The Northern Forum Report SHERRIE L

ARCTIC VOL. 61, SUPPL. 1 (2008) P. 4–6

The Northern Forum Report SHERRIE L. BLAKNEY1

OVERVIEW consisted of three sessions co-chaired by Thomas Suluk of Nunavut and Randall Pokiak of the Inuvialuit Settlement The Coastal Zone Canada (CZC) Association is a national Region (ISR) during the afternoons of 15, 16, and 17 organization interested in promoting integrated coastal August. The meetings were open to the public, but active zone management goals in Canada and abroad. It holds an participation was restricted to northern leaders and their international conference every two years to promote these staff. They were conducted primarily in Inuktitut, with goals. The 2006 CZC conference was held from 14 to 18 English interpretation provided. The deliberations began August in Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories, on the with a roundtable discussion, in which a number of issues shore of the Beaufort Sea. Its theme, Arctic Change and were raised for the Forum’s consideration. Coastal Communities, recognized the large-scale and per- A major issue discussed by the Forum was the potential vasive changes taking place in the North and the unprec- creation of an Arctic working group associated with the edented challenges faced by coastal people as they adapt to CZC Association. Would such a working group serve as a new situations. medium for communication, consultation, and dissemina- The conference’s three sub-themes—Drivers of Change, tion of knowledge between the North and South and for the Community Well-being, and Ocean Management and Gov- development of management policy under the land-claim ernance—explored the transformations taking place in the agreements? Who should participate if an Arctic working Arctic climate, as well as the opportunities and challenges group were established? faced by government, communities, industry, and Arctic Much discussion revolved around whether the creation researchers in the quest for sustainable economic develop- of a new working group would provide the best forum for ment. Arctic shipping, oil and gas exploration, and new addressing northern concerns and the advantages of creat- fisheries are expected to provide opportunities, whereas ing this working group within a regional Arctic CZC altered contaminant pathways, shoreline erosion, and the Association. Rapid transformation is coming to the North deterioration of ice-dependent infrastructure will require via climate change and economic development, so Inuit special solutions. The impacts of change on human health will increasingly be in contact with the federal govern- and the capacity of coastal communities to manage these ment, territorial governments, researchers, and other Abo- impacts are important considerations. In addition, it is riginal groups. necessary to re-assess whether existing planning frame- Inuit want to be involved when dealing with the gov- works and governance models are adequate to cope with ernment, university scientists, and other researchers on emerging Arctic conditions. Marine management pro- questions of sovereignty, education, health, water, com- grams and institutions must also be evaluated on their munications, and fundamental infrastructure. Greater ability to meet the needs of Arctic communities. communication and increased understanding are needed For the first time, the CZC Association gave voice to so that the South can comprehend why issues of self- Canadian Inuit for the purpose of understanding their determination, devolution of decision-making power, views, their unique knowledge, and their needs as they community health and well-being, community-based man- adapt to the changing conditions. Approximately one- agement, and environmental education are so important third of the conference participants were Northerners. to the North. Yet concern was expressed that if a regional Inuit were actively involved in planning and organizing Arctic CZC Association were created, the agenda would the program and conference themes and in publicizing the be formed and controlled by southern researchers and CZC conference in the North. As well, Inuit spoke to the policy makers who are not aware of the intricacies and conference through the opening ceremonies, special per- interrelationships of Arctic life. Inuit leaders are con- formances, a keynote address, formal presentations, and cerned that the decisions of southern experts with limited the Northern Forum. and spotty knowledge of the North would be used to form policies subsequently imposed on Inuit people and communities. Some non-Inuit organizations have strong man- NORTHERN FORUM SUMMARY dates and responsibilities to report to policy makers and governments. However, their incomplete knowledge of The Northern Forum was provided as a special venue the interrelations between Inuit and the natural environ- where Inuit leaders could formulate views and recommen- ment could make their advice detrimental to the well- dations regarding CZC conference topics and priorities. It being of the North. Could the CZC be trusted to work for

1 Rapporteur for the Northern Forum, Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada; [email protected] © The Arctic Institute of North America NORTHERN FORUM REPORT • 5 the good of the people in the Arctic region? After much Federal and Territorial Harvesting Legislation discussion, the Northern Forum decided that greater communication and understanding are the paramount con- There are differences between Inuit people and regions, cerns, and that a regional Arctic CZC Association should and one group cannot speak for the others. Feedback from be formed. The Northern Forum decided that Inuit or- all affected peoples is needed. The Northern Forum rec- ganizations from Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut, and ommended that all federal proposals, including the Com- the ISR should be informed of the need for a regional mittee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada Arctic CZC Association. (COSEWIC) recommendations, be given to the affected Delegates felt it was important that all coastal commu- communities for consultation before being turned into nities be consulted when regional working groups were legislation. Although some agreements, particularly the making policy-related proposals because Inuit represent Nunavut Agreement, require a working group to be estab- different regions and are not all under one claim. Canadian lished to revise existing legislation, the leaders were inde- Inuit from all four claims should be involved. Although cisive as to whether a regional Arctic CZC Association inland Inuit communities (e.g., Baker Lake) have concerns would be the proper forum in which to address these that differ considerably from those of coastal communi- issues. ties, they too are incorporated into the land-claim agreements and should be consulted once the coastal communities Tuktoyaktuk Declaration, Canada’s Oceans Action Plan have agreed on how they want to proceed. and Land Claims Discussion regarding the inclusion of non-Inuit aboriginal groups such as the James Bay Cree, Gwich’in, and Dene Health and education are important components of the was inconclusive. Several members thought that discus- Tuktoyaktuk Declaration (see this issue of Arctic). How- sions should include all relevant coastal aboriginal repre- ever, health and education committees already exist under sentatives, while others were concerned that non-Inuit the land-claim agreements to deal with these concerns. groups, culturally and linguistically different from Inuit, The leaders did not want the South to be setting health and could make decisions that would adversely affect the Inuit. education agendas without consultation and approval of The formation of a new regional Arctic CZC Associa- the appropriate territorial committees. Therefore, further tion would require considerable funding for start-up and discussion is needed to explore potential overlaps and maintenance. Although human resources in terms of talent decide how to proceed. Leaders were also concerned about and skills exist in the North, office space, equipment, how well the general principles of Canada’s Oceans Ac- Internet access, and funds for salaries are needed. tion Plan and Canada’s Oceans Strategy would integrate Several issues of concern were raised as possible agenda with the land-claim agreements. Concerns were voiced topics for a putative regional Arctic CZC Association: Arctic over differences in both wording and concepts between sovereignty; federal and territorial harvesting legislation; the Inuktitut and English. However, because members of work- Tuktoyaktuk Declaration and the implementation of Cana- ing groups are usually appointed, it was decided that a da’s Oceans Action Plan under the land-claim agreements; regional Arctic CZC Association would be appropriate to environmental change and critical habitat areas; guidelines address the smaller issues. and regulations to protect the safety of wildlife and Inuit hunters under conditions of increased marine traffic; global Environmental Damage and Critical Habitat Areas warming; and a potential working relationship with a science and technology development organization, the Ocean Sci- Legislation regarding royalty sharing and penalties for ence and Technology Partnerships. damage to the environment and critical habitat areas should be revisited. Oil and gas exploration, mining, and other Arctic Sovereignty development in the North have resulted in damage to the environment. Development companies should be required Sovereignty was the first and most fundamental con- by law to pay compensation to the local residents affected cern. Sovereignty within a northern context refers to self- by environmental damage. It is the responsibility of the determination and the devolution of decision-making power land-claim organizations to negotiate what they want to in relation to community health and well-being, commu- see in any new legislation. The Nunavut agreement pro- nity-based management, environmental education, and tects Inuit from environmental damage and provides roy- the inclusion of Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit or Traditional alties from northern resources. However, the Inuvialuit Knowledge (IQ/TK) alongside Western scientific knowl- Final Agreement allows all royalties to go to the federal edge. Delegates stated that Inuit and Inuvialuit practiced government. Both Inuvialuit and First Nations groups in sovereignty in their territories long before the coming of the Northwest Territories want royalties to be shared the Canadian parliament and Canada’s use of Inuit people because the federal government cannot compensate abo- to maintain the country’s sovereignty. The leaders as- riginal people for the impacts of oil and gas development. serted that the government should take Inuit more seri- Royalty sharing is needed to enable devolution of deci- ously and respect the people who live in the North. sion-making powers to local regions. Inuit cannot make 6 • S.L. BLAKNEY responsible management and environmental decisions Ocean Science and Technology Partnerships without the resources to implement these decisions. Paul Lecroix, President of Ocean Science and Technol- Guidelines and Regulations to Protect Wildlife and Inuit ogy Partnerships (OSTP), submitted a request to make a presentation to the Northern Forum on the use of ocean Concerns were expressed regarding planning of ocean glider technology. OSTP is a nongovernmental organiza- and transportation routes and related regulatory and safety tion consisting of seven organizations joined to create the issues. The activities of the vessels of the Canadian Coast technology and equipment needed to meet northern objec- Guard, Canadian Armed Forces, and other large vessels tives. With the anticipated opening of northern waterways, were seen as disruptive and disturbing to whales, other the OSTP recommends that governments invest in surveil- wildlife, and marine habitat. Forum delegates maintained lance and observation systems that will provide immediate that the Coast Guard does not have authority to travel environmental and security information to communities through land-claim waters at its own discretion, but is and governments. In the ISR, the Fisheries Joint Manage- required to obtain permission. Incidents were cited involv- ment Committee and Fisheries and Oceans Canada- ing other large vessels that had discharged oil and sewage Winnipeg have partnered to develop surveillance and in land-claim waters and overwintered in communities observation systems. However, all groups and stakeholders without asking permission or paying fees. Tourism was must be involved for these systems to work effectively. another area of concern. Although the industry has guidelines, Inuit want control over the forms of transportation used by tourists. Northern Forum delegates want regula- CONCLUSION tions established to prevent the disruption of wildlife, the environment, and communities. The Northern Forum provided a unique opportunity for Canadian Inuit leaders from each of the four Arctic regions Global Warming of Canada to express their views and consult with each other on common concerns. The outcome was the presen- Serious consideration must be given to the immediate tation of a united voice that emphasized important topics changes caused by global warming. IQ/TK must be given that were not specific to isolated regions of the North, but priority in discussing these issues and included in all relevant across the Canadian Arctic. The leaders look decisions. As Inuit travel back and forth, they see changes forward to working on these issues in the future with happening on the land. Inuit priorities must be made academic researchers and government representatives in known to governments, and governments must acknowl- the proposed regional Arctic CZC Association. edge the importance of IQ/TK to decisions about hunting and wildlife management. Leaders assert that IQ/TK must be included in all land- and marine-related decisions, and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS only Inuit should be overseeing this issue. In the past, Inuit have not been very active in documenting their ideas and The northern leaders express sincere thanks to the CZC plans, since IQ was transmitted through the oral tradition. Association and Conference organizers for providing the Northern Now, however, documentation has become necessary, so Forum as a venue for consultation and gaining direction from the that other Inuit can read it and adapt it to current situations Arctic regions regarding future working relationships and partner- and so non-Inuit can have access to it. ships with academic researchers and governments. Special appreci- ation goes to the Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation for generous financial support of the Forum. The author thanks Thomas Suluk, who co-chaired the Northern Forum, for reviewing this summary.