DOCSLIB.ORG

Dutch Colonialism, Islam and Mosques

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dutch Colonialism, Islam and Mosques UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Constructing mosques : the governance of Islam in France and the Netherlands Maussen, M.J.M. Publication date 2009 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Maussen, M. J. M. (2009). Constructing mosques : the governance of Islam in France and the Netherlands. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:07 Oct 2021 CONSTRU MARCEL MAUSSEN C TING MOSQUES The integration of Muslim immigrants is frequently seen as a direct consequence of a country’s political tradition. These traditions themselves are often portrayed in clichéd terms. The patterns of incorporation that emerge following the entry CONSTRUCTING MOSQUES of newcomers depend, on closer inspection, on the interplay among a complex set of factors that varies across time peri- The governance of Islam ods. This comparative study of policies adopted by the state to accommodate the religious practices of Muslims traces in France and the Netherlands developments in France and the Netherlands in a historical perspective, beginning with the period of French and Dutch colonial rule and ending with the most recent bouts of con- troversy. The analysis examines discussions about mosque building in Marseilles and Rotterdam, tracing how Islam was represented in colonial exhibitions and in debates at the millennium over what constitutes “appropriate” mosque architecture. The author concludes that colonial governing approaches have shaped post-war policies of accommoda- tion of Islam to a far stronger degree in France than in the Netherlands. M AR CEL M A U SS EN Amsterdam School for Social Science Research (ASSR) 2009 Constructing Mosques The governance of Islam in France and the Netherlands Cover design: Helde Design, Amsterdam © Marcel Maussen. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, me- chanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing from the proprietor. Constructing Mosques The governance of Islam in France and the Netherlands ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit op donderdag 12 februari 2009, te 14.00 uur door Marcel Johannes Marie Maussen geboren te Heerlen Promotiecommissie Promotor(es): Prof. dr. M.A. Hajer Prof. dr. M. Fennema Overige leden: Prof. dr. V.M. Bader Prof. dr. J.W. de Beus Prof. dr. J.R. Bowen Prof. dr. F. Gouda Prof. dr. J.C. Rath Faculteit der Maatschappij- en Gedragswetenschappen Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1. The governance of Islam and the construction of mosques in Western Europe ........................... 13 1.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 13 1.2. Islam and public policies in Western Europe: the state of research and theory .................. 16 1.3. A historically sensitive, institutional approach to the study of public policy discussions on Islamic presence and mosque creation .......................... 22 1.3.1. Policy-making and Islam: discourse and institutions ...................................... 22 1.3.2. Policy discussions and the role of institutions .............................................. 26 1.3.3. Institutionalised regimes of government, public policy and social situations ............ 28 1.3.4. Institutional logics and path dependencies ................................................. 32 1.3.5. Case-study approach and public discussions on mosque creation ......................... 35 1.4. Public policy responses and the creation of mosques in France and the Netherlands: a comparative case study ......................................... 37 CHAPTER 2. The governance of religion in France and the Netherlands. Institutional arrangements, traditions and principles .......................... 43 2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 43 2.2. Church-state relations in France: institutional repertoires and principles in their historical context ........................................................... 43 2.3. Legal regulations concerning the financing of houses of worship ................................ 46 2.4. Church-state relations in the Netherlands: institutional repertoires and principles in their historical context ................................. 48 2.5. Legal regulations concerning the financing of houses of worship ................................ 53 2.6. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 3. French colonialism, Islam and mosques ........................................... 57 3.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 57 3.2. French colonialism and Islam in Africa ............................................................ 58 3.2.1. Governing Islam in Algeria (1830-1900): Cultes reconnus in a colonial context ........ 59 3.2.2. Governing Islam in West Africa: Islam as a source of cultural progress .................. 61 3.2.3. The early 20th century: La Politique Musulmane and an “Islam fabriquée par nous” .............................. 61 3.2.4. Algeria: official Islam and priority of colonial imperatives over secularism ............. 62 Table of Contents 5 3.2.5 West Africa: A French Islam or shielding African Islam? ................................. 63 3.2.6 Governance of Islam in Africa in the closing decades of colonial rule ................... 65 3.2.7. Concluding observations on French colonial governance of Islam in Africa ............. 67 3.3. Muslims and Mosques in France and Marseilles in the first half of the 20th century ........... 67 3.3.1. Colonial workers in France and in Marseilles 1900-1918 ................................. 68 3.3.2. Representations of Islam at the colonial exhibitions in Marseilles ........................ 72 3.3.3. France as a Great Muslim Power: A monumental mosque in Paris ....................... 75 3.3.4. Native management (encadrement) and Islam in interwar France ........................ 79 3.3.5. Projects for a newly built mosque in Marseilles 1937 ..................................... 80 3.3.6. The project of 1942-1949 ................................................................... 82 3.4. Direct policy legacies of colonial rule for the government of Islam in France ................... 85 3.4.1. The harkis .................................................................................... 85 3.4.2. The Paris Mosque ............................................................................ 86 3.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 4. Dutch colonialism, Islam and mosques ............................................ 91 4.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 91 4.2. The Dutch Indies and Islam ........................................................................ 92 4.2.1. Expansion of Dutch rule and encounters with Islam ....................................... 93 4.2.2. Liberal Policy and reformist Islam .......................................................... 93 4.2.3. Ethical Policy and association .............................................................. 96 4.2.4. Ethical Policy deformed ..................................................................... 97 4.3. Dutch colonialism and Islam in Europe: architecture, peoples and exhibitions .................. 99 4.4. Direct legacies of colonialism and Islam in the Netherlands ..................................... 100 4.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 105 CHAPTER 5. Guest workers and Islam in France ................................................ 107 5.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 107 5.2. Migrant workers in France and the emergence of a guest workers regime ....................... 107 5.2.1. The post-World War II period ............................................................... 110 5.3. Native management (encadrement) and the reproduction of colonial institutional
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Municipalities Act
    Municipalities Act (Text as at 12 November 2013) Act of 14 February 1992 containing new provisions governing municipalities We, Beatrix, by the grace of God Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange- Nassau, etc., etc., etc. To all who see or hear these presents, greetings! Be it known: Whereas we consider it desirable that new provisions be laid down concerning the structure of municipalities and the composition and powers of their authorities; We, therefore, having heard the Council of State and in consultation with the States General, have approved and decreed as We hereby approve and decree: Title I. Definitions Section 1 1. In this Act the number of residents of a municipality means the number of residents according to the population figures on 1 January, as published by Statistics Netherlands. 2. The reference date for determining the number of residents, as referred to in section 8, is 1 January of the year preceding the year of a council election. At the written request of the council, Statistics Netherlands may determine the number of residents on the first day of the fourth month prior to the month of the nomination of candidates if it is likely that a number of residents specified in that section has been exceeded by the specified date. In such a case that date serves as the reference date. Section 2 In this Act residents are persons who have their actual place of residence in the municipality. AVT13/BZK110399 1 Section 3 Persons who have been registered as a resident of a municipality, with an address in its municipal personal records database, are deemed for the purposes of this Act to have their actual place of residence in that municipality, subject to proof to the contrary.
    [Show full text]
  • TU1206 COST Sub-Urban WG1 Report I
    Sub-Urban COST is supported by the EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Rotterdam TU1206-WG1-013 TU1206 COST Sub-Urban WG1 Report I. van Campenhout, K de Vette, J. Schokker & M van der Meulen Sub-Urban COST is supported by the EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 COST TU1206 Sub-Urban Report TU1206-WG1-013 Published March 2016 Authors: I. van Campenhout, K de Vette, J. Schokker & M van der Meulen Editors: Ola M. Sæther and Achim A. Beylich (NGU) Layout: Guri V. Ganerød (NGU) COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a pan-European intergovernmental framework. Its mission is to enable break-through scientific and technological developments leading to new concepts and products and thereby contribute to strengthening Europe’s research and innovation capacities. It allows researchers, engineers and scholars to jointly develop their own ideas and take new initiatives across all fields of science and technology, while promoting multi- and interdisciplinary approaches. COST aims at fostering a better integration of less research intensive countries to the knowledge hubs of the European Research Area. The COST Association, an International not-for-profit Association under Belgian Law, integrates all management, governing and administrative functions necessary for the operation of the framework. The COST Association has currently 36 Member Countries. www.cost.eu www.sub-urban.eu www.cost.eu Rotterdam between Cables and Carboniferous City development and its subsurface 04-07-2016 Contents 1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • THE RELIGIOUS OPPOSITION in ALGERIA August 21, 2011 Gloria-Center.Org
    http://www.gloria-center.org/2011/08/the-religious-opposition-in-algeria-2/ THE RELIGIOUS OPPOSITION IN ALGERIA August 21, 2011 gloria-center.org This article provides an analytical discussion on the religious opposition in Algeria, exploring the conditions and conflict-prone effects of the movement. Through historical analysis, the study reveals that the Islamist opposition in Algeria is to some extent value-driven, but it is mostly a reaction to undesirable local conditions, especially economic distress, widespread poverty, and unjust distribution of national wealth. Thus, the article suggests that positive actions be taken to deal with these issues if the religious opposition is to be successfully managed in Algeria. INTRODUCTION One of the clearest aspects of the post-Cold War era is the rise of religion as a social and political movement around the globe, and, by extension, the growing number of religiously-driven conflicts. This trend appears to be more evident in the Middle East, although it is not limited to this particular region. The secular governments in the Middle East have been frequently challenged, sometimes quite seriously, by Islamist oppositions that want to establish a state based on religious rules. The clash between government forces and militant Islamists often resulted in severe casualties, in which many innocent people, foreigners, as well as fighting sides themselves became victims. In order to manage religious opposition and cope with its conflict-prone effects, it is necessary to understand the nature of such opposition. Algeria offers a valuable case study, since although the country–unlike many Middle Eastern countries–has no tradition of early Islamic revivalism, the secular government was seriously challenged by political Islamism in the 1990s and only survived with the help of the military.
    [Show full text]
  • Fonds Gabriel Deville (Xviie-Xxe Siècles)
    Fonds Gabriel Deville (XVIIe-XXe siècles) Répertoire numérique détaillé de la sous-série 51 AP (51AP/1-51AP/9) (auteur inconnu), révisé par Ariane Ducrot et par Stéphane Le Flohic en 1997 - 2008 Archives nationales (France) Pierrefitte-sur-Seine 1955 - 2008 1 https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/IR/FRAN_IR_001830 Cet instrument de recherche a été encodé en 2012 par l'entreprise Numen dans le cadre du chantier de dématérialisation des instruments de recherche des Archives Nationales sur la base d'une DTD conforme à la DTD EAD (encoded archival description) et créée par le service de dématérialisation des instruments de recherche des Archives Nationales 2 Archives nationales (France) INTRODUCTION Référence 51AP/1-51AP/9 Niveau de description fonds Intitulé Fonds Gabriel Deville Date(s) extrême(s) XVIIe-XXe siècles Nom du producteur • Deville, Gabriel (1854-1940) • Doumergue, Gaston (1863-1937) Importance matérielle et support 9 cartons (51 AP 1-9) ; 1,20 mètre linéaire. Localisation physique Pierrefitte Conditions d'accès Consultation libre, sous réserve du règlement de la salle de lecture des Archives nationales. DESCRIPTION Type de classement 51AP/1-6. Collection d'autographes classée suivant la qualité du signataire : chefs d'État, gouvernants français depuis la Restauration, hommes politiques français et étrangers, écrivains, diplomates, officiers, savants, médecins, artistes, femmes. XVIIIe-XXe siècles. 51AP/7-8. Documents divers sur Puydarieux et le département des Haute-Pyrénées. XVIIe-XXe siècles. 51AP/8 (suite). Documentation sur la Première Guerre mondiale. 1914-1919. 51AP/9. Papiers privés ; notes de travail ; rapports sur les archives de la Marine et les bibliothèques publiques ; écrits et documentation sur les départements français de la Révolution (Mont-Tonnerre, Rhin-et-Moselle, Roer et Sarre) ; manuscrit d'une « Chronologie générale avant notre ère ».
    [Show full text]
  • Religions of the World
    Religions of the World This encyclopedia series provides comprehensive coverage of “world reli- gions.” Cohesive and objective in its treatment, the series covers a wide spectrum of academic disciplines and religious traditions. It lays bare similar- ities and differences that naturally emerge within and across disciplines and religions today. The series includes the academic field of multidisciplinary, secular study of religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. It offers descrip- tions, comparisons, interpretations, and explanations on religions in many different regions of the world. The series emphasizes systematic, historically based, and cross-cultural perspectives. Each volume offers a “state of play” perspective regarding the specific area of the world being considered, looking both at the current situation and at likely further developments within that area. More information about this series at https://www.springer.com/series/15065 Henri Gooren Editor Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions With 19 Figures and 17 Tables Editor Henri Gooren Sociology, Anthropology, Social Work and Criminal Justice Oakland University Rochester, MI, USA ISBN 978-3-319-27077-7 ISBN 978-3-319-27078-4 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-319-28571-9 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27078-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019933396 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
    [Show full text]
  • Studying Religious Diversity in Suriname and Trinidad: Review and Research Design
    Academic Journal of Suriname 2011, 2, 139 – 143 Social Sciences Concepts and comments Studying Religious Diversity in Suriname and Trinidad: Review and Research Design Mirella P. Nankoe 1*, Soulamy A. Laurens 1, Rayah Bhattacharji 1 1Institute for Graduate Studies and Research, Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname Abstract This article reviews the research design of the master thesis “Religious Diversity in Suriname and Trinidad: An Exploration of the Institutional Development of Christianity, Hinduism and Islam” (Algoe 2011). We identified a few limitations in the existing design, concerning: (1) the number, the comparability and the definition of the social spheres, (2) the criteria for selecting the media as a case, (3) the definition of politics and (4) the relationship between religion and ethnicity. Unlike Algoe’s thesis that focused on the institutional development of religions and on interreligious relations, we propose an alternative design with a focus on the sphere of national decision-making in general, and the interaction between the state and religious institutions as part of development in particular. The key questions and concepts of the alternative design would include (a) the vision of colonial and post-colonial government, and Christian and Hindu institutions on religiously diverse societies and the nation, (b) the policy of colonial and post-colonial governments regarding religious diversity, and (c) Christian and Hindu institutions’ interaction with and participation in national decision making processes. The proposed design would be a comparative study between Suriname and Trinidad & Tobago, using a quantitative and qualitative research strategy and mixed methods such as secondary analysis of quantitative data, qualitative content analysis, and interviews.
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle Between Secularism and Islam in Algeria's Quest for Democracy
    Pluralism Betrayed: The Battle Between Secularism and Islam in Algeria's Quest for Democracy Peter A. Samuelsont I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 309 f1. BACKGROUND TO THE ELECTIONS AND THE COUP ................................ 311 A. Algeria's Economic Crisis ......................................... 311 B. Algeria's FirstMultiparty Elections in 1990 for Local Offices ................ 313 C. The FIS Victory in the 1991 ParliamentaryElections ...................... 314 D. The Coup dt& tat ................................................ 318 E. Western Response to the Coup ...................................... 322 III. EVALUATING THE LEGITIMACY OF THE COUP ................................ 325 A. Problems Presented by Pluralism .................................... 326 B. Balancing Majority Rights Against Minority Rights ........................ 327 C. The Role of Religion in Society ...................................... 329 D. Islamic Jurisprudence ............................................ 336 1. Islamic Views of Democracy and Pluralism ......................... 337 2. Islam and Human Rights ...................................... 339 IV. PROBABLE ACTIONS OF AN FIS PARLIAMENTARY MAJORITY ........................ 340 A. The FIS Agenda ................................................ 342 1. Trends Within the FIS ........................................ 342 2. The Process of Democracy: The Allocation of Power .................. 345 a. Indicationsof DemocraticPotential .......................... 346
    [Show full text]
  • The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870
    The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Dzanic, Dzavid. 2016. The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33840734 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 A dissertation presented by Dzavid Dzanic to The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2016 © 2016 - Dzavid Dzanic All rights reserved. Advisor: David Armitage Author: Dzavid Dzanic The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 Abstract This dissertation examines the religious, diplomatic, legal, and intellectual history of French imperialism in Italy, Egypt, and Algeria between the 1789 French Revolution and the beginning of the French Third Republic in 1870. In examining the wider logic of French imperial expansion around the Mediterranean, this dissertation bridges the Revolutionary, Napoleonic, Restoration (1815-30), July Monarchy (1830-48), Second Republic (1848-52), and Second Empire (1852-70) periods. Moreover, this study represents the first comprehensive study of interactions between imperial officers and local actors around the Mediterranean.
    [Show full text]
  • Explaining Coalition Types: an Analysis of Government Formation at the Dutch Local Level
    Master’s Thesis Research Master Political Science & Public Administration Student: Jascha Wieldraaijer Student number: S0632724 Supervisor: Prof. dr. Andeweg Second reader: Prof. dr. Koole Woordenaantal: 8257 Explaining Coalition Types: an analysis of government formation at the Dutch local level 1 2 ABSTRACT: In the last 50 years, several theories have been developed to explain the occurrence of several governmental coalition compositions. These theories have been extensively tested in cross-country comparisons, which often suffer from the difficulties of a limited number of cases and a large number of varying institutional factors. This study tries to bypass these difficulties by studying a large number of governments formed at the Dutch local level. Two expectations from existing coalition literature are tested: one concerning the influence of the value political parties place on being in government, the other concerning the insecurity political parties experience in assessing the preferences of potential coalition partners. Several institutional and situational developments at the Dutch local level have created variation which allow these expectations to be tested empirically. Support is found concerning expectations on insecurity of preferences of coalition partners, whereas support concerning the value political parties place on governmental participation is mixed. 3 4 A large number of diverging theories on the formation of government coalitions have been formed over the past 50 years. These theories have often been put to the test, mostly by studying Western parliamentary systems. However, these theories can also be used to explain coalitions on lower levels of government, such as regional governments (Stefuriuc 2013) or municipalities (Bäck 2003; Denters 1985; Steunenberg 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Helsinki, Stockholm, Amsterdam
    HELSINKI, STOCKHOLM, AMSTERDAM How to stimulate housing production? An exchange of experience This report is part of the collaboration of the cities of Helisnki, Stockholm and Amsterdam and written by mr Cor de Jong, by the development corporation, city of Amsterdam. [email protected] Copyright of this research lay with the Development Corporation Amsterdam. This research can be used in other publications with mentioning the name of its owner: The Development Corporation Amsterdam. 1 European cities learn from each other: Helsinki, Amsterdam and Stockholm exchange experiences in order to stimulate housing production. Background Housing production has been a hot topic in a number of European countries for some time. In the Neth- erlands, the concern about achieving the objectives at both national and local levels has led to policy initiatives and to adjustment of the available instruments. Research shows that housing production in various European cities is at the least an area of attention and sometimes also a source of concern. In a joint project, the European cities Helsinki, Amsterdam and Stockholm exchanged knowledge and experience. The aim: can we learn something from each other in the area of promoting housing production? This article examines the interim results of the co- operative efforts. It first offers a brief description of how the exchange came about and what form it took in practice. The exchange in practice This exchange project came about more or less by accident. Representatives of the municipalities of Stockholm and Amsterdam who were attending an international conference in the autumn of 2003 hap- pened to start talking about what was going on in their city.
    [Show full text]
  • The Izala Movement in Nigeria Genesis, Fragmentation and Revival
    n the basis on solid fieldwork in northern Nigeria including participant observation, 18 Göttingen Series in Ointerviews with Izala, Sufis, and religion experts, and collection of unpublished Social and Cultural Anthropology material related to Izala, three aspects of the development of Izala past and present are analysed: its split, its relationship to Sufis, and its perception of sharīʿa re-implementation. “Field Theory” of Pierre Bourdieu, “Religious Market Theory” of Rodney Start, and “Modes Ramzi Ben Amara of Religiosity Theory” of Harvey Whitehouse are theoretical tools of understanding the religious landscape of northern Nigeria and the dynamics of Islamic movements and groups. The Izala Movement in Nigeria Genesis, Fragmentation and Revival Since October 2015 Ramzi Ben Amara is assistant professor (maître-assistant) at the Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, Sousse, Tunisia. Since 2014 he was coordinator of the DAAD-projects “Tunisia in Transition”, “The Maghreb in Transition”, and “Inception of an MA in African Studies”. Furthermore, he is teaching Anthropology and African Studies at the Centre of Anthropology of the same institution. His research interests include in Nigeria The Izala Movement Islam in Africa, Sufism, Reform movements, Religious Activism, and Islamic law. Ramzi Ben Amara Ben Amara Ramzi ISBN: 978-3-86395-460-4 Göttingen University Press Göttingen University Press ISSN: 2199-5346 Ramzi Ben Amara The Izala Movement in Nigeria This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Published in 2020 by Göttingen University Press as volume 18 in “Göttingen Series in Social and Cultural Anthropology” This series is a continuation of “Göttinger Beiträge zur Ethnologie”.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis Charlois
    Charlois Analysis Spring 2009 Veldacademie AR2U080 Delft University of Technology Municipality of Rotterdam Ir. O. G. C. Trienekens Alencar Saraiva, R. Berkhout, M. J. Cao, F. Chen, M. Y. Duarte, A. B. Gavin, P. Hamoen, J. E. Kasraian Moghaddam, D. Koutsoupakis, C. Perakis, M. Sapoutzi, D. Schravesande, M. C. H. C. Vreugdenhil, B. Wu, P. 1 2 Content 5 Introduction & Themes 6 Timeline 8 Categories 9 Living 69 Work & Income 89 Health Care & Support 105 Education 123 Social Participation 167 Economy 197 Safety 223 General 229 Sources 3 4 Introduction & Themes Introduction Themes This booklet provides an analysis that is the result of the course AR2U080 at the Field Academy in Charlois, Rotterdam, a MOBILITY collaboration between the municipality of Rotterdam and the University of Technol- ogy in Delft. The analysis is derived from hard and soft data, offering detailed insight on Charlois PRIVATE / PUBLIC in both numbers and people, hereby de- veloping a theoretical background on the area for further development. SOCIAL NETWORKS The data was divided in 7 main categories. Subcategories of these were grouped in three scale levels, the city, the district and the neighbourhood. A focus in analysis from themes rather SOCIAL ABILITY than categories made research from mul- tiple angles valid. In the final scheme (as seen on the front- page) the analysis results -cells- are de- IDENTITY fined by the categories -columns- and scales -rows-. The themes were main- tained by icons as seen right, resulting in a final scheme where within connections were made between different elements of analysis that have influence on one an- other.
    [Show full text]