UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Constructing mosques : the governance of Islam in France and the Netherlands Maussen, M.J.M. Publication date 2009 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Maussen, M. J. M. (2009). Constructing mosques : the governance of Islam in France and the Netherlands. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:07 Oct 2021 CONSTRU MARCEL MAUSSEN C TING MOSQUES The integration of Muslim immigrants is frequently seen as a direct consequence of a country’s political tradition. These traditions themselves are often portrayed in clichéd terms. The patterns of incorporation that emerge following the entry CONSTRUCTING MOSQUES of newcomers depend, on closer inspection, on the interplay among a complex set of factors that varies across time peri- The governance of Islam ods. This comparative study of policies adopted by the state to accommodate the religious practices of Muslims traces in France and the Netherlands developments in France and the Netherlands in a historical perspective, beginning with the period of French and Dutch colonial rule and ending with the most recent bouts of con- troversy. The analysis examines discussions about mosque building in Marseilles and Rotterdam, tracing how Islam was represented in colonial exhibitions and in debates at the millennium over what constitutes “appropriate” mosque architecture. The author concludes that colonial governing approaches have shaped post-war policies of accommoda- tion of Islam to a far stronger degree in France than in the Netherlands. M AR CEL M A U SS EN Amsterdam School for Social Science Research (ASSR) 2009 Constructing Mosques The governance of Islam in France and the Netherlands Cover design: Helde Design, Amsterdam © Marcel Maussen. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, me- chanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing from the proprietor. Constructing Mosques The governance of Islam in France and the Netherlands ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit op donderdag 12 februari 2009, te 14.00 uur door Marcel Johannes Marie Maussen geboren te Heerlen Promotiecommissie Promotor(es): Prof. dr. M.A. Hajer Prof. dr. M. Fennema Overige leden: Prof. dr. V.M. Bader Prof. dr. J.W. de Beus Prof. dr. J.R. Bowen Prof. dr. F. Gouda Prof. dr. J.C. Rath Faculteit der Maatschappij- en Gedragswetenschappen Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1. The governance of Islam and the construction of mosques in Western Europe ........................... 13 1.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 13 1.2. Islam and public policies in Western Europe: the state of research and theory .................. 16 1.3. A historically sensitive, institutional approach to the study of public policy discussions on Islamic presence and mosque creation .......................... 22 1.3.1. Policy-making and Islam: discourse and institutions ...................................... 22 1.3.2. Policy discussions and the role of institutions .............................................. 26 1.3.3. Institutionalised regimes of government, public policy and social situations ............ 28 1.3.4. Institutional logics and path dependencies ................................................. 32 1.3.5. Case-study approach and public discussions on mosque creation ......................... 35 1.4. Public policy responses and the creation of mosques in France and the Netherlands: a comparative case study ......................................... 37 CHAPTER 2. The governance of religion in France and the Netherlands. Institutional arrangements, traditions and principles .......................... 43 2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 43 2.2. Church-state relations in France: institutional repertoires and principles in their historical context ........................................................... 43 2.3. Legal regulations concerning the financing of houses of worship ................................ 46 2.4. Church-state relations in the Netherlands: institutional repertoires and principles in their historical context ................................. 48 2.5. Legal regulations concerning the financing of houses of worship ................................ 53 2.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 3. French colonialism, Islam and mosques ........................................... 57 3.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 57 3.2. French colonialism and Islam in Africa ............................................................ 58 3.2.1. Governing Islam in Algeria (1830-1900): Cultes reconnus in a colonial context ........ 59 3.2.2. Governing Islam in West Africa: Islam as a source of cultural progress .................. 61 3.2.3. The early 20th century: La Politique Musulmane and an “Islam fabriquée par nous” .............................. 61 3.2.4. Algeria: official Islam and priority of colonial imperatives over secularism ............. 62 Table of Contents 5 3.2.5 West Africa: A French Islam or shielding African Islam? ................................. 63 3.2.6 Governance of Islam in Africa in the closing decades of colonial rule ................... 65 3.2.7. Concluding observations on French colonial governance of Islam in Africa ............. 67 3.3. Muslims and Mosques in France and Marseilles in the first half of the 20th century ........... 67 3.3.1. Colonial workers in France and in Marseilles 1900-1918 ................................. 68 3.3.2. Representations of Islam at the colonial exhibitions in Marseilles ........................ 72 3.3.3. France as a Great Muslim Power: A monumental mosque in Paris ....................... 75 3.3.4. Native management (encadrement) and Islam in interwar France ........................ 79 3.3.5. Projects for a newly built mosque in Marseilles 1937 ..................................... 80 3.3.6. The project of 1942-1949 ................................................................... 82 3.4. Direct policy legacies of colonial rule for the government of Islam in France ................... 85 3.4.1. The harkis .................................................................................... 85 3.4.2. The Paris Mosque ............................................................................ 86 3.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 4. Dutch colonialism, Islam and mosques ............................................ 91 4.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 91 4.2. The Dutch Indies and Islam ........................................................................ 92 4.2.1. Expansion of Dutch rule and encounters with Islam ....................................... 93 4.2.2. Liberal Policy and reformist Islam .......................................................... 93 4.2.3. Ethical Policy and association .............................................................. 96 4.2.4. Ethical Policy deformed ..................................................................... 97 4.3. Dutch colonialism and Islam in Europe: architecture, peoples and exhibitions .................. 99 4.4. Direct legacies of colonialism and Islam in the Netherlands ..................................... 100 4.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 105 CHAPTER 5. Guest workers and Islam in France ................................................ 107 5.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 107 5.2. Migrant workers in France and the emergence of a guest workers regime ....................... 107 5.2.1. The post-World War II period ............................................................... 110 5.3. Native management (encadrement) and the reproduction of colonial institutional