DOCSLIB.ORG

Redalyc.Fish Welfare: the State of Science by Scientometrical Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Redalyc.Fish Welfare: the State of Science by Scientometrical Analysis Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences ISSN: 1679-9283 [email protected] Universidade Estadual de Maringá Brasil de Castilhos Ghisi, Nédia; Celton de Oliveira, Elton Fish welfare: the state of science by scientometrical analysis Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, vol. 38, núm. 3, julio-septiembre, 2016, pp. 253- 261 Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=187148891001 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Acta Scientiarum http://www.uem.br/acta ISSN printed: 1679-9283 ISSN on-line: 1807-863X Doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v38i3.31785 Fish welfare: the state of science by scientometrical analysis Nédia de Castilhos Ghisi1* and Elton Celton de Oliveira2 1Coordenação de Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Estrada para Boa Esperança, s/n., km 04, 85.660-000, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil. 2Coordenação de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil. *Author for Correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. In 2014, Brazil produced 474.33 thousand tons of captive-bred fish. In addition, regulatory agencies of animal ethics and welfare have recently encouraged experiments to be done using simpler vertebrates, such as fish. The aim of this article was to perform a scientometric analysis of scientific production that deals with fish welfare, in an attempt to find trends and gaps in this line of research. Our analyses showed a growing concern about fish welfare, although several questions remained inadequately covered. The most studied species was the Atlantic salmon, with Norway having the most publications on this theme. There are controversies among scientists about fish capacity for suffering and enjoyment (sentience). As regards slaughter or euthanasia, some studies showed that some methods are more endorsed than others, because they effectively reduce suffering and improve the appearance of the meat. In respect of animals used for experimentation, the most recommended substances were benzocaine and MS222. Thus, despite the importance of this subject, few studies are decisive and there is still no consensus on how to improve fish welfare or even on how to reduce suffering at the moment of slaughter. Keywords: suffering, pain, euthanasia, stress, humane slaughter. Bem-estar em peixes: o status da ciência por meio de análise cienciométrica RESUMO. Em 2014, o Brasil produziu 474,33 mil toneladas de peixes em cativeiro. Além disto, há um recente incentivo dos órgãos reguladores da ética e do bem-estar animal para que experimentos sejam feitos com vertebrados mais simples, tais como peixes. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar uma análise cienciométrica da produção científica que trata do bem-estar de peixes e se preocupa com eles, em uma tentativa de encontrar tendências e lacunas nessa linha de pesquisa. Nossas análises mostraram uma crescente preocupação com o bem-estar em peixes, apesar de várias questões continuarem deficientes. A espécie mais utilizada nos estudos foi o salmão do Atlântico, e o país com mais publicações nessa temática foi a Noruega. Percebe-se que existem controvérsias entre cientistas quanto à capacidade de sofrimento desses animais, a senciência. Quanto ao abate ou à eutanásia, estudos mostraram que alguns métodos são mais aconselháveis que outros, pois efetivamente irão reduzir o sofrimento e melhorar a apresentação da carne. Para animais de experimentação, as substâncias mais recomendadas foram a benzocaína e o MS222. Assim, apesar da importância do tema, poucos estudos são definitivos, inexistindo ainda consenso sobre os métodos de melhoria do bem-estar em peixes e sobre como reduzir o sofrimento no momento do abate. Palavras-chave: sofrimento, dor, eutanásia, estresse, abate humanitário. Introduction and plant species used directly in human consumption (Crepaldi et al., 2006). A fish is any member of a group of paraphyletic The importance of fish meat for human organisms that include non-tetrapod, aquatic consumption has changed fish farming into an animals, which present a cranium and most of the time, breathe through gills and which do not have essential food source, in addition to relieving the members with digits. The many fish groups make capture pressure over the natural stocks of some up more than half the vertebrate species on Earth. species (Hilsdorf & Orfão, 2011). The production of The total number of species can add up to or even fish and other water organisms in captivity is surpass 32,500 (Pough, Jani, & Heiser, 2008). For increasing in Brazil. Accordingly, studies that use this reason it is hard to identify only one fish species fish species, with many goals, have increased as well. used in animal production. Instead of terrestrial In 2013, Brazilian aquaculture was included for the animal farming, of which the total global production first time in the Municipal Stockbreeding is based on a limited number of mammals and Production annual report (PPM), of the Instituto poultry, aquaculture includes more than 240 animal Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística [IBGE] (2013). Also Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences Maringá, v. 38, n. 3, p. 253-261, July-Sept., 2016 254 Ghisi and Oliveira in 2014, Brazil produced 474.33 thousand tons of experiments, confounding parameters must be captive-bred fish, 20.9% more than in the previous minimized which might lead to animals behaving year. Since 2013, the numbers of fish farms pointed unnaturally. Some authors show that substrate is to a new reality in pisciculture, which migrated to suggested as a means to improve the olfactory the North of the country, especially with the environment, promoting fish welfare and enhance contribution of Rondônia state (IBGE, 2014). their activity (Meuthen, Baldauf, Bakker, & The 2013 and 2014 productions data show that Thünken, 2011). Colored substrates, specially blue, despite the relevant ichthyodiversity in Brazil, the may also attenuate stress response in fish of most commonly used species in the different laboratory (Batzina et al., 2014). farming systems is tilapia, which is not native to Thus, the aim of this article is to perform a South America (41.9% of national production, with scientometric analysis of scientific production that 198,664 tons produced). Carp, which in 2007 deals with fish welfare, in an attempt to find trends occupied the second position (17% of national and gaps in this line of research. production) (Crepaldi et al., 2006), appears with only 4.4% of the 2014 production, having lost space Material and methods to native fish, namely tambaqui (29.3%) and Searches were carried out in indexed databases of tambacu/tambatinga (8.5%). Other more than 14 peer-reviewed articles: ‘ISI – Web of ScienceTM’ fish types, mostly native to Brazil, occupy the (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/) and ‘Scielo’ remaining 16%. The increase in fish farming has led (http://www.scielo.org/php/index.php). The keywords to concerns about fish welfare, in all production searched were ‘fish’ and ‘welfare’, and ‘bem-estar stages (IBGE, 2014). peixes’. The search covered every year from 1945 But, who cares about fish welfare? The fish can until the current search date (06/29/2016). Articles feel pain and demonstrate suffering? Animal welfare were refined as regards adherence to theme. has been defined as the balance between positive and Repeated papers were excluded. The reference list of negative experiences or affective states (Millot et al., the articles found was also considered. The abstract, 2014). The concern for animal welfare has and if necessary, the entire article was accessed to increased, and until some consumers demonstrate compile the important information in a spreadsheet. willingness to pay more for fish welfare (Solgaard & The more relevant information was computed to Yang, 2011). However, the animal welfare debate compose the revision. Recent publications of IBGE has tended to focus on terrestrial species. Second and the Conselho Nacional de Controle de Håstein, Scarfe, and Lund (2005), this can be Experimentação Animal [CONCEA] were consulted. attributed to the diversity of fish species, as cited This multidisciplinary council is of a normative, above, to our understanding of practices involved in consultative, deliberative and appellate character, aquatic animal production, and the relative scarcity which is responsible for the use of animals and their of scientific information, as well as difficulties in welfare in teaching or scientific research. navigating policies, guidance and regulations affecting aquatic animal welfare. Results and discussion On other hand, pain evaluation in fish is particularly challenging due to their evolutionary First, in ISI – Web of Science, we found 1,276 distance from humans, their lack of audible articles. We then excluded non-relevant articles, by vocalization, and apparently expressionless behavior abstract analysis, and 875 articles about fish welfare (Sneddon, Braithwaite, & Gentle, 2003). Many remained. In SCIELO, 16 articles were found. After interesting studies have been published discussing comparison and exclusion by repeated reference and the possibility of fish have nociceptors (reflex to a non-relevance, 851 articles remained,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Inquiry Into Animal Rights Vegan Activists' Perception and Practice of Persuasion
    An Inquiry into Animal Rights Vegan Activists’ Perception and Practice of Persuasion by Angela Gunther B.A., Simon Fraser University, 2006 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the School of Communication ! Angela Gunther 2012 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2012 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for “Fair Dealing.” Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. Approval Name: Angela Gunther Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: An Inquiry into Animal Rights Vegan Activists’ Perception and Practice of Persuasion Examining Committee: Chair: Kathi Cross Gary McCarron Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Robert Anderson Supervisor Professor Michael Kenny External Examiner Professor, Anthropology SFU Date Defended/Approved: June 28, 2012 ii Partial Copyright Licence iii Abstract This thesis interrogates the persuasive practices of Animal Rights Vegan Activists (ARVAs) in order to determine why and how ARVAs fail to convince people to become and stay veg*n, and what they might do to succeed. While ARVAs and ARVAism are the focus of this inquiry, the approaches, concepts and theories used are broadly applicable and therefore this investigation is potentially useful for any activist or group of activists wishing to interrogate and improve their persuasive practices. Keywords: Persuasion; Communication for Social Change; Animal Rights; Veg*nism; Activism iv Table of Contents Approval ............................................................................................................................. ii! Partial Copyright Licence .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tracing Posthuman Cannibalism: Animality and the Animal/Human Boundary in the Texas Chain Saw Massacre Movies
    The Cine-Files, Issue 14 (spring 2019) Tracing Posthuman Cannibalism: Animality and the Animal/Human Boundary in The Texas Chain Saw Massacre Movies Ece Üçoluk Krane In this article I will consider insights emerging from the field of Animal Studies in relation to a selection of films in The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (hereafter TCSM) franchise. By paying close attention to the construction of the animal subject and the human-animal relation in the TCSM franchise, I will argue that the original 1974 film, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre II (1986) and the 2003 reboot The Texas Chain Saw Massacre all transgress the human-animal boundary in order to critique “carnism.”1 As such, these films exemplify “posthuman cannibalism,” which I define as a trope that transgresses the human-nonhuman boundary to undermine speciesism and anthropocentrism. In contrast, the most recent installment in the TCSM franchise Leatherface (2017) paradoxically disrupts the human-animal boundary only to re-establish it, thereby diverging from the earlier films’ critiques of carnism. For Communication scholar and animal advocate Carrie Packwood Freeman, the human/animal duality lying at the heart of speciesism is something humans have created in their own minds.2 That is, we humans typically do not consider ourselves animals, even though we may acknowledge evolution as a factual account of human development. Freeman proposes that we begin to transform this hegemonic mindset by creating language that would help humans rhetorically reconstruct themselves as animals. Specifically, she calls for the replacement of the term “human” with “humanimal” and the term “animal” with “nonhuman animal.”3 The advantage of Freeman’s terms is that instead of being mutually exclusive, they are mutually inclusive terms that foreground commonalities between humans and animals instead of differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Perceptions of Plant Based and Clean Meat 11/26/16 Who We Spoke To
    Perceptions of Plant Based and Clean Meat 11/26/16 Who We Spoke To This poll was conducted online among 884 members of the American public between 11/1 and 11/4. There is a 3.3% margin of error. The sample has been weighted to be representative of the population as a whole. Executive Summary – Plant Alternatives 1. “Plant Based” is the most 2. Health is the major driver for effective branding meat alternatives The words “vegan” or “soy” The most persuasive reason for significantly depresses demand. consumers to look for plant-based Consumers are more likely to buy a alternatives to meat, is concern about “Plant Based” labeled food. meat being bad for their health. 3. Women are more positive 4. Young see plant alternatives as about meat alternatives a chance to experiment with Women are more likely than men to different foods see meat as unhealthy, and more Different messages work for different excited about trying plant-based age groups. Plant alternatives can be alternatives. pitched as fun to young people, and a healthy alternative to older ones. Executive Summary – Clean Meat 1. One in three consumers 2. Major concern is that clean would eat clean meat meat is “unnatural” This is a new concept for most The largest impediment for consumers consumers, and with only a brief is that clean meat is “unnatural.” This description, 30% of consumers say is followed by the accompanying issue they would eat clean meat. of food safety. 3. Women are far more 4. Animal welfare and health are skeptical then men best messages Even though women are more Health continues to be a high positive about meat alternatives – performing message.
    [Show full text]
  • HOW MUCH MEAT to EXPECT from a BEEF CARCASS Rob Holland, Director Center for Profitable Agriculture
    PB 1822 HOW MUCH MEAT TO EXPECT FROM A BEEF CARCASS Rob Holland, Director Center for Profitable Agriculture Dwight Loveday, Associate Professor Department of Food Science and Technology Kevin Ferguson UT Extension Area Specialist-Farm Management University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture CONTENTS 2...Introduction 3...Dressing Percentage 5...Chilled Carcass and Primal Cuts 6...Sub-primal Meat Cuts 6...Factors Affecting Yield of Retail Cuts 7...Average Amount of Meat from Each Sub-primal Cut 9...Summary University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture Introduction Consumers who buy a live animal from a local cattle producer for custom processing are often surprised. Some are surprised at the quantity of meat and amount of freezer space they need. Others may be surprised that they did not get the entire live weight of the animal in meat cuts. The amount of meat actually available from a beef animal is a frequent source of misunderstanding between consumers, processors and cattle producers. This document provides information to assist in the understanding of how much meat to expect from a beef carcass. The information provided here should be helpful to consumers who purchase a live animal for freezer beef and to cattle producers involved in direct and retail meat marketing. 2 University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture How Much Meat to Expect from a Beef Carcass Dressing Percentage One of the terms used in the cattle and meat cutting industry that often leads to misunderstanding is dressing percentage. The dressing percentage is the portion of the live animal weight that results in the hot carcass.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act 149 the HUMANE
    The Humane Methods of Slaughter Act 149 THE HUMANE METHODS OF SLAUGHTER ACT: DEFICIENCIES AND PROPOSED AMENDMENTS JENNIFER L. MARIUCCI* I. INTRODUCTION A cow enters a slaughterhouse stun box. The captive bolt swiftly impacts her frontal lobe, intended to render her insensate.1 However, she remains conscious and proceeds towards the cutting machines with sensibilities intact. As she is cut, stuck, and dismembered, she feels excruciating pain. Most Americans are unaware of these practices. They hold to the ideal that their meat was raised on a family farm and decently slaughtered. The meat industry views farming and raising livestock solely as a business.2 Cruel practices are a part of that business and economics is king. Economics decides the manner in which animals are slaughtered. Ethics and such are encumbrances.3 The Humane Methods of Slaughter Act of 1978 (HMSA)4 was passed to prevent slaughterhouse cruelty. The HMSA should be amended to apply to all animals raised for slaughter. It should state that humane slaughter comprises techniques that render animals insensate prior to slaughter through reliable chemical means where applicable and through the captive bolt method where chemical means are not feasible. This note will analyze the current HMSA, compare it to analogous laws in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the European Union, and propose a statute intended to secure actual humane slaughter of livestock. Part I sets out a brief history of the statute. * This note is dedicated to my husband, Vince. ** The author would also like to extend her sincere gratitude to Professor David Favre and to Professor Chris McNeil for all their help and advice during the writing of this note.
    [Show full text]
  • Animals in Biopolitics and the Discourse of Ethical Evasion
    MSc Dissertation of SANA ALI MEDIA@LSE MSc Dissertation Series Compiled by Bart Cammaerts, Nick Anstead and Ruth Garland The Silence of the Lamb: Animals in Biopolitics and the Discourse of Ethical Evasion Sana Ali, MSc in Media and Communications Governance Other dissertations of the series are available online here: http://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/mediaWorkingPapers/ ElectronicMScDissertationSeries.aspx MSc Dissertation of SANA ALI Dissertation submitted to the Department of Media and Communications, Lon- don School of Economics and Political Science, August 2015, in partial fulfil- ment of the requirements for the MSc in Media, Communication and Develop- ment. Supervised by Professor Lilie Chouliaraki The Author can be contacted at: [email protected] Published by Media@LSE, London School of Economics and Political Science ("LSE"), Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE. The LSE is a School of the University of London. It is a Charity and is incorporated in England as a company limited by guarantee under the Com- panies Act (Reg number 70527). Copyright, Sana Ali © 2015. The authors have asserted their moral rights. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys- tem or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher nor be issued to the public or circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. In the interests of providing a free flow of debate, views expressed in this dissertation are not necessarily those of the compilers or the LSE.
    [Show full text]
  • A Look at the Animal Cruelty Regimes of the United States and Brazil with a Call for a New Animal Welfare Agency David N
    Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review Volume 43 | Issue 1 Article 2 2-12-2016 Don't Be Cruel (Anymore): A Look at the Animal Cruelty Regimes of the United States and Brazil with a Call for a New Animal Welfare Agency David N. Cassuto Pace Law School, [email protected] Cayleigh Eckhardt Pace Law School Follow this and additional works at: http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/ealr Part of the Agriculture Law Commons, Animal Law Commons, Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Environmental Law Commons Recommended Citation David N. Cassuto & Cayleigh Eckhardt, Don't Be Cruel (Anymore): A Look at the Animal Cruelty Regimes of the United States and Brazil with a Call for a New Animal Welfare Agency, 43 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 1 (2016), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/ealr/vol43/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DON’T BE CRUEL (ANYMORE): A LOOK AT THE ANIMAL CRUELTY REGIMES OF THE UNITED STATES AND BRAZIL WITH A CALL FOR A NEW ANIMAL WELFARE AGENCY * DAV I D N. CASSUTO ** CAYLEIGH ECKHARDT No man who has passed a month in the death cells believes in cages for beasts. —Ezra Pound (from the Pisan Cantos) Abstract: In the United States and around the world, animals exploited for hu- man use suffer cruel and needless harm.
    [Show full text]
  • Writing the Fleischgeist
    Animal Studies Journal Volume 5 Number 2 Article 9 2016 Writing the Fleischgeist Hayley Singer University of Melbourne, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/asj Part of the Digital Humanities Commons, Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Fiction Commons, Philosophy Commons, Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons, and the Theatre and Performance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Singer, Hayley, Writing the Fleischgeist, Animal Studies Journal, 5(2), 2016, 183-201. Available at:https://ro.uow.edu.au/asj/vol5/iss2/9 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Writing the Fleischgeist Abstract This essay has two primary aims: 1) to provide an introductory definition of the concept of the fleischgeist and 2) outline what it means for novelists to ‘write the fleischgeist’. This essay emerges from my own desire, as a writer of fiction, ot consider how, practically, I can expose and explore interconnections between carnist and misogynistic violence without lapsing into a conceptual perpetuation of such violence. Coupled with this practical desire is the recognition that there is a rich body of modern and contemporary fiction that makes visible some ways in which the logic of carnivorous patriarchy (or, carnophallogocentrism) plays across histories, cultures, literatures and in every day life. It is my view that some novels write the fleischgeist. In the following essay I consider what this phrase, writing the fleischgeist, means. Then I sketch out what the fleischgeist is, and offer examples of the way it manifests in everyday life and works of art.
    [Show full text]
  • Slaughter House Waste and Dead Animals
    CHAPTER 5 SLAUGHTER HOUSE WASTE AND DEAD ANIMALS 5.1 INTRODUCTION As per 1989 survey, India has the world’s largest population of livestock, with nearly 191 million cattle. 70 million Buffaloes, 139 million Sheep and Goat, 10 million Pigs and over 200 million poultry. About 36.5% of Goat, 32.5% of Sheep, 28% of Pigs, 1.9% of Buffaloes and 0.9% cattle are slaughtered every year. The reported per capita availability of meat in India is about 1.4 kg per annum, which is rather low compared to 60-90 kg in European countries. As reported by the Ministry of Food Processing, as of 1989, a total of 3616 recognized slaughter houses slaughter over 2 million cattle and buffaloes, 50 million sheep and goat, 1.5 million pigs and 150 million poultry annually, for domestic consumption as well as for export purposes. While the slaughter houses come under the purview of the animal husbandry division of Ministry of Agriculture mainly for the purpose of funding towards expansion and modernization activities, the respective local bodies are mainly responsible for day-to-day operation/maintenance of the slaughter houses. Most of the slaughter houses in the country are service-oriented and, as such, perform only the killing and dressing of animals without an onsite rendering operations. Most of the slaughter houses are more than 50 years old without adequate basic amenities viz. proper flooring, ventilation, water supply, lairage, transport etc. In addition to these deficiencies, slaughter houses suffer from very low hygiene standard posing a major public health and environmental hazards due to discrete disposal of waste and highly polluted effluent discharge.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetarian? Vegan
    Vegan At the Common Market, we understand OR every customer has different dietary needs. We strive to help our customers find the products that will best meet their needs. For Vegetarian? vegan and vegetarian diets, it is important to check the labels on food products to ensure What’s the difference? you are purchasing a product that meets the Being vegan means avoiding animal products guidelines. of any kind, including eggs, dairy, and honey. The focus is on avoiding any exploitation of animals. Vegetarians, on the other hand, do not eat animals, but they may choose to eat products produced by animals, such dairy and eggs. In essence, vegetarianism means avoiding products directly related to animal slaughter. Veganism is fairly straightforward, with no modifications readily available. However, there are different types of vegetarianism: lacto-ovo, lacto, ovo, pesco. - Lacto-ovo vegetarianism is the most com- mon form of vegetarianism. These vegetarians avoid meat, poultry, and seafood, but eat eggs and dairy. - Lacto vegetarians avoid eggs, meat, poultry, and seafood, but will eat dairy products. 5728 Buckeystown Pike Frederick, MD 21704 - Ovo vegetarians avoid dairy, meat, poultry, (301) 663-3416 and seafood, but will eat eggs. www.CommonMarket.coop - Pesco vegetarians do not strictly meet the definition of vegetarians, as they will eat fish and seafood but no meat or poultry. Why choose being vegan or Plant-Based Protein vegetarian? Protein intake is a concern for those choosing These diets may be chosen because of health a vegan diet due to the lack of meat products. concerns or for moral or religious reasons.
    [Show full text]
  • Problems with Kosher Slaughter
    I T.H. Friend-StreS> Original Article I REVIEW ARTICLE from free stall competition, j Dairy Sci 62:768-771. Goldstein, A. (1976) Opioid peptides (endomorphins) in pituitary and brain, Problems With Kosher Science 193:1081-1086. Gross, W.B. (1972) Effect of social stress on occurrence of Marek's disease in Slaughter chickens, Am J Vet Res 33:2225-2279. Gross, W.B. and Colmano, G. (1969) The effect of social isolation on resistance to some infectious diseases, Poult Sci 48:514-520. Temple Grandin* Haugse, C.N., Dinussen, W.E., Erickson, D.O., johnson, J.N. and Buchanan, M.L. (1965) A day in the life of a pig, N Oak Fm Res 23:18-23. Hediger, H. (1950) Wild Animals in Captivity, Butterworths Scientific Publications, London, UK, pp 207. Abstract Kellert, S.R. (1980) American attitudes toward and knowledge of animals: an up­ date. lnt j Stud Anim Prob 7:87-119. Ritual slaughter to produce kosher meat is rooted in the teachings and Moberg, G.P. (1976) Effects of environment and management stress on reproduc­ writings of the Talmud. However, the preslaughter handling features of modern tion in the dairy cow, j Dairy Sci 59:1618-1624. systems, particularly the shackling and hoisting of large steers, contravene the Pearson, R.A. and Mellor, D.J. (1976) Some behavioral and physiological changes basic message of humaneness included in the teachings. The throat-cutting of a in pregnant goats and sheep during adaptation to laboratory conditions, live, conscious animal is relatively pain-free, provided that certain precautions are Res Vet Sci 20:215-217.
    [Show full text]
  • Tony Yengeni's Ritual Slaughter
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Wits Institutional Repository on DSPACE TONY YENGENI’S RITUAL SLAUGHTER: ANIMAL ANTI-CRUELTY VS. CULTURE. Kevin Gary Behrens A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts. Johannesburg, 2008 ABSTRACT In this research report I address the question: “Are acts of the ritual slaughter of animals, of the kind recently engaged in by the Yengeni family, morally justifiable?” Using the Yengeni incident as a springboard for my discussion, I focus on the moral question of the relative weight of two competing ethical claims. I weigh the claim that we have an obligation not to cause animals unnecessary pain against the claim by cultures that traditional practices, such as the one under discussion, are morally justifiable on the basis of the moral goods obtained through cultural identification and participation. I attempt to show that claims justifying practices on the basis of culture are not strong enough to outweigh the prima facie wrong of causing non-human animals unnecessary pain. i DECLARATION I declare that this is my own unaided work. It is submitted for the degree of Master of Arts in the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any other degree or examination in any other university. Kevin Gary Behrens 15 th day of February, 2008. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to gratefully acknowledge the thoughtful, insightful and laborious assistance of my supervisor for this project, Dr Brian Penrose, as well as that of Prof.
    [Show full text]