps the Yashti rable king' according and his thirty-sixth year is found "] ' eye,' or = ruling as- Others make it documents, of Esther. If so, we must ayopav, in some Bahylonian , before Xer- * king-seer.' Egyptian inscription of sume that Esther died and in the t. C the , re- § 52. J , - Amestris then Koptos. There were xes, and that € Some Ataiuhi, near on Had Esther temple of Bel (see note § 8), reckoning his covered her position. stories in.the same chapter, several modes of xiv. 3. h of the Jews Aelian V. H. ,^ and been deposed, probably the relating to the Skythian expedition, regnal years in Bahylonia, suffered, of which we / perhaps, came, would have may also he from Ktcsias. Ktesias' information, nothing. Vith a prince of . Datis' do- of Kambyscs, from a hear § 49. Of as in the case ] Xerxes' character, the fact that he , the ings in Pontus the Epitome tells us Babylonian source, in which marry out of cer- , could not legally . revolts Baehr takes it= ' the sea.' duration of the Babylonian €is nothing. as iviSi € - families counts for nothing, € deducted from the total as- tain was (Herod, tyJ ] in the case of Kambyses (. See Herodotus, liook vi. The Epi- signed to him. iyypao *the king of the Persians of Old Persian, iii. 31), , tome entirely omits any mention § 51. '.'] \ he pleased.' - Akhsi- might do whatever the Ionic revolt, a proof of its very Khshayarsha; Babylonian, So spelt here, and, in Achasverosh, in the character. arsu ; Hebrew, condensed Ktesias. ^ ] II., by of Hareius ^ the case Herod. vi. 103, book of Esther, which relates to ordinary - Dareius I. he uses the ] Miltiades, Eor sq. Justin, ii. 9; is\^os, his reign. ; both form, £. In Persian ' 5. ] 4, * : [lib. CTESIAE PERSICA. 155 154 CTESIAE TERSICA. XII, XIII.] ^- wveXov iXatov , ^, 54 (23). ,, . ^ , 'EfeXavVet eU - '. § 53 (22). ^<; ^/, , ycXAirai ^ 6 , ,^ >\^, [ •. ^8, 1 / , ' ^ . ' ^\\, 7A.o77vpr,v ^ , ^^ - ,^ Th Tt ' , -- irrl Tod , ^.] ^ .yiVerat ( . rod . . ^^ - £ :/\ • /* ^.^ ' . . , /<9 .- 6 " The story told by Polyaenus is, in § 55 (24). with ^ - its minutest features, identical . ;-] tale, I € a certain standard oriental ^ , . 8- applied in diiferc^it ages by the , longae, 2000 naves one- bards aud traditionists to 170 1200 naves Persian § 54. //] . rariae, 700,000 infantry, 400,000 ' Firuz and the Iliyatlielah, by )(1,700,000), according to €€, yap - myiiads and the the cavalry. ", - Abu Rihan to Kanishka Herodotus, vii. 60, including . See Indians, and by the historians of force. In vii. 87, the . . '] ctra Avhole land ' Baehr strangely 101. , Caslimeer to their famous king, given as 80,000, besides Herod., vii. - cavalry is this statement as inconsis- Lalitaditya."^ See also Livy, i. 54, and chariots. Diodorus regards kv . See also the camels in- tent with Herodotus. xvi. &c.). says more than 800,000 Herod, i, 183; Strabo, 1, pp. (xi. 3) ' iii. Cyrus says :— Sep- ... Arriaii, Fd'p. Alex, iii., Frontinus, Strateg.. 3, 4, fantry. Justin (ii. 10) 335, 336; The Medes and Persarum rex suum comitem Zopy- millia de regno armaverat p. 195; vii., p. 480. tingenta ] Herod, vii. truncata auxiliis. Persians, according to 53. A rum explorata ejus fide, ct trecenta millia de § the Sakans), ad hostes dimisit 1000, or 1207 211 (Diod. xi. 7 adds revolt of the Eabylouians]after the de industria facie ] Persian the injuriarum fide, cre- 1207 tri- attacked first, then outrages on their religion, com- ille assentante according to Aeschylus' ; * Immortals.' Cyro . . . com- Herod, vii. 89, mitted by Xerxes, is probable in ditus inimicissimus reme according to ' few' according urbem ships /- A btory here told of Me- missara sibi liabyloniorum and 3000 other ; ] itself. The to Herodotus and Diodorus. gabyzus is told in substance by tradidit Cyro. 6 *' Haud pauca transports, and § 55. most classical writers of his father, 7>] and 850 ornaraenta et , according to Diod., . . . - generis ;? Jus- ejusdem triekonters Zopyrus (Herod, iii. 150, sq, ; 3000 According to Herodotus, eac^ue aurea cuncta, car- according to Justin, ii. Folyacnus, vii. 11 and 12, insignia xi. 3 ; 1200 tin, i. 10 ; ] sq., the traitor was Ephi- regio, quid dicitur Themidodes, 2, says— vii. 213, wliere it is stated that Zopyrus imi- mine Persarum 10; Nepos, qualia tated the Sakan Syrakes, who tried Scliahnameh celebrantur, recenset."—Baehr. to destroy the army of Dareius. Hammerus 9,v (navium) S>v 7\3, at ' 4• 1 . . . • X^Aias ' ^ Persac, 3il : E.VCi? '• ' \oyos 6 hu bh iiffau ^ RavvHnson on HeiOdotus, loc. cit. 1 PERSICA. 157 15G CTESIAE PEESICA. [lib. XII, XIII.] CTESIAE ' - ? , re ?' ' ' 1 ^€(, €- . 57 (XL . , el ^. Se (26). ' ' € ^<\^/, 8€\€,- ". - /{ KLLL ^ , '• , - <^ >*'» 2). ' , - '\\()' iLvpiCLuii^ Lp \8- "{ ), ^^^^ . <~)>//]. ? ^S* ", , . } ^ € KH'oi'i'Tts. /•7'/;< { It ( i . ' 6 {-" " ^- TpKiKOiTUiVs ^> \ or 1 r " ,/ ?/ra?, ,vrtyQiot- \\:> Wiaaro:^ Kfu ylrerru.'\lCfaTo>v )\ iK 7(01' ;., '^/' 77 j\(f•'." ^/ ^" , / airots ().'7)^>. V), i > r) 1\€( (TTjXiTix.. € •,).\^; , ,^; "? ,- C)i ( y\ap?)()i'i()s. i)vT(i^ '•') \\^Lpdoi'L()\ rriAyr.u 7>) *')• ' ' , ^ '€ Tu<(Li 7:'7<>( \\.6)()< Upol•^ , \_'^,^ > ^ ^' t./H ^ (-)€ tv . €('' ' 7t\/*// ApuJTCiuijv ( "8' ..7; ^^' \\(• . altes, a liiiii.tn Spartans, helots, ^ Tiu ; but Onetus 40,000 and 5000 ? / and i\<»! \ ilili!'.- were also accused. Perioeki, according to Herodotus. vLaOt. Most wiiici- iuiluw licrodotus. ci] Herodotus (ix. .' § >8 (27). Thorax jipp^'ars as a Persian sym- 30) makes the entire Greek force 6 pat]ns(>T ill ilcrod. ix. 1. 108,200. , ^ firnmoc^ Ttir,ra/J£?J 20,000 aC- €€ Herodotus cortliiig to Jiiodorus. (ix. says he killed. So 63) ^was to Hero- pentekonters, according § 57. Herodotus "ii't. Diod. (xi. ) and Nepos {Pausanias^ ] § 31 €'] (i. dotus, viii. 48 ; Thukydides 74) (viii. 61) says 200. Our other authorities Justin (ii. says phice the 1) ; 14) he escaped ; Herodotus (viii. says 400 (or 300). battle of Plataea after that of Sa- but all these writers ])lace the ] killed. ^'] 200 according 53) says they were all lamis, and the retreat of Xerxes battle at a later period of the (xi. 19). So Strabo (ix. 1, p. 238). to Diod. himself. war. ] See Herodotus (viii. 97) places this after - /] tyS'] Herodotus (viii. 1 lo 7re/x7rcrat ^] (viii. Thukydides Herodotus 110); 8 the battle. and. ix. 1) says Mardonius retained Herodotus (viii. 35-39) relates the . . . (i. 137). 300,000 me», and raised additional repulse of a Persian force from } /' ^, ...] Omitted § 58. / Iv forces before the battle : Diod. (xi. Delphi (sent by Xerxes on his way account ' authorities. The by our other }] 19) says 400,000; Xepos (^Pausa- to Athens) in a miraculous manner; Ariabignes, Prexaspes, of this second and successful expe- tiias i.) 200,000 foot but the details are diiferent from and 20,000 ] Delphi, which is Megabates, and Achaemenes, accord- dition against horse. those given here, and he says to our other authorities, ing to Herod, (iii. 97). unknoAvn &~] Compare Herod, viii. nothing about Mardonius. Diod. 300 0 310 accord- doubtless comes from the Persian 50. (xi. 14) and Justin (ii. 12) agree in its successful 378 royal Chronicles ; and ]Aeschylus {Pers. 339) ; ing to / «/] 5000 the main vith Herodotus. — CTESIAE PEESICA. 159 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. J.. XII, XIII.] 158 \ iepov ^- eVel 8e €€ )€, \\ , avaipoiai, 6 /, , € ^^'^^ , ^^"^^ npos \'^ ' ' 8 - \\- (, . ^'^, - § 59 (28). - I'trnj. , ' . ^ 1 7} ), - , Artabanus, and Sassanians, becomes Artahshatri (in , \\ rously assassinated ' IV., a. p. \€ of Artaxerxes ordered his sons to be seized. The inscriptions (' 7 see Eawlinson, Seventh Mo- , . account of Ktesias seems to me to 226 ; or Artahshetri (coins § ini (29). be preferable, as probably coming narchj, p. 70), . id., Y., a. d. 379, p. from a Persian official source. of Artaxerxes Ardi- '] This form of the 262), and, in later Persian, invention between Xerxes and Artaxerxes, Babylonian form is Ar- issue was very likely an name appears to be the best sup- shir. Tlie omits in it to cover their but, according to Eusebius, taksatsu {Froc. S. B. ., v. p. lOo. (,t" tlinse enprased'>"' ported in Herodotus, Ktesias, and him.^ Artachshasta : the |.( vi"!i- disgrace. Plutarch. Otlier writers use the more The Hebrew is SeeSmitli's Didiomnj Diodorus (xi. 69) says that Arta- Egyptian, Artakhshesesh (Brugsch, ' ,j correct form, €<;. The old biinus, captiun of the guard, desir- of (}>r iilhle, s. V. Mordecai. Many Persian form is usually Artakhsha- ii. p. 314). throne, conspired tliu di^cropnnoies l)etween Kte- ing to seize the of the oi m tra, which, in the inscription Avith his kinsman, the chamberlain ^^ias' accoim! * i-vt.V Greek expe- in dition and tiio^c of other writers Mithridates, and slew Xerxes his bedchamber. He then conspired aiv i^i- lad'ly due to his following the death of Xerxes' iht Persian oitieial accounts. We to bring about sons, and persuaded Arta- liiive now reached the point wliere tliree xerxes to put Darcius, the eklest, to th, lii t !\ 1 11 ( rodotus terminates, endeavouring, thougli he alludes to some later death, but afterwards sons, to kill Artaxerxes, t'Vt'TltS. with his he was slain by him. This is placed ^ Gi). '/;7] r\ yeVos in Diod. xi. 69. in B.C. 463. Justin (iii. 1), doubt- ^ Artabanus, Aristotle {Polit. xiil 10, 21, Con- less from Deinon, says his seven sons, murdered greve) says : with / in the evening, and induced ^ irepl Xerxes murder Bareius. He Aapctov,€OTL €€€ - Artaxerxes to induce Eaca- (eonj. - then endeavoured to more correct representation Tos) Repiov ' - basus (a € of Bagabukhsha, i. e. Megabyzus) against Arta- S€L7rv€lv. Manetho, according to to conspire with him the reading of Africanus, makes xerxes, but lie revealed the matter Artabanus reign for seven months to the latter, Avho then treache- 1 Artabanus, however, appears in Eiiseb., C/tron. Zat., fo. CG, ' Persarum 6, Artabanus menses 7.' --- MS', XIV.-XVII.] CTESIAE PEKSICA. 161 - , . ,^-- ( ^//^^, ,- LTBRI XIY-XVII. . i ^ \\., , CI {^0). aKovSrj \\- § \\4<;, ^ ;)(/€/')79 ^, ' , /^/ 6 ^. / ;i i 7 \\. 8 - ' , '^' , iL(j-'i)!• 7 ^ 77 ; / ^' \\. 8 ' UfjK'jis , '\\€(()<:, .\\ ' 8. \\i)7ncif)trfv' yiVerat 8- 6-4 '• - § (33). - ji€i'(L .. , />>/ [)€, ^) (hii'aji'i \<, Alyvn-TLov'] Herodotus and Thuky- B.C. 460, whose son, Pausiris, reigned Scptov (>.'' , - dides agree in making Inaros a in the district of Sais as a Persian \ of Pausiris, . \"/; '^ //( Libyan, and son of Psammetichus. vassal ; the second, son Thukydides (i. 104) calls him and a successful rebel, b. c. 405). re '^ 7? u. - , Diodorus says he v^as] 200 in ' '' ei' Tpc7s \\ . was made king of Egypt, and says Thukydides and Diodorus (xi. 74). Akya/iiCoi (' \ nothing about the ' other Egyptian,' /€?] Acha^menes, bro- ' ' Herodotus, vii. ^ ( \'(), who is called Amyrtaeus by Thuky- ther of Xerxes in xi. 74. Herodo- , dides, i. 110, and perhaps by He- 7, and Diod., —' l iii. 15 seeing that Ma- tus says he was made satrap of ^ rodotus, ; but \. netho places Amyrtaeus the Saite Egypt by Xerxes, and neither he *? § f'^»1). \ 6 - constituting the tw'cnty-cighth nor Thukydides speak of him as \\\^ as thither. Diodorus, 7/;7>/^ i^ \\ yti^erat dynasty, about b. c. 405-399, we leading an army , ' may perhaps assume that Thuky- however, agrees, on the whole, y'li'LTai ck 8, ' for dides vvas mistaken in the name. with Ktesias, but says 300,000 WaKTfSLiOi' ^ The language of Herodotus is ob- 400,000. ^ . . , dis- , (see the question fully X.J ' ^. scure ' , ii. battle in which Acha)menes *> cussed in Eawlinson, Herodotus^ The § ) (^'^)• ^ slain Inaros is mentioned 8 by , pp. 414-415, and in P. Smith's was Appendix to his translation of by Herod., iii. 12, who says it was 63. B.C. vii. 7 ; Thukydides, i. 104 sq. History Egypt, ii. fought at Papremis. § ] ; Brugsch's of ' Herod., 461, according to Diod., xi. 71. Diodorus, xi. 71, 74-5, and per- pp. 433-434, where it is assumed § 64. '] So Our otlier authorities for this re- liaps ^ianetho. there were two kings of the name iii. 160; Thukyd., i. 109; Diod., volt are ii• rodotus, iii. 13, and /5 kripov of Amyrtaeus—one the rebel of xi. 74. What is here related of \\ 1^> CTESIAE PEKSICA. [lib. J XIV.-XVIl.] CTESIAE PEKSICA. 163 6.€ / ^, el " \ ', , elvai /SacriXei, 6 8 88' Meya- , '< , 6 Twr '' TO 8 €€ , YofAs ' , ^ - i . /x^oti^ei ya/i 7 LTTiifi.. ( ( , - , " 4}\ ' '' , /3€9 '', \ 8 TroAXui, . ' , eU ''h'apou, ' , . § 68 (37). \/ ^^ . 'Vtvyei St • 8 .-'/'-^' l-.XXfirts ot /itT ^'' ' ti/ avrij). ut , ( w arrc- a77LC/'''u. '' k(iJ'pa. . '•^-- /^^t"'-t : avTOV, ti' Tij iK^^lJ \ 7'_7 -' . ~- pa(jcAet'j>. ''. » , diTeiiur jxyiJiaOoil•' \^iupL•^ tujv St \\'\. -jjos ^ ^ G5 ('MV • ' }€ ' (' ~7: ' cj "ci'Ot rai '. Oc t/vCtr/; luukll • ''. 'Mrrci ^ ^*:•^ '\'\\\•\. ttaKKryiKuyvs ctl -. '^^ ,' /^ 6^"\^ 7o?s^ (' per ('), Me- npos, ^, t^' ' ' /JarriAtc.N ' , ^, ''^. (•(>. % ' prpjoi- o.\pi ' bvo.. €.€. ^' ' /SaAAei €19 TOP >}01', '€/' 771777£1 t ' 70U ITTTTUU, T7€pLCr\(i)L•' § (JG (•')')). hi ' Mcyap'uCos /' /bcu.•' ^ '^' ".>//' /^ t . - 77 Tcnv WtpaojV, avopeicos 7 ^ ktai' rc/^i• rat \\€., tvpiiTKtL ' 9 77/.> \\^, , ^/^ \\^ enj. ^^ ^, . bais \'(•) ^\( . , ^7]^ ()' ^^ ApTottph]v. ^ i')\) (.^). {k'a77e7ai ()e 7' '7 ^' /8€ ()', Kapbai^ti, €^€- , yiii-oaTai'-ifs \\f)Taf)iov \\Xkrp'Cs * \\ ] ^ ^Ivafxjs ijV \•(/9, AfjTottptov be . ^^- . f')ti'yei r(jv - ^ ()7 (')). '/,;(77/ hi \\ , , ]\ . ^ ^. ei^ him throws (li>rr(-flit on the state- Prosopitis, according ^] ( ev cAe- Diodorus, xi. 77, says the Athe- Diod., llK'Iil lil Xo. to Thukydidcs, i. 109, and § . . . nians, by agreement with the Per- xii. 3. .... sians, escaped to Kyrene. ' i. ! '. Thukydidcs, ( € 65. ) ) / / 1 7 ) u) ! § / '] of 67. Ittl €, and he says most § £€ ^ ^''' Prosopitis was taken . . • 109-10, says Itrerat ' .\> the Greeks perished. According * Impaled him on three Thukyd., . 109; after a siege of eighteen months, ] 1€>1 8 to him, the war lasted six years. stakes.' eye- iJiod., xi. 77. ^ 2 [lib. XIV.-'XVII.] CTESIAE PEESICA. 165 164 CTESIAE PEESICA. ,, «at oc €\, €€ ol• ^ EPITOME PHOTIl. ,'. ylvercL '^ /;tr' . - be -t/xrrt. npis 72 (41). TieVre «^9 eV rfj ^, § ^ €, 88€, ' - :;:\ .^ 6 ^ 8 ', 4 /3€, ' ^'' ^ , 7,^ rarroC. -, «e'rcn- . , 8 ^^ re ?, ,^ 6 ovu ' , , anovSf, ',} \iu.rrin,. . / ^ . 8 . , // ^ ^, ^/* . . <'.r . . . 73 (42). :^;, ' ^ ^ § lloW.Ks ,^.:, ..K-'.c '' ' ^«o^'^ea Trapaye.eWa.• 8, ., ., ..- - '^ ^''- , \\. . ^^ , ex^il•- .:.-<. ,., ..,,./yaO/xeVw /^,^ /ia. ^, , i)^ai)TijiLti'0)i'. ^ ^ , ^ - 71 ,. '!:.*.'/rverai ^^ , 8' ^ i-^p^erai «ur.v /-tr.w,,.,• , . /€ -, .'- 7 , ^^. ' , ^ / ,<\ . rv,y Si.yaRvl., , :,, ^. ^ - . he ^ ,^^ Tu•' .\ky«;-Jrt-- :,.7• \\^ 8. kL \\:/ (•) , .< /,>^.. .-> ^^ A/xurtos 7.•;- . ./ .^// ^ 77 /^^ '7] '.• 77nXX(-}J'..C-'p' rijj IT aaf^ai' ck€lvos be i^ydTTip L7T ip ( \ ^^^ .^/" , i.^o^nc^c, iii »- ~ t / cmrpjiTTCL. fl oe iwfJTai. ^ pciTTCtr ^ (i.,-^t t < TfOAXfltxL-. ^;> . ^ b /cnAacorcja, €IS ^'. on (' \\8 bvirl ^ (">;^', ore / e^'e?^ \ (-48). » ^h //3?' \\^/•7 < C/ U . 3 1 5 \ 5 F 11 G r' -( ^', C — [ ] .\': ( tU \\(^' /7 77/s ^ ^Kvprcua. noX.s . - , (Stepluui. .) ^ 7>;- ], ek -€p(pLLr\\|yxJt,pc^ \kya/:.rL/i/^. U/^'' -'^-•^''••^^"•] Compare Kciodotus, iii. 35, and ' (forte iC) 1 72. Hesychius has § ] ^ €€< Rawlinson's note. . § 74. . . . €19 Herodot., iii. 160. § 73. pun- '] kings hunting. Compare '] Q -t ^., /),^ There are Tersian ishment still in use in Persia. of Curtius, ^. Alex., vm. 6, 7. sevoral representations, on gems, [lib. .-. 166 CTESIAE PERSICA. ^^^.,^^,. ,f,,py,rTiav. Kadpov ^ dainXtvat, EKeXevae /. ^ ' rr^^Atr 8^ ' ^^,. , '€ ,. ^ ^f ^ rU rh ,^..>• \[(hn' \\// '/', /\\> ek ' LIBEE XVIII. hi t. VX/r^rrr/Ks .'- rwT(o ' 77-///')(/<( r,t /^- Kavi'LOP '€([))(. \\(>!• >/ EPITOME PHOTIT. a-'.^^ryrKti ye/'o/uV)/• \\/)7o^V/,)c-)/^ (: ' \^1^\ ^^ /' € . ' ij er ry .] « ///• >}/' /'>;" e/c . ) ambicn, rjjJipa, ti' , Hepc'r/s e7c\i:i'7)/(re/', iurty- ^€-( fortv Pt^l- macus, a777/yayij' ^ivcs xii. 1, ; oe reKpnr 701' 7rr/.7/j')N ' 7'-!js iii'j7f)ns K.U ' iTca] Maii.tho ' ,/ y t'.-rt \ -«• years Diod., one. ' <> liiin ioH (>r ; IleVxras. \\7)€ hi ' ' \f)7ntef)trj^, tt un' urn ^€K}'(^Lar<>\ ct ?'> rij^ Bapi'Aojpias, Kfu ^\' Kiu \\i>(TLTrjs Ik /7)//');. 77; ' /^arrtXcrc , -:7 f)e ^. 5c ^'1\ tpo' \ Tr/?0Cs ' t/)^s 7 (>7/6/• A'at, 1>77'; ktu '- ^ - \\r5ptas. 7>; \\('' ] - ^ \\€ \ / eyu'ero. Tor dt '^\7• • '']' ]!' , ' '- ]7•^ ' -eptov 7], ,/.:, - ; abc\(hrj de . ^TUilOj. ' ^' '- crror\oi'. ' [ ,^''^] nras, ' e/' / Eeptov ^^€'' U' , c.uTe\0(j]'7€s in Artaxerxes II. and 111. Dioflorus, § 76. SeKvStavo?] Sogdianus Manetho, who gives Xerxes II. xii. 71, says: 6 ' two months, and Sogdianus seven €€€€ ivLavrov months. have no mention of evLOL . kings on any Oriental monu- 8^€€ 6 these , ? ancestors of the rjp^e ments : not being ^, . ' succeeding kings, their names do ^ Aapetos €€€ not occur in the inscriptions of . CTESIAE PERSICA. 169 168 CTESIAE PEESICA. [lib. XVIII.] 6 a €/ hiayevo^evrj^ § 80 (49). ^, ''- (Irru 7-< . ^ / 8 , 8V ltf/j(Ja>, ' iU ". , /3- ,ttJ 0}(€[)' ^, , ',' , - ' ^, ^ €(', , ". ^ (9 oro/xa 1''). Se/cuStaz^og, ytVerat § 77 ( - ^ , ^^^? ' ^• r^ ><.:>. \\:7 Se \\6 , ' ^^ - ^iKvdiOj'ov, , 8 . [ ,] l)n€T€TV(j)€TO, 0)s (jyj^^i!' (U'tl' 7/^s iJll'Tn]' ^'/'''^/O/^ 7u L' TiiLT ^ ^. dl rrepiye- XtAjXcriTro^ 7^'^/• ) veKpor TTfJOdTatxL \\ , , , ") ~<)\ ' 7rpnppri(^tvTL< i' 7(7 <) } cf/>' <^ 07< ' 7} ( tli ' '\^^- eotoo?•" r)t cpKToj^p re ji-.r ' ()8 avTij , (€\ . "^^ ancKTorcL on ^^'^'):•. FRAGMENTUM 32. ') /') ^ 1 ^ ) 1 7 L 77 77 L 7 > i 1 )(' () s ^ 7 ( Lf 77 (€ '^.'^ ' '^' , 8. (Plutarch. Ariox, 1). [ '€ ?^7^•) ' "^^ ^ , ' ' . ( ^acriXeiietz/. - Kdpov 8 ^ , ^. ^ ^ 6 ^ ', elra , 'Xptcirrj^ 6 ' \\ - ,". ^^, ; i^ t^ '^., \ ^/3 , ckovtl, congeriem decide- > " illam insidiosam 7 (48). ^,, 6 : Ochus autem ^ - mus, ix. 2, Ext. bant." A sufficiently improbable aToc. ! qui postea Darius appellatus est, - Darius I. and II. are con- , ob- story. jurejurando . rV sanctissimo Per sis (7 €8, fused. conjuratione strictus, ne quern ex ^iKvuLai'ur fir) ^ op- 80. A Persian name septem Magos cum eo § /] 8 quae ' aut ferro aut occurring on a seal cylinder, with ! 8 tia77a7(7(Tt , presserat, aut veneno ^ Persian inscription cited by a , vi, aut inopia alimentorum ulla )." /cat )8; and Babylon, Layard, Nineveh p. , necaret; crudeliorem mortis ratio- €, in tbe form Arshaka. It was 8. nem excogitat, qua onerosos sibi, 607, the title of all the Parthian Arsa- non perrupto religionis vinculo tol- parictibus kidae, and occurs on Babylonian leret. Septum enim altis § 77. Evidently 4, p. 412 : At Sc '] complevit, supposi- documents of their time in the form locum cinere a Persian title. . . . €7€ , prominente, benigne Arsaka. Deinon, fr. 22, calls him toque tigno § 78. trap t ] Old Persian iKaX^aav, ^ potione exceptos in eo col- Oartes. ^ cibo et Khshatram, ' crown.' Be in . . . Ki-pov] Sun is . locabat, e quo somno sopiti, 79. Strabo, xvi. ets \^alerius Maxi- I ] ] j CTESIAE PERSICA. 171 170 CTESIAE PEESICA. [lib. XVIII.] ' 5 / 8k ^^ -'(7- ^, ayvoeLV , 8 ' S>v , * ^ " ^. \ '.^ )8€9 *. .](:. rroLLOaS. ' 8 ^, 6 8 - EPITOME . 8 , 8 . f 5 I Sayce, Herod. p. 69), but ment in the text {Acad. xx. p. p. ; ^ prisoner by the Peloponnesians, to Thukyd., viii. 5, 28, i*arv>aii^ ought to have known. 49G). cording re- and delivered to Tissaphernes. his illegitimate son Amorges Tunia-t }.( k says that in certain § 83. ^] Mentioned taken belled in Karia, and was Iraiiiiiti diaiects of the Pamir, in in Thukyd., i. 115, iii. 31. Ac- 172 CTESIAE PEESICA. [lib. XVIII. ((^ d / , inel , '', ^ fi'-qrepa • ,8 LIBBI XIX, XX. " ^ ! '^, ^, iKiXcve 8 - , ' EPITOME PHOT II. eLl'' . 7 >0j. [^ 7? ' ] ] 88 (57). . %\ / ^ \ ^. ^'? «V ^\, '' ^ yt \\^ ? - '. ''; ,,,., K-o-rcroK €€ ?)( - 6 ,^. ^, ^ iKjeixverai (•\(.. • 1\^ ajJtL'io, ^. , ut ^u^ €<>, €: ^.... ^/irctr //.( .(// . „ 7/-;. -.• -.:7,;.',. K-«/'ur7ar,:u <7« . ', cl, 1 . :7,;. 1 /.!^7;^,. ' rhv /37 !<;•/.., .„,>..,^ -/.U' ^ />/7/ ;.1 -«7. •. ,1«7.;,:^./•7, 7j} 701' \7:L\avi'Li v/T-i/xw/xtros <. '^ '/ />^ ^J > T/yb L t J ""' e.ara- d^cXchnv -ph^ ^ ^: 1/:^/;'), \)'7)/. />•7 . . amipet7aL a{jT^s ',/ ', ,.., u^ra^e-rn ^ /;7;7>>^7^ pa^rtXci. ^ .. dLa<;AkipLL tuv cpiTov\pL,. v'uw. .^ 70 /.^' e^ ^, > 7cn- rrr/.^.^ 77/. ,^/€'5'7. ^eyv^s ' . Artaksatsn, thus giving Dareiu:^ ii. 88. €7 ] Ma- § twenty-nine years. It gives Arto- gives hiin nineteen years, netho thirty-six years, Dio- xerxes II. only to the revolt of Egypt ; down the total the same. in thus making dorus gives him nineteen years 1 1 i ~ placed death of Dareius . Ptolemaeus, who places The all ; and so 402. in B.C. 395. the close of his reign in b. c. com- /5(€ - Eabylonian table of cycles, A So Xcnophon, eighteen ...^ piled about B. c. 90, gives , o,sq. year of Anabasis, i. I. years, from the nineteenth -. of TTcpt Daravus to the eighth year XIX, XX.] CTESIAE PERSICA. 175 17 CTESTAr, PERSIC. [lib. yeinmhv ('"^S). -~>) , ^ S9 \\77(}(7(^ re , , , [ 07/ avvayojyi] 'VXKip'iKuv p'i.7tvii.':i7'>\ (), / ^,' /xeya /> iv ''\'(\ (,€..•9 /-'/*(''' (vvn iia\CL. \\'r^;<.iTt )>€€]. ' > • /;>/ / \ /^ aiyn € ' ^. /,•.. ~:,/• rrj lltpfruw ayuJ^ii ^(:''>]' oc crear7oi; /' ,7 OLK€La napyji'taai'. tvAtfip^us Ot ^, ^^ /ii/xois - '•, •)' Hc77f(Xos\ m \\vi)^'V , , dt or a€t tn'yxaj'Ui^ rr•.• /u./' '- >/» /^tacrair/^iu .7//.' >/ 7 , ^ ., u^raui^a <\' \€}>€ » be (:7•)7' . Tji'. ' rt77~'i jit!' \ / i 7 t t 11 / 1 .' uoel^ iiCni / \ . KrpoQ, ] V) 0C ^^ avTc \€ \ ' 7/) oc Aprot-c^)i'//r () \\ ' VOCls' , , / ^^^ ur\r/>as ;7<,7€;?/. - bio \pTapai)i(Js /-,) /.(. ,\(. //< 8 'A/>7aye/jiroi• ^^ -'' 8e 7^' ^^ ^ et9 /-)/' ( '/ 8€• = ?,'^7( / 70 1 7; (.re rr/i/ja 7' KAtLC-a 7/,) \ pacJiAeciS llli', Iw^^rr^' <^ T7JI/ ! sxvpuv ( f,;ri•• \ Tor /.7U' 7( (^()•(>\ ^, /veu fu/Viiryxu^ ruu \ ' u/iuAoyji/cJt a^\eOi^r arra/Tt-j J•j. ^ \\f}T(>ttptov' ' ^ I \tLpa (i€(f \\i)T()ttpttji' , F R A G 3 4. aneTcpe ^^. \\\ ^ cap. 11). Se htrj- '\\ (/) (Plutarc'li, ./'/^., , 77€,, ^' eira I 8'\\\7]. .] \\, /3(7.€ 7/• , !• ( 1 . 1 ,^ 8e \\ - ' (Pllltarcli, /,.^ c 0). Ot pcv ' . \\ tIj . , (> 8, 8 - ^ ' , \ cV 7/) /,/ - oi'uets__, St) AtaiK iii. ^ . eV'8i'i7aL ' ] /'', noiis oiFcncc airaiiist the Mazdns a/- 7o ' ^ nian reli nn])}i()ii, '] Xenophon, Anab.i. ,-'^^•; i. X. 1 . 7]77 Diod., xiv. li)5(/.; Justin, v. 11, <<<; Xcnu- >'] ) , 81 ] who generally agree with Ktesias. phoii, Anab. ii. ; Diud. xiv. J.>. [lib. XIX, XX.] CTESIAE PEESICA. 177 176 CTESIAE PERSIC. ^Lee\ave ;8"' - ^xccrro^ ,, ^ ' - ' ' rru'Lsr^^^^- 'foGro , ^ 8e ^/ ' .] jarr! ^^, ^- ? iCrpou // ,, tou har. FRAGMENTUM 35. ,9 € ' / ' , \ 6 . (Plutarch, Arto.v.j c. 12. sq.) "^ , ' 6 6 ' ^^ - o^ Kdpov . /. Kdpov, ' , , -^ ; ' \\, ' , 6 a^^a/9eVl9ai . 8 ; ^) ' ' 8, \^. , ,/ , 8 , 8 ^/3€ 8 8, ' 8^/^ ^ , , ^ - .\\. ' ,. ^ 8 8- . ,8 - ^ . , / ' 6 . 8\ 6 ^ ^ ^ ' , ,. [ ,8. 8 - 6 8- ,.~\ 8 ' ' (i) (Xenophon, Anab., i. 8, 26). [tiu ^^ /. ^ /3€ ' - 8 . , ' , avSpa , , 8 8 , , lacr^ai croi ' ^ 6 , . - ^ , 8 ^ ' ^^ , ///-^, /' ^ ei/^ . - PEESICA. [lib. XX.] CTESIAE PEESICA. 179 178 CTESIAE/^ XIX, ' "; , . , , \ /, ' \ ; ^ 8 .8 ^ , , , . . ,- /3^9 /^/ ', ^ 8 \ . , . [ ^ ' itf .] TTtin ^^^ ', 6 ,'] / l•: ISI '^ [ ^ R G 8 6. ' [6 1 t^' / " '] . (Demetrius Phalereus, De Elocutione, 222, 223). ] ", §§ ^ r)t ^ [ , , j-ur ^ , ^^ - [ ' /'• 6 ^ ' , .] 6 , 6 ^/ , . . . , ? ' [ rti^as ^ ' ] ^- 88,, , ' . 6 . , ; , ,' Mltu oi 6 , ; - -,' ^^ .'] , , . ^* [ ]. , EPITOME . FRAGMENTUM 37- § 90 (59). ^^^ , - 589). - fUn'^Tii. 7', - (Longinus , . [ ^ 7;^ \iAi)u.., , ^ . Wavix-arov - ;, , ( . ' - .] \1< ^ Wjr/'irrdrr]!', - 2 CTESIAE PEESICA. lyl [lib. XIX, XX.] 180 CTESIAE PEESICA. rhv ^^,.• .,., ^- 8. iv toIs . F R A G 3 ^ .,. ^ ' n,-\.luu.s). /35• uepo-i/cos , ^., . - /.. Kr,;.ria?] ; , „ ? Say.ov Tpiw ., 6'(./;/, ':€ TL inoicL. - . ^.. ^. ^.., 3 9. . /,^ F U . G • '? , '.. ^ ' ^u rr, . ',,-,., Artox., C. 17). . . . rod . ,.,. . 7^ €\ €/' ^ ^^' '^^, ^^, \lrur, ?.'rrj9, ^« ^. ? , /^ .,^ nape^iSov, . ' iavrod ^.., ,^ .,^ ^ .',, €. ^liu . h.u - \ Tol• - ^ ,,,/;--. , - £/0!/ ;?€ ^ € ^, \ ' F G 4 0. iKOLva>vet ipo:r,K',i- , Artox. U). ^ ^. - (Plutarch, . , , ^ . , . ,, . ,:,- € , ^^. ^^ ,' > '-^ Kipov, ^, arri, 4 ^,. , , ^., , ,,^ , . ^.. .>,. TrepuiSe ^, y\:-,r ,•,,,.,,.,:,• .• ^^ . ^, , . roO ' ' , „ 7•. > 8€. ^^ , ., . .. aS^iS rrepl ev^^V^ .- , -UAnr.iKau 4€ ^ - ' Sol ^." hdrac €. ^^ , , '.. ^. -,•,7 , LKaTepov , , ^ - 6 ^ ^. <:„ tv ,, ,,' ^ 1... ' ^. .. ^ ^ ^ Crrl ro^TOi^ tSpa - .. . avTg ,,^. . eS , ; ,<^ ^77 , ^. .^^.^^. . 0. ^. ^^^-'-^^ W- " Ad- Ctesia scripta fuisse." Schottus, . § 90, fr. 36-40. ?! ^.. 6' quoted by Miillcr. posui autcm hoc loci istud frag- . vcro -•;'] In the epitome we , nicntum, quod alicui non ita . correct form , more videri qucat, ista de Taiy- find the - ' absimilo ' ;8 satidisluetu ob interfectum tilium a . CTESIAE PERSICA. 183 182 CTESIAE PERSIC. [lib. XIX, XX.] /36€9 eKeXevaev . " ", ^ y elneu top , , . - , 6 ^. oXd^poi^ " , ]^ \ ' - . '^ Tod ^? L . t/ttActu TOVS '^ '," ' 8 ^, , - ' 8 " - I'OL KaKo^s , . " - 6.' avToi . . ' . ^' €1 / - ^-? , - . i , ' 6 €19 , , !•€.'(} - , " 6 /3€ 88, /^, ^ ^ , '^ eV^iei^ , ,' 6 , 5c * . , ,- . "^ , , - jid^vi.!' U ., , , ^- lutij ySaatXei ; . - € . 6 ^ €/€- , (JU., , , ' . " , ,^ aXryt^eiaz/ , - ,- ' " ; , - .," 6 - ) , . , , , , ' ' 88 , . , , , ?-- . , ", - , ^ , , , PERSICA. 185 LIB. XXI. -XXIII.] CTESIAE F R A G U 4 1. \ (Plutarch, Artox. 18). \ • , , v^\iv [^] LIBRI XXI.-XXIII. 9 88, 8 [6 '] . EPITOME HO II. Sodvai, !! fnO). ' ^ ^; [^ ) y\ ^ 8 ' .] okrf^ , - . (jiiprijs iTTiBovXeveL ' "^, ;/ . -' hJeaaaXop, 8l Tomo 6 ,rs , //7// ] [ ] ,' ^ 8, ' 5 'TL 7>]•^ 9 ^' . - Kaff II u\>:. ^ 6 , 8 ,- , 7/'€. 12^ €. ^8/ \\ \ 8 ^, \ , > ^ - arrcu > ', *. ^6 ' [(.) ' , ' rjBoL'ijL' 8. ' ' ^ /•,^^.' 9 ^,-- \ / , ^/3} ' . . . ^[^] t-TT^ , , i^jii€i'n<: , 8 , ( , , Th ' § 91, . 11. 7€€ who apparently regarded the exe- Comp. Xeuophou, Anal•. cution of the Greeks as taking , €] ' Ham.' according to Diod. xiv. 27 ; u. 5, 28. place immediately, but in this ^ , Eight years, ac he was Xenophon, ii. 6, 29, says ] Compare Xenophon, respect Ktesias was likely to be '] to § 93. The statement cording said to have been put to death 11. . Ob. better informed. can only be reconciled with afterwards. there <\ ^] Xenoplion, ii. G, 1, - ^livixivos^ ^livwia ht i PERSICA. 187 XXI.-XXIII.] CTEBIAE 186 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. ' ^/ '^ , ^? , ' [, dvSpa - , 8- . , 6 8 EPITOME PHOTII. , 88 .] § 92 (61). AotSopia ' •€ 8 ^- {1(1, C. 19). ,, • [ )* ^^!^ ^? \^, 8 8 , ' , - A.ijf7T')v ^. ,- , . Uu^i ' . - 8 , rcTcii 5 fei , [_ 6 ^ , 8 - , 6 . . .] ^' , \ 8 .^ ,88 8, - /c Oiti . , )8€9 , ., phv , 18, eV , , ' 8 '^ , , fj 8 , , - . 6 ^]-^ -. ' , \ FRAGMENTUM 42. , % (Plutarch, Arlox.j c. 6). [ ^ . . . ( (V'diyii'duais contviii6tativain) ,' , ^- 91 and fr. 41 by supposing that according to the epitome. , § , - the sand was first heaped up by " Persicum Eund nomen avis, quae ' the wind, in which there is nothing frequentius in oryzetis invenitur," . very remarkable, and that the eu- Paehr. nuchs of Parysatis then placed Melantus, according to follow fr. 23). ^ I.e. Deiuon, earth on the top, and planted the remarkable instance of judicial (according to SovvaL TTJ 2£] ]fr. 26 to Deinon, Melantus did this. palm trees. independence. Mailer's arrangement, but it ought says § 92, fr. 42. ^ or pvv- CTESIAE PEESICA. 189 xxi.-xxiii.] 188 CTESIAE PEESICA. [lib. aa.Xe. . avro. .< ^ € . ' .^^. x-^ -. , € eU ( eXa^e € ., ^\^ IrZL ypap.par.v .. . . ' efat- . . roZ ^/^^^'^'^^^' '' avrov €8€, ^ nepl Sv vrr . il in.aro^ . t § 93 (62). Sl 'E^'^aXc (Artoxerxes) rPlutarch, Arto.. 21). /xtaruf ' '^-. .- , ...^^xL;. ..,.. , . , ,. ,^. .- , cV .., ^era ., rZe . . FRAGMENTUM 43. J ,. dXXa .^ - -P-y^;^ ^' SZ6. neXaye, ... (I^liitnrrli, Artox. 18 [cf. fr. 41]). 8 ^,.^. c fotLroO ,. ,.. . . «.'. , ^^, ^.. 8 (tumulum Clearclii) . .VXevc rov ' ,1.. ^, . : ^acriAet avSpa - . ,'.. . Kp.ros, , - , Xra pev . ' ,' 6 pcv ,' px, R A G 4 6. . [Aeyerat ' 6 F €€€, Catalogus Begum Assi/. ip) 7 >^ Jut? )(€]7 V (*) , (a) (Moses Chorenknsis, Se ' Chromcon, in (SYNCELLrs). } . ^ € (EuREBirs, Hist. Arm. I 18). /3€ .'\ versione Latina Hieronymi, fo. 11, etl5si7.) Primus omnium Asiae ex- ceptis Indis Ninus FRAGMENTUM 4. [Beii filius] regnavit. '' Ninus. 52. NiVos eTTj Ninus primus an. Semiramis. (Athenacus, i. 40, p. 83, Schweig.) an. 42. Se Semiramis 2 Ninyas, rel Zamessis. Ntj/uas 6TTJ . Zaraeis qui et Ninias 2 evSo^oL . . . , 6 38. - an. '. Arios. 'Apios Kro^crta.]] € 4 an. 30. 6 Arius Araliof. ' 677 '• an. 40. , ' Aralius 5 5; ./ Baleus Cheochsar. Hep^7]s Xerxes qui et Balaeus € 30. EPITOME an. at rites. . Arm Armamitres 7 an. 38. '3 . Beloolios. cTTi '. 95 (64). KvlSov Beloehus 8 an. 35. 5 § '* 52. BaXaihs errj Baleus 9 an. Azatagus. €77 '. € 10 an. 32. 2e0^s Altadas '. Mamidos. Mamitus 11 an. 30. Majuu^bs ,iv Bct/c- '. Maschalfos. , 12 an. 30 exTj , Mancalaeus Spharos. $ . an. 20. 2<|)5 € ' Iphereus 13 Samilos. " try) . , 14 an. 30. , Maraylas Sparetos. XtVov . irr] • 15 an. 40. 275 Sparetus A skat ad es. ^ 16 an. 40. % Ascades )? \\. Amindes. ^' . 45. € Amyntas 17 an. Yestaskalus. 18 an. 25. . [/ .^ Beliothus -- '. Bellepares 19 an. 30. \65 20 an. 32. €] . Lamprides Sousares. ^errj '• 20. j 275 95. Of Sosares 21 an. § ', . . .] parasangs (about 15,420 stadia) err] '. Lampares 22 an. 30. the two appendices to the Persiha, and ^'• Paneas. 84 stages. These measure- 45. Tlavvas €• Pannias 23 an. Sosarmos. the list of kings is preserved, '. \ but ments are of course inconsistent. 24 an. 19. j « Sosarmus " Mithreos. ^'. no traces of the list of stages sur- 1 MiOpaios €77 It is possible that the passage Mithreus 25 an. 27. Teutamos. ^ ir- vive. Its nature 26 an. 32. (5 may, however, quoted by the Scholiast on Tautanes 5 Apol- \'. be gathered from Herodotus, v. lonius. Argon, ii. 1017, from the Tevroios irt] . Tautens 27 an. 40. ^ 52-54, where the distance from first book (usually printed tr- ' - ^ Thineus. Ephesus to Susa is given as 14,040 among the fragments €7) jtie'. De montibus) Thineus 28 an. 30. 5 ir- '• stadia,^ and Xenophon, Anal•, i. 2, may come from this part of the "Ai/ejSos \' . ;8$ ^ - 5-i. 7, 14, vhere the stages from Persiha. $ Sardis to Kunaxa are given as 514 on those books. It is Regum Assi/ri- the notes Er. 4G. Catalogus portions one of the least valuable This list has been already ' 450 parasangs ovum'] = 13,500 stadia, and 90 stages from Sardis to Susa, 540 stadia work, and has unfortu- in the of Ktesias' from Ephesus to Sardis some extent discussed ; but his items and his total disagree. to the chro- and nately taken the place in Introductiou to Books I.-HL, ; PERSICA. 193 XXI. -XXIII. CTESIAE 192 CTESIAE PERSICA. [lib. ] 47. Fragmentum 46.— Catalogus Regum Assyriorum. — continued. F RAGMEN U {a) lle(jes Medorum. (EUSEBIUS.) (SYNCELirS.) (Moses Chorenensis, . Hist. Jirm. i. 18.) . \\ € ' . Dercilus 29 an. 40. A^pKvXos 6TT7 . Derkylo3. ^ Eupoles 30 an. 38. ( . Eupalmes. € '^ . Laosthenes 31 an. 45. ^' € € . . Piritiades 32 an. 30. (55 ( \'. Pridcazes. € . Phurates. €) '. Oiphrateus 33 an. 20. *75 - . *< Ophratanes 34 an. 30. €45 ' . Akrazancs. name. He Acrazapcs 35 an. 42. ' . Amyntas] Greek '/5 ( Arius] = Persian Anja^ noble, Sardanapalos, rd Tonus Concolcros qui vo- @$ KoyKO\€pos te' 50 years in Exc. Barb. an epithet suited to any king. lias cabatur Gracce Sartlana- Tlionos Konkoleros. royal name divine name Bellothus] Babylonian palus an. 20. Araliusl Babylonian (a repetition of No. 8) = Bel-kudur- Oranes anni rcgni Assyri- [Sunimu an. 14G0]. Aralli = Hades, according to Sayce. uzur (king of Assyria circ B.C. orum a primo anno Nini Aramus in Excerpta Barbara. according to Sayce. Exc. supputantur, 1240. Xerxes qui et Balaeus] Balaeus; 240}, substitute ' Actosai et Semi- Babylonian divine name Bel, more Barb, Hellanikus the ramis 23.' The Atossa of nograpliers' compilations, occupied correctly made by later writers within a limit of 220 years I.-III.) (see Introduction to Books of Ninus (since Bel was 1 \ the lists of Manetlio for Egypt, (1460 total in Syncellus, 1240 in father here by the chrono- god Nin). Xerxes is dragged in thus displacing the genuine lists of Eusebius) how long a duration he father of the probably because of some the Persian equi- graphers, Berosus, of Avhich a considerable assigned to the Assyrian mon- is intended as indications given by him as to her ]. iit lias perished altogether. archy. valent. he makes her a Per- :Mamithrus in Ex- date, though It is useless to try and assign Berosus divided kings Armamitres"! the of daughter of king Ari- where he is given sian (iueen, dates to the kings in Ktesias' list, Babylon after the Deluge into cerpta Barbara, aspes. Bellothus, or Belochus, is because we do not know Avhat date eight 37 years. dynasties, of Avhich one is Belimus by Kephalion An Assyrian royal turned into lie intended hj his capture of Nine- mythical. The kings of the sixth Belochus] 13, who (perhaps {Civ. Dei, in quoting fr. veh. Assuming a reign of 35 years and seventh name. S. Augustin dynasties are called makes a synchronism Belocus. from Ktesias) for Astyages, we may place it xviii. 3) calls him Assyrians, and correspond with and Perseus, founded repetition of No. 6 between him either 317 years before u. c. Baleus] A —(1) the period of the Assyrian empire, chronological reasons. Moses Chor. no doubt on 549, the real date of his overthrow and the break between them with omitted by Bellepares (better Balatores Altadas] This name is very by Kyrus, t. e. b. c. 866, when a revolution in Assyria; but he Belleroparus, with 34 years, in variously given. Exc. Barb, gives Asshumasirpal (b. c. 885-860) was may have intended tAvo dynasties royal Exc. Barb.) is an Assyrian king; or 317 years before of Assyrian origin him 35 years. (2) reigning in = Tiglathi-^«fe/ra, who is Ittaiferus in Exc. name B. c. which Ktesias apparently Mancalaeus] 559, Babylon ; however, it is convenient by this name by Dion and with 20 years. called regarded as the date (30 years be- to designate the Assyrian kings Barb., Polyhistor. Ipherous] In Exc. Barb, this fore B. c. 529, see ; or as from B.C. 1273-747 § 40) (3) the sixth dy- Lamprides] Probably a Greek king (as Spareus), and Mamylus coinciding with the accession of nasty, and those from 747-625 the change places. Ma- name. Tiglathpileserll. {Pulu = Belesys^ in seventh dynasty. (as Mamythus) Sosares] Posarus in Exc. Barb. is given 35, and Spareus 40 Babylon), b. c. 745 or as coin- mythus ; (4) Ninus] See Introduction to Repetition of No. 20 Civ. Dei, Lampraes] years. In S. Augustin ( ' ciding with the real date of the Books I.-IIL, and note on 1. Zeus § Pannias] ' Paunias et xviii. the fourteenth king is final fall of Assyria, b. c. 606. Semiramis] See 8) Introduction to Exc. Barb. He is made to syn- Saphrus. in Moreover, the discrepancies in Books I.-IIL and note in on § 4. chronize with the Argonauts Sparetus] A repetition of Sphae- the readings of the regnal years Zameis] Assyro-Babylonian di- fr. 13. rus. Exc. Barb, omits. are so great that we cannot tell vine name = Shamas, the sun-god. LIB. XXI. -XXIII.] CTESIAE PEESICA. 105 101 CTESIAE TERSICA. IS. 1 (i 1 FRAGMENTA SEDIS INCEllTAE. Jicges Persantm. F R A G 4 9. 'ApToic'pir/s €/ ft^ . Kv/J09 eryj . Ecp^r/ . t>/. € (Tzetzes, Ilist.^ iii. 641). [Nd/xo9 1<;.€75 '. ^€ /^^ €^ t€ . tovs ^^^ *? Aa/:iCtato? err; € . ^^ ' . ^ ^ , =.,)-/. . / . lists. , Thineus in the other Sosarmus] llcpiitition of No. 21 : by *^ , , '] Babylonian local name ci. ir. 17. 8 Mithracus] Porsian name, ' be- from Babylon. , ^ Dercylus] Babylonian royal name lon^in ¥ R OMENTUM 51. \\8 ' 8e iv yiveaOai , Tle- ^ ye eti^ai 8e 146 C). , (AU.nacLie, iv. p. ' et9 iv Iharrvei ' [ 7- ' ,] 8' vvpuuv eU / , 8. € ' 8 i)tl7TVivr TdSdvr^i , ,8 ' . ia 8- ) 2 • 8 FRAG , 8'iovo, * ' ( |\ \], 8 ia 88. [^ or .\€<; ', €€ . R G ^ 5 3. F R G 5 . () («) () {h) (rLiTAucHUS, i)i' Solertia Animal, (Aelianus, Nat. Animal., vii. 1.) (Athenaeus, ., . 434 D.) (EusTATHius, ad Odyss., xviii. 3, p. 651.) cap. 21, p. 974 E.) ? '' / (-^ [/ Trap' ols oos ',] [^Htto»' hi [ ras hi .,.. ! , ( (7 ^' 6( ^^. [ ^ tirca ras iis auolpovs 25. , €$ ^ e^i'erat ^^ 6 ye ^ Aodpis 4£ rh elpV els oi-K tnrir 05 eV rj ip ^ ]. (: ^^ ^ fj irepi ^'] yap [ <'> € 'S.ovaois ( ^. 4^] ( 2 ncpX Aodpis.'\ .] }> &5 t's -nbs • S ? 5( ^ rb ('.,•/- /»' t's - € ^ -, ]3• (}> yap 5 ^ /;/ ^ rhp , \•, \( F R 5 6. alncus eV ' - ' fKTeAovffiV \ ^ € 3Iirah.^ c. narrat taii- et Vfpa \€$'€$ (AiiU^uiiu.^ Caryst., 15, duos B\aKt^'i>v ments (see Kawlinson, JTerodotus, . 51.] See Heereu, Asiatic {TinwSy i. p. 315). Mr. Romanes Nations, i. p. 254. Sept. 26, 1888), mentions several Fr. 53. €( '] instances which show that some Compare Herodotus, i. 193, &c. animals can count up to five at least. The Shadoof, or irrigation wheel, Fr. 54. See Strabo, to. It is represented on ^' is referred 3'24 Byzant, s. v. XV. 3. ; Steplu the Assyrian and Egyptian monu- p. CTESIAE PEHSiCA. ,) 198 CTESIAK PEHSICA. LIBEll ir. F A G U 2 . 1 I ll:l:n hr \^i\TICIS TRIBUTIS. ' (in (Plutarch, de Flum. xxi. 5). [^^ F U A G >I U 1 . Teuthrante, Mysiae inonte) '' Si '] ii^ (a) (AiIm iKV 1]-. ii 1» A). /^ - [ ' .'] \(h-f](rV] yu'ijri'm [_ - 8 ' auctoris " Sermon. 213 omisso tamen Kfu KciTaXcycir u' rrepl \\ Eadem Stobaeus J? )) {^iL ]. €€- nomine. "? - j it ,' / ) € TI 3 €'( 7 ', ^ , F R A G .")> ./' >^<' ry; , roJZ^. ' J Rliod. ii. 401). (1•:>.11>, ad Odjjss., 248, 19 Basil.) " (Schol. Apollon. [ (/;j 2, | ' \] ' '"[/, \7>/./] eXaLOV yirecrOni , ' Till' pao" iXea. FRAGMENT 2 . (-, \.. |. 1',^ ). ['A/xuVra? ev ^- L1BHIS 1) FLIMINIBUS. fUHs, 7• '.> ' elvai, » /^ , ('> <' ^ . ,• (Lav LI13ER urT()f)€L //^ t/' ( • \ . Ovros ()1 ()(\' Xcyr? Ci."(it,j 1 . ^ l• F R G U ' (Plutarch, de Flum. xix. 2). [ - Al|)lieo) f ^ 7€,^ S^ocuslv ; ; :' \\\< \ ,, ;- aw /^ TJlVEi: .] F R 1 F R G 2 *1 ' ' « ' > ' ! ' (Scllol. Apollo]!. !!. 1017 "^"O/jris ! . 7 / > [Ubi sit i:. lil.llllUS (Se. vius ad Vergi]. r'eorff. \. 182> /)?) \()€'()!' KnJhjKoi' ils mi' l^vttii-oi• '-,'. ) p., Media luuluuiiuui .... Thesias(%. CtesiasjImiH ^ileavriTai Kryja'tas cr no a I i c^j<.(jo(f>r rrt^x oj) (ol' esse (putat).] Meursius). j . . . CTESIAE PERSICA 201 '2(Hi OTESTAK PERSICA. i' ' EX OiaaiK INCERTO. LIUER I. F R A G U 1 F R A G V 1 . (Si ('j)]i:i!! !- Ih'Z.) \. 7\ - ? (*) iTldS €!' TTpt'iTiO TTCyJi ')/^ (Plinius, JT. iV. xxi. 2). •J (Antioonvs, Eist. Mirab., 181). in Armenia [scribit] esse 1' \f *> [Ctesias] ' 1 1 ' i; V \ Ti» 4k Tr)s €$ ( ' illico mor- ori] fontem, ex quo nigros pisces [scil. 8] ^ - . . . ( ] 'n-ns ijTTi .XipvKnr' eu [ (SUKias), tem afferre in cibis. ^ /86 IxdZs 4$, S^v Thv airoy^vaa- \\^ ^•_^ Trrty^ 8e 1.€. \ <; ^ TeKivrav. € '€ €\( \€\ tj, ' • ' e ( VTtTLOP l s €9 ,•/ . i'Il^' >rrai crt '^ / Fere ciidci!! li:il*"Mt Pii.^MM-. L''Z\j p. 3b L li-rpucra- I- MMmCIS(?) ,• I: TIT EC(iMMrvr\i; F R A G NT UM 3. F R A G »l 1 . €<€<;.] ( .> s., 652). ! I ^^- rOu i iuiii. p. 5 5 apPpnr. ai' ^rr^ .?/• m II TOVS '[ - jj.Ka, ptv 6 auroO.J (Tzi^tzcs, ///7. \•. ^? ). i !\7)/. ^ ^ ' Xeyofcrt >]' cvoaLpora .,!•. (ntT77ij) '• ' . F R A G 2 ] '', €Ui/H)t(xraT>//' ay ill' ' :')\'<•. (- , rrjV ' €€]<; '/^ dt. 7'// )- tkxt (Vx f)v'ihn>u cnflice ^loMjUciisij. JiTrpriav mpi tovs tovs iKti Xvfk'i'Tas ivioOLaLs, '(^( ' ' fjapav.,o TLva (!>ViTCL^ uO''n3tis, 7(irc '- ipnv qjjw laspos —\'.~\ "EttI 7r;i' ^ yap ' ^laeSiSov ov '^ ^ dt 7(.? --' (JjaUpla', 07-urror ,^// 5. \ u P("ri]tlii<. i'r '2. ::..--€9] Cumpiire /////?, fr. bl Mulk-r", Pliiiius, tii'ai. //. y.. Ml. 'J. ADNOTATIO CIUTICA. •lOii Fr. 26. Miiller. coiij. . Boehr. ] et Mull. ; ; 40. 'Ua/3ar>;9] D. IL '^,, ,, Epit. Cod. Monac.] . . €7] , Baehr. Monac. et al. /'. Kpit. 41 (id init. ] ^'] ^, Monac. cttcI ov8c. cVcl c>c\cra, Monac; \>\iy[ It < r . . . €>€€] €€ \ \ ! ! \. omv '€ c/xcXeVa, i/iT^". Margun. Epit. 4: ^^] Al. . I^;m 20 Sic con. li( eren, codtl. Si/xocrro?. ^] Epit. 4i. /3/?7^] ^^, .}. ''CVld huKlorJii 1> I)., F., Epit. ; -/^] »;?, . . alt. ; , — edit. /)7 (. ^ ; Poggius, Zoroastres ct Zoromtes^ Stephauus in ; //7/, / Epit. 47. ^-] , P. . 1_*. Kpit . ^] ^4/. ^^, «/. ', ff7. ^. f €7;] '/, i/o«^<^. e^ i>. IT- Baehrius K|)ii. li! ^/9/] Diodorus et Photiiis semper /?, &(\, i/o^mt^.; ^<;, ; 48. ^, Epit. ^^??] sciibuiit sed sec. Steph. Byz. s. ^; 8e 7';^} ^ al. ^^ ; Bekker et Mull ^, ^<;, ^, Baehr.; 7 7(/) >/' /^^ €. ^, Monac; ^, , I Kpit 2" ; //)8'7(/] Atheiiaei codices (vide fr. 14) 2'- ] . Midi.; ; ^, ^, Baehr. •, " ; '•* . Fr. * , 1 Cod. Turon. , i?r/^^^r. Ai;/3toi;. Al. AvSlov ; ] , § 63. ] (Judex h. I. I P. H., , § 66. ^/] ^. 'Aj,»/i.iKi i> € K^j(,i(,>^ htu OinjCTKei. I* 11 , e ADNOTATIO CRITICA. 205 '20} ADNOTATIO CBITICA. Tautens] Al Teuteos. "' ^ «' ^''' -^/>^>7«] Coiij. Eaelir., // . Eupoles] Al Eupacmes. Orphrateus ... 20] A121. D. ., al Acraganes. ^'] Acrazapes] Arm., Okrazapes ; '^^'^rn — ^lya-iTu'] . *' regnum destruc- Forte hie omittenda ct iiiscrenda post ot/ccta. Sardanapulas, an. 20], Sub Ariphrone Assyriorum 7*. tempore Tharsum et ^ €^^ Vcrba desunt in Cod. tum, et Sardanapalum ut nonnuUi scriptitant eodem ^luiiac. incendio Anchialcm condidit, et in proelio victus ab Arbace Medo, semet ^83 -'] Baehrius, concremavit."—Ens. in Vers. Hieron., fo. 52. Tiir^uhijH ,1 ') W . . ^ ] . Atque ita reapsc Fr. 47. ^] Al in libio , :\Ionaconsi iibi tamen ante .^signum correct, nianu positnni ixptiitia hue;! (|uo aliquid cxcidisse indicetur; quanqiiara in margin nihil nmiiiiir* >n !)|.lctum." —Baehrius. §86. ^] \)., ^^^, -^^ '^'- ^^'' ^'^^'i ieAo5, K. r. ; ] Ita Baehrius, "Ex. D. Hoescb. c.litiunu Mint recepta, in marg. lihri Monac. appicta." Miillerus legit, \ Tf AC I'Tii I fj . § 89. :^€€'] '' %€€ etiani Cod. Vatic, et Max. Margunii. 1'. IL, :::irti!£ats obloquente libro Monac. qui haec verba usque ad '; in raargine habet suppleta." — Baehrius. .\>•<] Baehr., 6 ; aL, *(. — / ] :\[onac., "^ rot? ' /? . 90. 1). § ^] ,, ; Baehr., (in adnot). i § '] D. ., . 1 . itt, . ilaeus] Steph., Balaneus. Mancalueus] al. . Macchalaeus ; Manchalius. an. 30 (post nomen Mancnlaei)] Arm. Euscb. 32. try K//] \\^ AL ' . ijlinrcus] . Sphcrus, an. 22. nnvlas] Al Mamitus. AscadesJ Al Askatades; Arm., Astakadis. iMlluthus] .//. iJolochus, ''Hujus filia Actosa quae et Semiraniis reuuut tum patre an 7."—Euseb. in Vers. Hieron. l^annias . . . 45] Al 42. ~0nf/H,^ . . . '] Al . \\(< . . . ] Al . Tautui, jr,. Hi. 32] Al 31, -Sub isto Tautane rege Assyriorum Troia < a|)Ui • t." — Euseb. iu Vers. Iliciou., fo. 39. — CORRIGENDA ADDENDA. ^'^^' IT ADDENDA. IntiOduction, p. 1, line 19] For "Sparta," read " Rhodes." § 8, p 12. /^] The discovery by the French archaeologists at 1>PJXCIPAL AUTIIUlllTIES AND EDITIONS Susa of whole walls covered with splendidly coloured scenes of the Achaemenid period, wrought in enamelled bricks, should have been also INTRODUCTION AND NOTES. referred to. CITKD IN TUE § 8, p. 44, upov ov '] A Babylonian description , II of the Temple of Bel at Babylon is quoted by Sayce, Jlihhert vol. iv. Paris, Didot, Lectures, AiJYDENus.—In Midler's Fragmenta Hist. Grace, : p. 43, 5^. (from George Smith). From this it appears that the building was 1851. surrounded several by courts, of which the outer was 1156 ft. 900 ft. Tue. \ : Academy, I In the inner court was a buiUling 200 ft. 200 ft. London, Xutt, 1868. connected with the Aeschylus.— In Dindorfs Poetae Scenici Graeci : great Ziggurat, or tower, round the base of which w^ere ranged the chapel, Ammianus Haucellinus.—Hamburg, Froeben, 1609. of the chief gods; viz., on the east, Nebo and his \vife Tasmit and Apollodouus.—In Muller's Fragmenta Hist. Grace, vol. i. fourteen others; on the north, Ea and Nusku on Graeci. ; the south, Ann and AiiisTornANEs. —In Dindorfs Poetae Scenici Bel ; on the west was a building which contained the couch of Parker, 1871. the god Aristoteles.—Ethika, ed. Jelf : Oxford, and the golden throne, mentioned Longmans, 1874. by Herodotus. The Ziggurat was one Politika, ed. Congreve : London, of 1668. seven stages, the highest stage being the sanctuary of Bel the Indika, Blancardus : Amsterdam, ; total Areianus.—Exped. Alex., and height was about 300 feet. The temple (which bore the title of E-Saggil Britain, Journal of. j Asiatic Society of Great is said to have lOrient. been founded by Khammuragas (b.c. 2250, according to Babelon.—Continuation of Lenormant's Histoire anciennc de Sayce). Just within the gate was the seat or Frankfurt, Broenner, 1824. shrine of Zarpanit, the wife Baehr.— Ctcsiae Cnidii Operum lleliquiae : of Bel-Merodach, and perhaps the Hera of Dublin Society, vol. iv., Ktesiws. Ball, Valentine.—In Proceedings of the Iloyal Fr. 10. Sayce {Ilibbert Lectures, proposes xxv., xxvii. %.\ p. 68), to identify N. S., and Academy, vols, xxiii., Buusen's the Babylonian Sakea with the festival of Zagmuku, held at the begin- Berosus.—In Muller's Frag. Hist. Grace, vol. ii., and in ning of the year. Egypt's Place in the World's History. 30 Sayce {Ilihhert Lectures^ and Transactions. § 1^~\ p. 157) while adopting HiRLiCAL Archaeology, Society of.—Proceedings Lenormant's explanation of the name of Nannarus, compares for that of BioN.—In Midler's Frag. Hist. Grace, vol. iv. i'aisondes the town of Parsindu, near Agbatana. BoscAWEN.—In Transactions of Soc. Bibl. Arch., vol. vi. " " § 52, BeXtrava ~\ The name Bel-ctan, i.e. Bel the mighty Broavn, K.—In Academy, vol. xxix. (scarcely = ". by Philip Smith : London, ^ 6 ^, as in Aelian, . xiv. 3), has been con- Brugsch.— History of Egypt, translated jecturally read on a seal cylinder from the Lebanon. {Proc. S.B.A. Murray, 1881. 1884. vi. 17.) Budge, E.—Babylonian Life and History : London, Fr. 46. Sosarmus] Assyrian royal name = Shamas-rimmon. In Proceedings and Transactions S. B. ., and Transactions, Teutamus] " The nuin of the sea, or tavtim, the niime by which the Victoria Institute. English translation: sea coast of Babylonia, with its capital Eridu, was known."— Sayce {Ilibb. BuNSEN.—Egypt's Place in the World's History, Led., 109.) London, 1848-51. Acragancs] Assyrian royal name = Saigon, according to Sayce. PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES. 209 208 PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES. Livrus, TiTus.—London, 1869-71. CuRTius, Q. — Amsterdam, ex officina Elzeviriana, 1673. LoFTUS.—Chaldaea and Susiana: London, Nisbet, 1857. Deinon. — In Miiller's Frag. Hist. Graec, vol. ii. Macrobius.—Ed. Zeunius: Leipsic, 1774. DiODORUS SicuLus. —Leipzic, Iloltze (Tauchnitz), 1871-79. Malcolm, Sir J.—History of Persia: London, Murray, 1815. DioxYsius MiLEsius. —In Miiller's Frag. Hist. Graec, vol. ii. Manetho.—In Bunsen's Egypt's Place. Dublin Society, The Royal,—Proceedings of. Megasthenes.—In Miiller's Frag. Hist. Grace, vol. ii. DuNCKER.—History of Antiquity, translated by E. Abbott : London, Mnaseas.— In Miiller's Frag. Hist. Grace, vol. iii. 1877-79. Moses of CnoRENE.—Ed. Whiston : London, 1736. Ephorus. In Miiller's Frag. Hist. Grace, ^. i. Muller, C. —Ctesiae Cnidii Fragmenta : Paris, Didot. EusEBius. —Chronicon in Latin version, by S. Jerome : Paris, Stephanus, MULLER, K.—Dorians: Oxford, 1830. 1518. Nepos, Cornelius.—Ed. Bradley: London, Longmans, 1823. Frontinus— Strategeniata : Leydcn, Maire, 1633. NiKOLAUS. —In Miiller's Frag. Hist. Grace, vol. iii. Geiger. — Civilization of the Eastern Iranians, English translation, by NoRRis, E.—Memoir on the Scythic Version of the Behistun Inscription Darab Dastur Peshotan Sanjana : London, Frowde, 1885-7. in Journal R. As. Soc. : London, 1853. Haug. —Essays: London, Triibncr, 1878. Oppert.—In Proceedings and Transactions, S. B. ., and in Records of Herrew Bible. — Doederlein and Meissncr, 1818. the Past. HriREN.—Historical Researches, vols. i. and ii., Asiatic Nations, Englisli Bell, 1878. OviDius.—In AValkcr's Corpus Poet. Lat. : London, translation: London, Bohn, 1866. Parian Chronicle.—In Miiller's Frag. Hist. Graee, vol. i. Hekataeus.—In Miiller's Frag. Hist. Grace, vol. i. Patercflus, Velleius.—Ed. Thysius: Leyden, 1653. Hellanikus.— In Miiller's Frag. Hist. Grace, vol. ii. Philo Byblius..—In Bunsen's Egypt's Place, and Miiller's Frag. Hist. Hermippus. —In Miiller's Frag. Hist. Grace, vol. iii. Graee Herodotus.—Ed. Dindorf : Paris, Didot. and Oxford, Philological Museum.—Yol. ii. : Cambridge, London, —— i.-iii., ed. Saycc : London, ^Nfacmillan, 1883. 1833. _— English translation, by Rawlinson, 4th ed.: London, Pinches, T.—In Proceedings and Transactions of the Society of Biblical Murray, 1880. Archaeology. He:siodus. — Ed. Schrcvelius : London, Brewster and Baker, 1659. 1530. Plinius.—Historia Naturalis : Basle, Froben, Hieronymus (Jerome).—Latin version of Chronicon of Eusebius, Ste- PoLYAENUS. —Maasivicius: Leyden, 1691. phanus : Paris, 1518. PoLYBirs.—Leipsic, Tauchnitz (and Holtze), 1836-66. HiNCKS. —In Journal of Sacred Literature, vol. ii., new series. Polyhistor.—In Miiller's Frag. Hist. Graee, vol. iii. Historical English.— Vol. ii. , Claudius.—Canon of kings in Bunsen's Egypt's Place. Ptolemaeus, Jio.MERUs. —Odysseia : Oxford, Parker, 1868. Abcoude, 1734. QuiNTUs Smyrnaeus.—Ed. de Pauu : Leyden, Van JusTiNUS. —Dublin, Smith, 1811. Raavlinson, G.—Translation of Herodotus, 4th ed., London, Murray, 1880. Kastor. —Ed. Midler : Paris, Didot. Five Monarchies. Jvi ruALiON. — In Miiller's Frag. Hist. Graee, vol. iii. Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy : London, Longmans, Lataub. —Nineveh and Babylon: London, Murray, 1853. 1867. Lenormant. —Manuel d'Histoire Ancienne de TOrient : Paris, 1869. Records of the Past. —London, Bagstcr. 9*" Histoirc Ancienne de I'Orient, edition : Paris, Levy, Sacred Literature. —Journal of. 1881-6 (continued by Babelon). Sayce, a. H..— Herodotos: London, Macmillan, 1883. J^es Origincs de I'Histoire d'aprcs la BibU". 210 PEINCIPAL AUTHOEITIES. Sayce, a. H.—In Journal of Sacred Literature, Academy, Proceedings and Transactions, Soc. Bibl. Arch., and Kecords of the Past. Hibbert Lectures : London, 1887. Septuagixta 8.—Yctus Testanientum Graece juxta, cd. Tischcndorf : Leipsic, Brockhaus, 1880. Smith, Geokge.—Assyiian Discoveries, London, 1875. Chaldaean Account of Genesis : London, 1870. INDEX. PniLir. —The xVncient History of the East : London, Murray, 1871. Adar : see Nin. Bel, temple of, at Babylon, 44, 153. Translation of and additions to Brugsch's History of Aethiopians, customs of the, 55. Bricks, enamelled, 42, 205. Egypt. Eastern, 69. Burial, customs of various nations English Historical Ileview, vol. ii. lloBERTSON.—In Agbatana, 51, 93, 126. respecting, 55^ 138, 147. AViLLiAM. —Dictionars- of the Bible, London, Murray 18G3. Amasis, King of Egypt, 139. Stephanus Byzantinus.—Leyden, 1694. Amnion, 54. Chronicles, the Royal, of Persia, 9, SxErnANUs, H. (the elder).—Chronicon of Eusebius (Latin version), 1518. Amyrtaeus, 139. 98, 121. Apries, King of Egypt, 138. Conspirators against the Magus, the (the younger).— Herodotus and Ktesias, 1570. Arbakes, 76, 92. seven, 147. Stkabo.—Leipsic, Tauchnitz, 1829. Artoxerxes I., 160. SuiDAs.—Ed. Aemilius Port us, Geneva, 1619. II., inscription of, 33 ; reign Dareius the Mede, 88. Tacitus. Annales, Frost: London, 1872. — of, 173. son of Hystaspes, 147, 169. in Tischendorf's Theodotiox. —Greek version of Daniel, LXX. Askalon, 24. his tomb, 150. .. TnuKYDiDEs.—i.-iv., ed. Bigg and Simcox: London, &c. lliviugtons, Asphaltum, in Babylonia, 48. Ochus, 167;' length of his 1868-75. Assyrian empire, duration of, 13, 76, reign, 173. 90, 194. v.-viii., ed. Boehme : Leipsic, Teubner, 1871. extent of, 19. Egypt, 54. Toup. —Emendationes in Suidam et Hesychium : Oxford, 1790. Assyrian kings, Greek lists of, 15. conquered by Kambyses, 138. Valekius Maximus.—Ed. Thysius, Leyden, Hackius, 1651. Astyages, overthrow of, 111, 123. revolts, 160. Sir G. In Rawlinson's Herodotus. ^, — Atossa, 12. Er, legend of, 51. Xaxtkl\^.— iii Aiuller's Frag. Hist. Grace, vol. i. Evagoras, King of Salamis, 188-9. — Anabasis: London, 1871. Babylon, founded, 17, 37. Eui)hrates, 21, 81. . Medes, Kyropa3dia, cd. Hutchinson: Glasgow, 18H. position of under the 87. Herodotus, 10, 11, 122. Zl.nuavesia.—English version of portions, in Hang's Essays. authorities respecting Kyrus* Hierapolis, or Bambykc, 24. conquest of, 122. revolt of under Xerxes, 154. Inarus, revolt and death of, 161-3. in Egypt, 54. India, invaded by Semiramis, 56. k Baktria, 10, 20, 30. Ionic revolt, 152. Bamboo, 59. dialect, used by Ktesias, 4-5. Barsom, 18. Ishtar, the goddess, 11, 50. Bchistun, monuments at, 49. Izdubar, 11, 50. . 212 INDEX. 25. Kadusians, 19, 99, 112. Oannes, or Onnes, 13, Kalah, ziggurat at, 37. Obelisks, Assyrian, 47. K^nnhyses, 138. Oebares, 113, 130, 132. - ^ duration of his reign, 144. Parsondas, legend of, 95, 98. Kashmir, 134. Parysatis, 167, 173. Kissians, or Elamitcs, 69. Persian words in Ktesias, 5. Klearchus, 185-8. Persian kings, chronology of, down Ivonon, 189. to Dareius L, 143-7. Ktesias, his life and works, 1-5. PLataca, battle of, 156. his credibility, 5, 9. of Persia, 111-137. Kyrus, King Rimmon-nirari, King of Assyria, 1 1 death of, 135. tomb of, 136. Sakans, 128. the Younger, 169, 174-9. Sakea, festival of the, 65. Sardanapalus, 14, 68-91, 192. Sardis taken, 129. Lydia, early kings of, 16. Semiramis, 11, 24, 37. conquered by Kyrus, 129. Sesostris, 21. Skiapodes, 200. Hagian revolt, 140. Skythians, 128, 151. 171. Magophonia, 149. Stateira, !\ Mardonius, 148, 156. poisoned, 187. Matakas, 153, 158. Susa, 71. Mazdayasnian religion, 31, 149. Tarsus founded, 74. Media, 18, 92. Thule, 200. Kings of, 93-4, 192. Troy, 69-73. h Megabyzus, 154, 161-5. Memnon, legend of, 69-72. ", meaning of, 82. Mithridates, 181. Mulitta, 102.. TVar, engines of, used by the As- spians, 84. Nabonassar, 15. Xenophon, credibility of his Kyro- Nabonidus, 87. paedia, 17, 125. 100-7. Nannarus, legend of, Xerxes I., 152. Kebuchadrezzar, 11, 38, 45. II., 166. !N'ergal-shar-uzur, 89. Nin, or Ninus, 13, 15. Zarina, legend of, 107. Nineveh, 13, 21. Zendavesta, 30, 95. ^ fall of, 73-91. Zoroaster, 29. THE END. /j Hi / 1-^" Sfir-i"^',;! COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES ^VP'\ UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1010682325 "^iVofpH b^^low, or at +be I 5 escei U5- I 00 i^l xA I »*'] J. I» t rrp -f 10'? a fEp 9 i94V ^ . ,'t iJi :>ms)) ,.< 1 % •* J- r i'r< fe-FM^aAp'**!.'* i^Sfc ''*^fflt ^ii"? m 5i4l|#0^k^•^^--.-.: .:''>r;''t-.'•:!'''• •i/. 'if fl•^ fje. ' :^' - V: 1. J 1 ^•^^:. '*» v-:^ "^'•||'>i'-»*5^'»%*i«:;!';« l»Ui***iA.i..*»*.4x*;A»A;,4^.:i/;^;:.Mfe|«i*^ PERSICA. [lib. I.] CTESIAE PEESICA. / inereXeaaro' ^Apialov ^ , (Iiavpcu'xi? 7.)((. ^; yap ^ ^ avSpcov. / '/! ^. ovSiva