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The Huguenots : Their Settlements, Churches, and Industries in England and Ireland

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The Huguenots : Their Settlements, Churches, and Industries in England and Ireland ^ -••' ^ CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY i-> Cornell University Library BX9454 .S64 1867 Huauenots: their settlements, churches, 3 1924 029 484 189 oHn Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029484189 By SAMUEL SMILES. HISTORY or THE HUGUENOTS. The Huguenots : their Settlements, Churches, and Industries in England and Ireland. By Samuel Smiles. With an Ap- pendix relating to the Huguenots in America. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2 oo. THE HUGUENOTS AFTER THE REVOCATION. The Huguenots in France after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes : with a Visit to the country of the Vaudois. By Samuel Smiles. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2 oo. LIFE OP THE STEPHENSONS. The Life of George Stephenson, and of his Son Robert Ste- phenson ; comprising, also, a History of the Invention and In- troduction of the Railway Locomotive. By Samuel Smiles. With Portraits and numerous Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $3 00. SELF-HELP. Self-Help ; with Illustrations of Character and Conduct. By Samuel Smiles. i2mo. Cloth, $1 25. CHARACTER. Character. By Samuel Smiles. i2mo. Cloth, $1 50. ROUND THE WORLD. Round the World; including n Residence in Victoria, and a Journey by Rail across North America. By a Boy. Edited by Samuel Smiles. With Illustrations. i2mo. Cloth, $1 50. Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York. " Harper & Brothers will send any of the above woris iy mail, postage Repaid, to any part of the United States, on receipt of tlie price. THE HU&UEWOTS: THEIH SETTLEMENTS, CHURCHES, AND INDUSTRIES IN ENGLAND AND IRELAND. By SAMUEL SMILES, AUTHOR OF "self-help," " LIVES OF THE ENGINEERS," ETC. WITH AN APPENDIX RELATING TO THE HUGUENOTS IN AMERICA. NEW YORK: HARPE.R & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE. 1874. , Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-ssven, by ' Habfeb & Bbothebs, In the Clerk's OfSce of the District Court of the Southern District of New York. PREFACE. The geographical position of Britain has, from the ear- liest times, rendered it a country of refuge. Fronting Eu- rope, yet separated from it by a deep sea -moat, the pro- scribed of other lands have by turns sought the protection of the island fortress, and made it their home. To the country of the Britons the Saxons brought their industry, the Northmen their energy, and the Flemings and French their skill and spirit of liberty ; and out of the whole' has come the English nation. The early industry of England was almost entirely pas- toral. Down to a comparatively recent period it was a great grazing country, and its principal staple was wool. The English people being as "yet unskilled in the arts of manufacture, the wool was bought up by foreign mer- chants, and exported abroad in large quantities, principal- ly to Flanders and France, there to be manufactured into cloth, and partly returned in that form for sale in the En- glish markets. The English kings, desirous of encouraging home in- dustry, held out repeated inducements to foreign artisanS to come over and settle in the country for the purpose of instructing their subjects in the industrial arts. This poli- cy was pursued during many successive reigns, more par- ticularly in that of Edward III. ; and, by the middle of the fourteenth century, large numbers of Flemish artisans, driven out of the Low Countries by the tyranny of the trades-unions as well as by civil war, embraced the offers PREFACE. held out to them, settled in various parts of England, and laid the foundations of English skilled industry.* But by far the most important migrations of skilled foreigners out of Europe were occasioned by the religious persecutions which prevailed in Flanders and France for a considerable period .after the Eeformation. Two great waves of foreiga population, -then -flowed over from the Continent into England—^probably the largest in point of numbers which have occurred since the date of the Saxon settlenjent. The first took place in the latter half of the sixteenth century, and consisted partly of French, but prin- cipally of Flemish Protestants ; the second, toward the end of the seventeenth century, consisted almost entirely of French Huguenots. The second of these emigrations, consequent on the re- ligious persecutions which followed the Eevocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV., was of extraordinary mag- nitude. According to Sismondi, the loss which it occa- sioned to France was notfar short of a million of persons, and thpse her best and most industrious subjects. Al- though the. circumstances connected with this remarkable exodus, as well as the events which flowed from them, ex- ercised an impoft^nt influence on the political as well as industrial history of Northern Europe, they have as yet, viewed in this connection, received but slight notice at the hands of the historian. It is the object of the following book more particularly .tq give an account of the causes which led to this last great migration of foreign Protestants from France into England, and to describe its effects upon English industry "as well as English history. The author merely offers the book as a contribution to the subject, which seems to him to be one wpll worthy of farther investigation. LoNpoN, J^Wjy, 1867. ' * See Appendix for account of the " Early Settlement of Foreign Arti- sans in England." —— CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. INTENTION OP PKINTING. —RISE OF THE HUGUENOTS. Invention of Printing. —Dearness of MS. Books.—Power conferred on Ed- ucated Men by Printing,—Coster, Gutenburg, SchoeiBFer.—The first printed Bible.—Faust of Mainz. —Diffusion of Printing. —Spread of printed Bi- . bles.—Opposed by. the Priests. —Effects of reading the Bible, —Luther's Translation.—^Bibles printed at Antwerp.—Eager Demand for the Scrip- tures. —Ecclesiastical Abuses assailed. —The Eeformation at Meaux. Jacques Lefevre.—Resistance of the Sorbonne.—Burning of Bibles and Printers. —Kise of the Huguenots .'.. Page 13 CHAPTER II. EPISODE IN THE LIFE OF BERNARD PALISST. The Life of Palissy illustrative of his Epoch.—His Birth and Education. Travels through France, Germany, and Flanders.—The prevailing Excite- ment.—^Palissy joins " The Religion."—Life at Saintes.—His pursuit of the Secret of the Enamel. —His Sufferings. —Calvin at Saintonge.—Pa- lissy begins a Reformed Church at Saintes.—^The early Gospellers.—^Phil- ebert Hamelin. — Progress of "The Religion." — The Persecutions at Saintes.—Palissy employed by the Duke of Montmorency.—Imprisoned at Bordeaux.—Liberated and made Royal Potter.—Dies for his Religion in the Bastile ; 31 CHAPTER in. PERSECUTIONS OP THE REFORMED IN PRANCE AND FLANDERS. Huguenot Men of Genius.—Spread of "The Religion."—Charles IX. and Catharine de Medicis. —A National Council held.—The Chancellor de I'Hopital. —Catharine's Letter to the Pope.—Outbreak of Persecution. Massacre of Vassy.—The Duke of Guise : Triumph of his Policy.—Mas- sacres throughout France. — Civil War. — The Iconoclasts. —Treaty of Peace.—Council of Trent.—Catharine de Medicis and the Duke of Alva. —^Ignatius Loyola. — Persecutions in Flanders.— Philip II. of Spain. Devastation of the Low Countries and Flight of the Protestants.—Mar- — CONTENTS. riage of Henry of Navarre and Margaret of France. —Attempted Assas- sination of Admiral Coligny. —Massacre of Saint Bartholomew.—Rejoic- ings at Rome.—Death of Charles IX. —Flight of Huguenots.—Renewed Civil W^r.—Accession of Henry IV.—The Edict of Nantes Page 50 CHAPTER IV. EELATIONS OP ENGLAND WITH EBANCE AND SPAIN. England at the Accession of Elizabeth. —The Pope denies the Queen's Le- gitimacy. —Plots against her Life. —The English Asylum granted to the Foreign Pfotestants a cause of Offense abroad. —Demands that the Fugi- tives be expelled the Kingdom.—The Pope denounces the Refugees. Bishop Jewel's Defense of them. — French and Spanish Plots against Elizabeth.—Mary Queen of Scots. —The Pope's Bull against Elizabeth. The Bishop of Eoss and Eidolfi.—Conference at Madrid.—The Plots de- feated. —News of the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew arrive in England. —Reception of the French Embassador by Elizabeth. —Execution of the Queen of Scots.—Continued Flight of the Refugees from Flanders. —De- feat of the Saerjed Armada.^-The Reigns of Philip II. and Elizabeth con- trasted , 71 CHAPTER V. SETTLEMENTS AND INDUSTRIES OF THE PROTESTANT REFUGEES IN BRITAIN. Early English Industry. —The Woolen Manufacture.—Extensive Immigra- tions of Flemish Protestant, Artisans.—Landings at Sandwich, Rye, and Dover.—Their Settlement at Sandwich.^Cloth-making and Gardening introduced.—The Flemings in London.—Their Industries. —Dye-works at Bow. —Native Jealousy.—The Flemish Merchants. —Numbers of the Im- migrants.—Settlement at Norwich^ —Protected by Queen Elizabeth. —Es- tablishment of the Cloth Manufacture.—Flemish Lace-makers.—^Workers in Iron and Steel.^-Fishing Settlement at Yarmouth.—^Drainers of the - Fen-lands.—Settlements in Ireland. —^Flemings in Scotland.—Reaction- ary Policy of Charles I. summarily checked 85 CHAPTER VI. EAELT WALLOON AND FRENCH CHURCHES IN ENGLAND. Desire of the Refugees for Freedom of Worship. —The first Walloon and French Churches in London.—Dutch Church in Austin Friars. —French Church in Threadneedle Street. —Churches at Sandwich, Rye, Norwich. —"God's House" a,t Southampton.—Register of their Church.— Their Fasts and Thanksgivings. —^Walloon Church at Canterbury.—Mfemorial of the Refugees.—The Undercroft in Canterbuiy Cathedral.—The Lady Chapel.—Occupation of the Undercroft by the Walloons.—The French Church still in Canterbury Cathedral. , 113 — CONTENTS. CHAPTER Vir. EENEWAL OF THE PEESECDHONS IN TRANCE. —KEVOCATION OE THE EDICT or NANTES. Assassination of Henry IV.—Marie de Medicis.—Renewal of Civil War in France.—Cardinal Richelieu. —Siege of Rochelle. —The Huguenots sup- pressed as a Political Body.— Edict of Pardon.—Loyalty of the Hugue- nots.
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