Religions of the World This encyclopedia series provides comprehensive coverage of “world reli- gions.” Cohesive and objective in its treatment, the series covers a wide spectrum of academic disciplines and religious traditions. It lays bare similar- ities and differences that naturally emerge within and across disciplines and religions today. The series includes the academic field of multidisciplinary, secular study of religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. It offers descrip- tions, comparisons, interpretations, and explanations on religions in many different regions of the world. The series emphasizes systematic, historically based, and cross-cultural perspectives. Each volume offers a “state of play” perspective regarding the specific area of the world being considered, looking both at the current situation and at likely further developments within that area.

More information about this series at https://www.springer.com/series/15065 Henri Gooren Editor

Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions

With 19 Figures and 17 Tables Editor Henri Gooren Sociology, Anthropology, Social Work and Criminal Justice Oakland University Rochester, MI, USA

ISBN 978-3-319-27077-7 ISBN 978-3-319-27078-4 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-319-28571-9 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27078-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019933396

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface

Springer’s Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions (ELAR) is the first of its kind. Its main aim is to provide the most comprehensive, cohesive, and objective coverage to date on the topic of Latin American religions. Obviously there are other general reference works on the religions of Latin America, but no encyclopedia exists that systematically and alphabetically lists (almost) all religious expressions that are currently present in Latin America. Hence, we had to start from scratch and faced some hard decisions that defined the aim and scope of the project. First, we decided to focus on the contemporary religious expressions of Latin America. Other reference works exist that cover the many Native American hunter-gatherers and especially the famous agricultural civilizations of old: Olmecs, Toltecs, Maya, Nazca, Inca, Aztecs, etc. Similarly, many reference works cover the Spanish and Portuguese conquest and colonization processes in Latin America, the rise of the republics after independence, the growing influence of Britain and the United States, the effects of the Cold War in Latin America, and the state of benign neglect that seems to characterize current US and EU policies toward the region. Second, there is the problem of geography. What constitutes Latin Amer- ica? Historically, the term “Amérique latine” was first used in the 1860s by Emperor Napoleon III (1808–1873) to express France’s growing geopolitical interest in a region historically dominated by first Spain and Portugal and later Britain and the United States. We include all the countries south of the Rio Grande and in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Geographically, historically, economically, politically, and religiously, it makes sense to include the Caribbean region with Latin America. Thus, the Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions covers a total of no less than 27 countries. These are Brazil, 16 Spanish-speaking countries on the continent, Belize, 3 Spanish- speaking island nations (Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic), 3 other important island nations (Haiti, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago), and the 3 Guyanas: (former British) Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. Third, there is the problem of defining religion. German sociologist Max Weber (1864–1920) famously managed to avoid this. His contemporary, the British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor (1832–1917), defined religion through his animism concept as “the belief in spiritual beings” (Primitive Society 1871: Chap. xi ff.). This basic definition still works, provided one adds human manipulation of spiritual beings and the supernatural through ritual.

v vi Preface

Hence, our definition of religion is extremely broad. In chronological order, ELAR covers indigenous religions (but see my caveat below), Roman Cathol- icism, (historical) Protestantism, indigenous and imported Pentecostalisms, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Latter-day Saints (Mormons), Afro-Brazilian (Candomblé and Umbanda) and Afro-Caribbean (Vodou and Santería) reli- gions, the world religions of immigrants, transnational new religious move- ments (such as Hare Krishna and the Unification Church), and some uniquely Latin American churches (such as Mexico’s Light of the World church and Brazil’s Universal Church of the Kingdom of God). ELAR even covers the recent increases in the numbers of Latin Americans who report having no religion. Fourth, since the Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions is an encyclo- pedia, long-term and recent historical trends are subsumed under about 500 alphabetically listed entry titles. The main religious trends in Latin America include the start and subsequent indigenization of Catholicism (later mirrored in Protestantism and Pentecostalism); the evolution of African-inspired religions; the arrival of world religions like Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism with various immigrant waves; the arrival and membership explosions of Jehovah’s Witnesses and Mormons; the importa- tion of transnational new religious movements like Hare Krishna and the Unification Church; the start and evolution of uniquely Latin American churches; and finally, the recent stark percent point increases in the “No Religion” population segment (the “religious nones”) across almost all coun- tries in Latin America (also in the United States for that matter). A project such as the Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions is inevi- tably a group effort, hence the use of “we” in this preface. Yet, ELAR would not exist without one person: Springer editor Cristina Alves dos Santos. At the annual meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion in Boston, she asked if I would be interested in becoming editor in chief of the proposed new Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions. Had I realized all this entailed, I would have politely turned Cristina down, but ignorance (or vanity) is at the core of many a gargantuan task. We divided up the subject matter and, over the next years, recruited ten section editors from six different countries. I was happy to see the involvement of so many prominent researchers from Mexico and Brazil, as well as from the United States, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany. Brainstorming with the section editors, we made long lists of possible entry topics and went about recruiting possible authors. The main Springer editors who worked hard on ELAR were Sylvia Blago, Michael Hermann, and Johanna Klute. I am most grateful for their expert support, advice, emails, and phone conferences. So 5 years later, the print edition of the Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions finally comes out. Putting together two encyclopedia volumes with the size and weight of bricks takes resolve, rewards, and, above all, patience. It was difficult to recruit section editors and authors alike; many dropped out unexpectedly, sometimes at the last moment. When asked how it feels to be editor in chief of an encyclopedia of over 1, 500 printed pages, I said: “It’s like being in an artillery bombardment without knowing how many grenades are duds.” My advice: to proceed with extreme caution. The most efficient ways of Preface vii

imposing deadlines on scholars cannot pass the Institutional Review Board (IRB) standards. Recruiting friends as editors and authors often proved risky; I recommend recruiting strangers. The primary audience of ELAR are scholars and students in a variety of disciplines (such as history, anthropology, sociology, psychology, education, economics, geography, theology, mission studies, religious studies, cultural studies), but we hope the Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions will also be useful for a much wider audience of journalists, librarians, analysts, gov- ernment officials, doctors, and many other professionals. In spite of gargantuan efforts, many entries remained orphaned because no author ever stepped up. I already agree with critics that niche topics like Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, and New Age are extremely well- covered. The same is true for Mormonism and Jehovah’s Witnesses. On the other hand, Native American religions and uniquely Latin American religions receive short shrift. No excuse will do, but consider this an open invitation: We are actively looking for authors on many topics that are not covered (sufficiently) in the print edition. Study the format and send us your entry. If you feel that you can do a better job on an existing entry, send us your entry too. We cannot pay, but we promise fame and recognition. The online edition of the Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions will be continuously expanded and updated in the future.

Oakland University Henri Gooren Rochester, Michigan June, 2019 List of Topics

Atheism, Agnosticism, and Secularization in Perón, Juan Latin America Populism and Laicity Positivism in Brazil Section Editor: Roberto Blancarte Rivadavia, Bernardino Agnosticism and People Without Religion in Secularization and Educational Secularism in Brazil Ecuador Agnosticism, Atheism, and People Without Secularization and Secularism in Cuba Religion in Colombia Secularization in Argentina Agnosticism, Atheism, Population Without Secularization in Latin America Religion in Guatemala Secularization in the Indigenous Mexican Context Agnostics and Atheists in Mexico Secularization in Uruguay Anticlerical Laws in Costa Rica, 1884 Subversive Art and Secularization in the North of Anticlericalism in Argentina Chile Atheism and Agnosticism in Cuba Vargas, Getúlio Atheism and Nonreligion in Latin America, Geography Atheism in Brazil Buddhism and Hinduism in Latin America Atheism, Agnosticism, and People Without Section Editors: Frank Usarski and Rafael Religion in Chile Shoji Diffused Religion in Latin America Eastern Religions in Latin American Literature Art of Living Ethnic Agnosticism in Latin America Buddhism in Argentina Generation of 1837 Buddhism in Brazil Haya de la Torre, Víctor Raúl Buddhism in Central America Juárez, Benito Buddhism in Chile Laicity in Argentina Buddhism in Colombia Laicity in Brazil Buddhism in Cuba Laicity in Latin America Buddhism in Mexico Lay Education in Mexico Buddhism in Peru Mock Religions Buddhism in Uruguay Morazán, Francisco Buddhism in Venezuela Nonreligion and Secularity in Latin America Chinese Buddhism Palma, Ricardo Chinese New Religions

ix x List of Topics

Chinese Religions Dominican Republic Church of Perfect Liberty Ecuador Church of World Messianity (Sekai Kyūsei Kyō) El Salvador Fo Guang Shan French Guiana Happy Science (Kofuku-no-Kagaku) Guatemala Hinduism in Argentina Guyana Hinduism in Brazil Haiti Hinduism in Brazilian Literature Honduras Hinduism in Guyana Jamaica Hinduism in Suriname Mexico Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago Nicaragua Honmon Butsuryū-shū Panama ISKCON Paraguay Japanese Esoteric Buddhism Peru Japanese New Religions in Latin America Puerto Rico Korean Buddhism Suriname Korean Religions Trinidad and Tobago Mahikari Uruguay Nichiren Shoshu Venezuela Oomoto (The Great Origin) Pure Land Buddhism in Latin America Reiyukai Indigenous Religions in Latin America Rissho Kosei-kai Maya Religion and Spirituality Sacred Grounds Sathya Sai Baba Seichō-no-Ie in Latin America Islam and Judaism in Latin America Shintoism Section Editor: Ken Chitwood Soka Gakkai Tenrikyo Arab Union of Cuba Theravada Buddhism Ashkenazi Tibetan Buddhism in Latin America Bahia Muslim Slaves Rebellion; Rebellion Transcendental Meditation of the Males, Brazil 1835 Tzong Kwan Black Islam Yoga in Latin America Conversion to Islam in Latin America Zen in Latin America Conversions to the Islam in Mexico Da’wah Country Entries Diaspora, Jewish Fiesta de Santiago Apostól Section Editor: Bryan T. Froehle Hajj Argentina Hosay Festival Belize Introduction of Islam to Sixteenth-Century Bolivia Puerto Rico Brazil Islam Chile Islam in Argentina Colombia Islam in Brazil Costa Rica Islam in Cuba Cuba Islam in Haiti List of Topics xi

Islam in Mexico Mormons, Witnesses, and Adventists in Latin Islam in Suriname America Islam in the Dominican Republic Section Editor: David G. Stewart, Jr. Islam in Trinidad Islam, Five Pillars Adventism in Argentina Islam, History Adventism in Colombia Islamic League of Cuba Adventism in Cuba Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Latin American Adventism in Mexico Solidarity Adventism in Panama Jamaat al-Muslimeen Adventism in Puerto Rico Jewish Immigration to Chile During the Adventism in the Dominican Republic Holocaust Years Adventism in Venezuela Jews and Judaism in the Caribbean Adventism, Eight Laws of Health Jews of the Middle East in Latin America: Adventism, Pillars Migrations, Identities, and Religiosities Adventist Global Mission Judaism in Argentina Bible, New World Translation Judaism in Brazil Book of Mormon Judaism in Chile Brazil 2010 Census Judaism in Cuba Jehovah’s Witnesses in Argentina Judaism in Mexico Jehovah’s Witnesses in Belize Judenrein Jehovah’s Witnesses in Bolivia Latin American Conservative or Masorti Jehovah’s Witnesses in Brazil Movement Jehovah’s Witnesses in Chile Latin American Countries Muslim Leaders Jehovah’s Witnesses in Colombia Religious Summit Jehovah’s Witnesses in Costa Rica Latin American Jewish Studies Association Jehovah’s Witnesses in Ecuador (LAJSA) Jehovah’s Witnesses in El Salvador Lebanese-Muslim Diaspora in the Triple Jehovah’s Witnesses in French Guiana Frontier (Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay) Jehovah’s Witnesses in Guyana Moriscos Jehovah’s Witnesses in Haiti Mosques in Latin America Jehovah’s Witnesses in Honduras Murabitun World Movement Jehovah’s Witnesses in Mexico Muslim Community Educational Center Jehovah’s Witnesses in Nicaragua (Mexico City, Mexico) Jehovah’s Witnesses in Paraguay Muslims and the Media in Trinidad Jehovah’s Witnesses in Puerto Rico New Christians Jehovah’s Witnesses in Suriname Orientalism Jehovah’s Witnesses in Uruguay Sephardi Jehovah’s Witnesses in the Dominican Republic Sheikhs in Latin America Jehovah’s Witnesses in Venezuela Shi’a Islam Jehovah’s Witnesses, Beliefs Shi’i Islam in Chile Jehovah’s Witnesses, Contemporary Challenges Sosúa Settlement Jehovah’s Witnesses, History Sufism in Mexico Jehovah’s Witnesses, Legal Controversies Sunni-Shi’a Divide Jehovah’s Witnesses, Practices Union of Argentine Muslim Women Jehovah’s Witnesses, Terms and Definitions (UMMA) Latin American Adventist Theological Seminary Women in Islam in Mexico Mexico 2010 Census xii List of Topics

Mormon Articles of Faith Body and Soul Mormon Mexican Colonies Caravanas Arcoiris Mormon Missionary Training Centers Castaneda, Carlos Mormon Missions Complementary and Alternative Medicines Mormon Temples Conscienciology and Projectiology Mormonism in Argentina Core Energetics Mormonism in Belize Cultural Industry Mormonism in Bolivia Divination Practices Mormonism in Brazil Ecological Epistemology (EE) Mormonism in Chile Ecology Mormonism in Colombia Ecovillage Mormonism in Costa Rica Energy Mormonism in Cuba Environmentalization Mormonism in Ecuador Errant Religious Culture Mormonism in El Salvador Esotericism and New Age Mormonism in French Guiana Floral Therapy and Body/Emotional Mormonism in Guatemala Awareness Mormonism in Guyana Gaia Mormonism in Haiti Gender and New Age Mormonism in Honduras Gran Fraternidad Universal Mormonism in Jamaica Hare Krishna Movement and New Age Mormonism in Mexico Harmonization Mormonism in Nicaragua Institutionalization of Religion Mormonism in Panama Leaving the New Age Mormonism in Paraguay Literature and Religion in Contemporary Mormonism in Peru Societies Mormonism in Puerto Rico Mancomunidad de la América Mormonism in Suriname India Solar Mormonism in the Dominican Republic Maya Mormonism in Uruguay Maya Millenarism Mormonism in Venezuela Metaphysics of Saint Germain Pew Research Center Mesmerism Smith, Joseph Modernity Third Convention Mystics and New Age White, Ellen G. Neo-esotericism Word of Wisdom Neoliberalism and New Age Neomexicanism: Prehispanic Rituals Translated by New Age Matrix New Age Religions in Latin America Neo-paganism Neo-shamanism Section Editors: Carlos Steil and Rodrigo Toniol New Age and Christianity Afro American Religious and New Age Practices New Age and Health Age of Aquarius New Age and Native American Spirituality Alternative Therapies New Age Consumption Andean Mysticism New Age Imagery Anthroposophy New Age in Network Marketing Organizations Astrology New Age Movement and the Sacred List of Topics xiii

New Age Rituals Iglesia Cristiana Interdenominacional New Age Spirituality Igreja Cristã Maranata New Age Trade Show Latin American Pentecostalism and Politics New Age-ification Light of the World Church Nomad Religiosity Macedo, Edir B. Orientalization McPherson, Aimee Semple Pachamama Miranda, David Martins Professionalizing in the New Age Origins of Pentecostalism in the Dominican Psychoactive Substances Republic Psychology and the New Age Pentecostalism in Bolivia Raëlian Movement Pentecostalism in Brazil Red Path (Camino Rojo) Pentecostalism in Chile Reginos Spiritual Movement and Pentecostalism in Costa Rica Neomexicanism Pentecostalism in El Salvador Religions of the Self Pentecostalism in Guatemala Religious Individualization Pentecostalism in Honduras Romanticism Pentecostalism in Jamaica Sacralization of the Self Pentecostalism in Latin America, Rural Versus Science and New Age Urban Sect Pentecostalism in Panama Self-Help Pentecostalism in Peru Self-Improvement Pentecostalism in Puerto Rico Spiritualism and New Age Pentecostalism in Suriname St. James’sWay Pentecostalism in the Caribbean: The Influence Taoism and New Age of Afro-Religions Theosophy Pentecostalism in Urban Peripheries in Latin Transcendence and Immanence America Urban Shamanism Pentecostalism: Waves in Brazil Valley of the Dawn Pentecostalization of Protestantism in Latin Vegetarianism America Wicca and New Age Taxonomy of Pentecostal Churches Yoga and the New Age Movement in Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, Argentina Iglesia Universal Del Reino de Dios

Pentecostalism in Latin America Protestantism in Latin America Section Editor: Rubia R. Valente Section Editor: Leonardo Marcondes Alves Allen, A. A. Articles of Faith, Twelve Full Gospel Business Men’s Fellowship Assemblies of God in Brazil International in Latin America Assemblies of God in Latin America Latin America Mission (LAM) Christian Congregation in Brazil, Congregação Mennonites in Latin America Cristã no Brasil Palau, Luis Church of the Foursquare Gospel in Brazil Presbyterian Church in Latin America Francescon, Louis Reformed and Congregational Churches in Latin God Is Love Pentecostal Church America xiv List of Topics

Roman Catholicism in Latin America Rolón, Ismael Roman Catholicism in Latin America Section Editor: Jakob Egeris Thorsen Romero, Oscar (Bishop) All Souls’ Day Rossi, Fr. Marcelo (Brazil) Aparecida Conference (CELAM V) Santa Muerte Benedict XVI, Pope Santo Domingo Conference (CELAM IV) Boff, Clodovis Sobrino, Jon Boff, Leonardo Suenens, Léon-Joseph Cardinal (CCR) Bogarín, Ramón Torres, Camilo C^amara, Dom Hélder Pessoa (Bishop) Vatican II Catholic Action Virgin of Guadalupe Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR) Vows to Saints CELAM Christian Base Communities (CEB) Cofradías Cristero Rebellion Transnational New Religious Movements in Fiestas Latin America and New Latin American Folk Saints Religions Francis, Pope Section Editor: Rodrigo Toniol Gerardi Conedera, Monseñor Juan José Giménez, Gilberto Barquinha Gutiérrez, Gustavo Batuque Inculturation Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church John Paul II, Pope Caboclo Shamanism Liberation Theology Candomblé Life in the Spirit Seminars (LSS) Gauchito Gil López Trujillo, Alfonso Gnose Lugo Méndez, Fernando Armindo John of God Medellin Conference (CELAM II) Kardec, Allan Menchú Tum, Rigoberta Rosa Cruz Minuto de Dios Santería New Evangelization Santo Daime Novenas (Catholic Prayer Tradition) UFO Religions in Latin America Obando y Bravo, Miguel Umbanda Posadas (Christmas Tradition) União do Vegetal Prado Flores, José (Pepe) H. Unification Church, Moonies Puebla Conference (CELAM III) Vodou, Voodoo Retablos Yoruba Religion About the Editor

Henri Gooren (Ph.D. Anthropology, Utrecht University) is a Dutch cultural anthropologist working especially on conversion and on Pentecostalism, Prot- estantism, Mormonism, and Catholicism in Latin America. His first published monograph was Rich Among the Poor: Church, Firm, and Household Among Small-Scale Entrepreneurs in Guatemala City (Amsterdam: Thela, 1999). After working at the Social Science Research Council of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), he joined the Center IIMO for Intercultural Theology at Utrecht University in the research program Conver- sions Careers and Culture Politics in Pentecostalism: A Comparative Study in Four Continents (2003–2007). In August 2007, Henri Gooren became Assistant Professor of Anthropol- ogy at Oakland University in Rochester, Michigan, where he received tenure in 2011 and became Director of Religious Studies in 2018. Palgrave-Macmillan published his book Religious Disaffiliation and Conversion: Tracing Patterns of Change in Faith Practices in 2010. Dr. Gooren conducted extensive fieldwork research on the Pentecostalization of religion and society in Para- guay and Chile in 2010–2012, sponsored with $100,000 from the John Templeton Foundation. He is currently working on a monograph elaborating this topic. Gooren is co-founder of the Dutch journal Religion and Society and co- editor of the book series Religion in the Americas, published by Brill (see brill. com/view/serial/REAM). Gooren was President of the Mormon Social Sci- ence Association (2011–2013) and is also a member of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion (SSSR), the Religious Research Association (RRA), and the American Anthropological Association (AAA). Gooren has served as a peer-reviewer for 18 scholarly journals, including Journal for the

xv xvi About the Editor

Scientific Study of Religion, Sociology of Religion, Review of Religious Research, Latin American Research Review, Journal of Contemporary Reli- gion, and Religion, State and Society. He is on the editorial boards of the International Journal of Latin American Religions, Exchange, and Politics and Religion. Dr. Gooren has given over 65 presentations at US and international aca- demic conferences, averaging three a year. He has published extensively on conversion models and on several different religions in Latin America. In total, Gooren has contributed 33 book reviews, 17 chapters in books, 12 encyclo- pedia entries, and 19 articles in journals, such as Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Review of Religious Research, European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Exchange, Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies, PentecoStudies, and Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. Henri Gooren’s professional webpage is: https://www.oak land.edu/socan/top-links/faculty/gooren Section Editors

Atheism, Agnosticism, and Secularization in Latin America Roberto Blancarte El Colegio de México, Mexico City, Mexico Buddhism and Hinduism in Latin America Frank Usarski Pontifical University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Rafael Shoji Pontifical University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Country Entries Bryan T. Froehle St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens, USA Islam and Judaism in Latin America Ken Chitwood University of Florida, Gainesville, USA Mormons, Witnesses, and Adventists in Latin America David G. Stewart, Jr. Children’s Bone and Spine Surgery, Las Vegas, USA New Age Religions in Latin America Carlos Steil Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil Rodrigo Toniol Anthropology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Pentecostalism in Latin America Rubia R. Valente Baruch College – City University of New York (CUNY), New York, USA Protestantism in Latin America Leonardo Marcondes Alves Federal University of Uberl^andia, Uberl^andia, Brazil Roman Catholicism in Latin America Jakob Egeris Thorsen Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Transnational New Religious Movements in Latin America and New Latin American Religions Rodrigo Toniol Anthropology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

xvii Contributors

Vítor Hugo Adami Department of Anthropology, Universidad Publica de Tarragona, Tarragona, Barcelona, Spain Federico Aguirre Center for Religious Studies, Faculty of Theology, Pon- tifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile Bobby C. Alexander The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA Rafael Antunes Almeida Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (UNILAB), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil Andrea Althoff Gesellschaft der Europäischen Akademien e.V., Berlin, Germany Gonzales Osmar Alvarado National Library of Peru, Lima, Peru Daniel Alvarez Pentecostal Theological Seminary, Cleveland, TN, USA Herbert Mauricio Alvarez López Univeridad Rafael Landivar, Guatemala City, Guatemala Leonardo Marcondes Alves Federal University of Uberl^andia, Uberl^andia, MG, Brazil Leila Amaral Institute of Human Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil Michael Amoruso Religious Studies Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA Juan Jose Andrade Universidad de Montemorelos, Montemorelos, NL, México Emilson Soares Dos Anjos Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião, Pontificia Universidade Católica de São Paulo - PUC, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Andrés Arango Catholic Charismatic Renewal, University of Notre Dame and Diocese of Camden, NJ, USA Amy I. Aronson Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA, USA

xix xx Contributors

Waleska Aureliano Social Science Institute/Department of Anthropology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Joana Bahia State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Ricardo Melgar Bao Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City, México Chas. H. Barfoot Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA Matías Bargsted Instituto de Sociología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Eileen Barker London School of Economics/INFORM, London, UK Jean-Pierre Bastian Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France William Mauricio Beltrán Departamento de Sociología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia Jose Bizerril Instituto Ceub de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (ICPD), Centro Universitário de Brasília (UniCEUB), Brasília, DF, Brazil Keith Blackley University of Buffalo (SUNY Buffalo), Buffalo, NY, USA Roberto Blancarte El Colegio de México, México City, Mexico Ulf Borelius Gothenburg, Sweden Marcelo Gules Borges Center for Educational Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil Tonia Borsellino University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Natana Botezini Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Joe Bradford Islamic University of Medina, KSA, Houston, TX, USA Susana Brauner Maestría de Diversidad Cultural, Universidad Nacional Tres de Febrero (UNTREF), Buenos Aires, Argentina Emmanuel Buteau Haitian Institute of Atlanta, St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens, FL, USA Valeria Cababié-Schindler Department of Religious Studies, Florida Inter- national University, Miami, FL, USA Gerardo Caetano UDELAR, Universidad de la República de Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay Lizette Campechano INDATCOM, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico Marcelo Ayres Camurça Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil Jason A. Cantone George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Stefania Capone CéSor Center for Social Research on Religion, French National Center for Scientific Research – CNRS/School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences – EHESS, Paris, France Contributors xxi

Rodrigo Iamarino Caravita Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Caton Carini Instituto de Ciencias Antropológicas, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Cristina Carter Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

Isabel Carvalho Isabel Cristina de Moura Carvalho Graduate Program of Education Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Marcone Bezerra Carvalho Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile

Marcos da Rocha Carvalho Washington, DC, USA

Thiago José Bezerra Cavalcanti Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil

Cordelia Chávez Candelaria Department of English and School of Trans- border Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

R. Andrew Chesnut College of Humanities and Sciences, School of World Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

Ken Chitwood University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Allen Christenson Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA

Roberto Cipriani Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Universidad de Roma III, Rome, Italy

Mauro Clara Instituto de Fundamentos y Métodos en Psicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

Luciele Nardi Comunello Graduate Program in Education - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Ondina A. Cortes St. Thomas University, Miami, FL, USA

Suzana Ramos Coutinho Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião, Mackenzie University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Alejandro Crosthwaite, O. P. Angelicum, Rome, Italy

Samuel Cruz Union Theological Seminary, New York, NY, USA

Carole M. Cusack University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Anthony D’Andrea Center for Latin American Studies, University of Chi- cago, Chicago, IL, USA

Matheus Oliva da Costa Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião, Pontifical University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Nestor Da Costa Institute for Society and Religion, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay xxii Contributors

Emerson Sena da Silveira Institute of Human Sciences, Universidade Fed- eral de Juiz de Fora/Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil Marcos Silva da Silveira Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil Gedeon Freire de Alencar Rede Latinoamericana de Estudos do Pentecostalismo – RELEP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Sociologia da Religião, Faculdade Teológica Batista de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Grupo de Estudos do Protestantismo e do Pentecostalismo – GEPP, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Raquel Litterio de Bastos Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Gustavo Biscaia de Lacerda Setor de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Fed- eral do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil Regina Fanjul de Marsicovetere Colegio Universitario y Asuntos Estudiantiles, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala Sandra de Sá Carneiro Department of Social Science, PPCIS/Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Renée de la Torre CIESAS Occidente, Jalisco, Mexico Michelle Reis de Macedo Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil Isabel Cristina de Moura Carvalho Postgraduate Program in Education, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Antonio Genivaldo Cordeiro de Oliveira Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião, Pontíficia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Isabel Santana de Rose Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil André Ricardo de Souza Department of Sociology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil Rosa Hazel Delgado University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA Daniela di Salvia Departamento de Psicología Social y Antropología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain Roberto Di Stefano Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, Argentina Shadé Marie Josiane Dorsainvil University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Contributors xxiii

Luiz Fernando Dias Duarte Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Luciana Duccini Colegiado de Ciências Sociais, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brazil Omri Elmaleh School of History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Juan Cruz Esquivel National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Silvia Regina Alves Fernandes Instituto Multidisciplinar, Universidad Fed- eral Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Paul Freston Balsillie School of International Affairs, Wilfrid Laurier Uni- versity, Waterloo, ON, Canada Alejandro Frigerio Catholic University of Argentina and National Council for Scientific Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina Bryan T. Froehle School of Theology and Ministry, St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens, FL, USA Maria Eugenia Funes Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales, Buenos Aires, Argentina Robert L. Gallagher Department of Intercultural Studies, Wheaton College Graduate School, Wheaton, IL, USA Anastasio Gallego Universidad de Santa Maria, Guayaquil, Ecuador Carlos Garma Navarro Departamento de Antropología, Universidad Autó- noma Metropolitana, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico Felipe Gaytan Universidad La Salle México, Ciudad de México, Mexico Judith L. Gibbons Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA Emerson Giumbelli Department of Anthropology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Eva Goldschmidt Wyman LAJSA – the Latin American Jewish Studies Association, Normal, IL, USA Ricardo Gonzalez St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens, FL, USA Henri Gooren Sociology, Anthropology, Social Work and Criminal Justice, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA Tevni Grajales Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI, USA

Abraham Guerrero Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI, USA Inter-American Adventist Theological Seminary, Miami, FL, USA Silas Guerriero Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião, PUC-SP, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil xxiv Contributors

Ángel Alejandro Gutiérrez Portillo Departamento de Antropología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico Cristina Gutiérrez Zúñiga El Colegio de Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico Daniel Gutiérrez-Martínez Ciencias Sociales, El Colegio Mexiquense a.c., Zinacantepec, Edo. De México, Mexico Abner F. Hernández Theology, Montemorelos University, Montemorelos, Mexico Adriana Hernández Gómez de Molina Colegio Universitario San Gerón- imo de La Habana, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba Massimo Introvigne CESNUR (Center for Studies on New Religions), Torino, Italy Natalie Sarah Irwin New York University, New York, NY, USA Apud Ismael Instituto de Fundamentos y Métodos en Psicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay Franklin Steven Jabini Sr Intercultural Studies, Emmaus Bible College, Dubuque, IA, USA Lina Jardines del Cueto University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA Adeline Jean St. Thomas University, Miami, FL, USA Airton Luiz Jungblut Pountifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Denis Kaiser Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary, Department of Church History, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI, USA Malika Kettani Department of Hispanic Studies, Faculty of Lettres and Human Sciences, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Morocco David C. Kirkpatrick The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Hongnak Koo Theology Department, B. H. Carroll Theological Institute, Irving, TX, USA Ignacio López-Calvo School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, Uni- versity of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA Cicilian Luiza Löwen Sahr Department for Geosciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil Ole Jakob Løland Faculty of Theology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Víctor Hugo Lavazza Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Ruth Jatziri Linares García Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, Mexico Darrell B. Lockhart University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA Contributors xxv

Stephanie Londono Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA Dilip Loundo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil Gustavo Andrés Ludueña Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales, UNSAM- CONICET, Santos Lugares, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina Ramon Luzarraga Benedictine University, Mesa, AZ, USA Carly Machado Department of Social Science, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil C. James MacKenzie University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada José Guilherme Cantor Magnani Departamento de Antropologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Sônia Weidner Maluf Department of Anthropology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil Schuyler Marquez New York University, New York, NY, USA Matthew L. Martinich The Cumorah Foundation, Colorado Springs, CO, USA Paulo Henrique Martins Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Fed- eral University of Pernambuco (UFPE) CNPq, Latin American Sociology Association (ALAS) and REALIS (Journal of Anti-Utilitarian and Post-Colo- nial Studies), Recife, PE, Brazil Yamada Masanobu Department of International Studies, Tenri University, Tenri, Nara, Japan Felipe Alves Masotti Seminário Latino Americano de Teologia, Instituto Adventista Paranaense, Ivatuba, PR, Brazil Paulo Ayres Mattos Drew University, Madison, NJ, USA Graduate Program, Faculdade de Teologia REFIDIM, Joinville, SC, Brazil Raymundo Heraldo Maués Sociology and Anthropology Postgraduate Program/PPGSA, Federal University of Pará/UFPA, Belem, PA, Brazil Ezer Roboam May May Department of History, CIESAS, Mérida, Yucatán, México Germán McKenzie Department of Religious Studies, Niagara University, Lewiston, NY, USA Arely Medina El Colegio de Jalisco, Jalisco, Mexico Nestor Medina Emmanuel College, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Diego Melo-Carrasco Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile xxvi Contributors

Fabio Mendia Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Marcelo S. Mercante Public Health Graduate Program, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil Unisinos, Escola de Saúde, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Paula Montero Facultad de Filosofía e Historia, Universidad de Sao Pablo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Carlos Nazario Mora Duro El Colegio de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico José E. Mora Torres American University of Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Gustavo Morello SJ Boston College, Boston, MA, USA Alaina M. Morgan Department of History, New York University, New York, NY, USA Juhem Navarro-Rivera Institute for Humanist Studies, Washington, DC, USA Institute of Latino/a, Latin American and Caribbean Studies, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA Edgar Rodrigues Barbosa Neto Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Kjell Nordstokke Diakonhjemmet University College, Oslo, Norway Daisy Ocampo University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA Stephen Offutt Asbury Theological Seminary, Wilmore, KY, USA Olga Lidia Olivas Hernández Department of Social Studies, Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Tijuana, BCA, Mexico Amurabi Oliveira Department of Sociology and Political Science, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil Andrew Orta Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA Alejandro Ortiz Cirilo Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación (ICE), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico Anastasios Panagiotopoulos Centro em Rede de Investigação em Antropologia – Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Vanina Papalini Center for Investigation and Study of Culture and Society, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina Eric Patterson Robertson School of Government, Regent University, Vir- ginia Beach, VA, USA Contributors xxvii

Ruiz Paul Instituto de Fundamentos y Métodos en Psicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay Zandra Pedraza Gómez Departamento de Lenguajes y Estudios Socio- culturales, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia Lee M. Penyak Department of History, The University of Scranton, Scran- ton, PA, USA Prea Persaud University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Walter J. Petry Department of History, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT, USA Stephanie Pridgeon Bates College, Lewiston, ME, USA Hugo Córdova Quero CERAL, Pontifical University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Starr King School, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, CA, USA Rafael Quintanilha Facultad de Filosofía e Historia, Universidad de Sao Pablo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Miriam Rabelo Department of Anthropology, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil Omar Ramadan-Santiago New York, NY, USA Karen Richman University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA Sandra M. Rios Oyola L’Institut de Sciences politiques Louvain-Europe (ISPOLE), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Abelardo Rivas Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI, USA Patricia Robertson MA Conflict Analysis and Management, School of Humanitarian Studies, Social Sciences Doctoral Candidate, Royal Roads University, Calgary, AB, Canada Cristina Rocha Religion and Society Research Cluster, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia Alexander Rocklin Willamette University, Salem, OR, USA Robin Rodd College of Arts and Social Sciences, Discipline of Anthropol- ogy, James Cook University City, Townsville, QLD, Australia Gabriela Rodríguez Rial Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani (Universidad de Buenos Aires) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina Girardo Rodriguez Plasencia Seinan Gakuin University, Fukuoka, Japan Raquel Yridamia Rodriguez Universidad Adventista Dominicana, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Michelle Vyoleta Romero Gallardo Latin American Faculty of Social Sci- ences (Flacso) Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico xxviii Contributors

Catalina Romero-Cevallos Department of Social Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru Wolf-Dietrich Sahr Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil Mercedes Saizar Centro Argentino de Etnología Americana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina José Aurelio Sandí Morales Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica Adalberto Santana Centre for Research on Latin America and the Carib- bean, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico Jorge F. Sarsaneda del Cid Society of Jesus, Panama City, Panama Silvia C. Scholtus Centro Histórico Adventista, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Entre Ríos, Argentina Juan Scuro Anthropology Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Montevideo, Uruguay Glen Segell Ezri Center for Iran and Persian Gulf Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel Pablo Semán IDAES-UNSAM, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina Ordep Serra Federal University of Bahia, Salvador da Bahia, BA, Brazil Rafael Shoji Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião, Pontifical University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Thais Silva Faculdade de Educação Física – UnB, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil Roberto Serafim Simões Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil Deis Siqueira Departamento de Sociologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil Amy L. Smith University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA Nicolás M. Somma Instituto de Sociología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Raquel Sonemann Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Caetano Sordi Anthropology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Sturla J. Stålsett MF - Norwegian School of Theology, Oslo, Norway Carlos Steil Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Contributors xxix

Jacob Stephens Robertson School of Government, Regent University, Vir- ginia Beach, VA, USA David G. Stewart, Jr. Children’s Bone and Spine Surgery, Las Vegas, NV, USA Hannah Stewart-Gambino Lafayette College, Easton, PA, USA Stuart Earle Strange Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbour, MI, USA Hilit Surowitz-Israel Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA Dario Paulo Barrera Rivera Methodist University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Şaban Taniyici Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey Ana María Tapia-Adler Center for Jewish Studies, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile Fátima Tavares Department of Anthropology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil Rosemarie Terán Najas Universidad Andina Simón Bolivar, Quito, Ecuador Celso Terzetti Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Religião, PUC-SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Faustino Texeira Institute of Human Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil Jakob Egeris Thorsen School of Culture and Society, Department of The- ology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Andréa Gomes Santiago Tomita Faculdade Messianica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Rodrigo Toniol Anthropology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Maximiliano Trujillo Facultad de Filosofía e Historia, Universidad de la Habana, La Habana, Cuba Frank Usarski Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Religião, Pontif- ical University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Alexander Valdenegro Instituto de Fundamentos y Métodos en Psicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay Amadeus Valdrigue Faculdade Messi^anica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Rubia R. Valente Marxe School of Public and International Affairs, Baruch College – City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA xxx Contributors

Eduardo Valenzuela Instituto de Sociología, Centro de Estudios de la Reli- gión, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Daisy Vargas University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA Francisco J. Vega Universidad Adventista de las Antillas, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico Efraín Velázquez Inter-American Adventist Theological Seminary, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico Susana Villavicencio Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani (Universidad de Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina Nicolás Viotti Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Timothy H. Wadkins Canisius College, Buffalo, NY, USA William Wedenoja Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA Christopher Wilson Regent University, Virginia Beach, VA, USA Pablo Wright Department of Anthropology, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Masanobu Yamada Department of International Studies, Tenri University, Tenri, Nara, Japan Paul Younger McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Key Yuasa Brazil Evangelical Holiness Church, Curitiba, PR, Brazil José Zanca Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina