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To What Extent Are Principles of Kaupapa Māori Reflected in the Current Practices of Māori Mediators in Aotearoa?

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To What Extent Are Principles of Kaupapa Māori Reflected in the Current Practices of Māori Mediators in Aotearoa? Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. To What Extent are Principles of Kaupapa Māori Reflected in the Current Practices of Māori Mediators in Aotearoa? A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Business Studies In Management At Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand Te Reo O Te Omeka Hau 2018 ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this submission is all my own work and that, to the very best of my knowledge and understanding, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor any material which has been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institution of higher learning. ii ABSTRACT In the current practice of mediation as a form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) within Aotearoa there has been very little research conducted into principles of kaupapa Māori and how these concepts are reflected in the practice of mediation in Aotearoa. Indeed, almost all my studies completed through Massey University’s Dispute Resolution Centre within the Massey Business School have been based on research from a Euro- Centric perspective. This gap in current mediation research is the main motivator in designing the following as my research question: “To what extent are Principles of Kaupapa Māori reflected in the current practices of Mediators in New Zealand?” In addressing this question this paper intends to contribute to mediation literature by investigating principles of kaupapa Māori within the current mediation process practiced in New Zealand. It will seek to address if kaupapa Māori principles of Whakapapa, Whanaungatanga, Mana, and Tapu are prevalent within a mediation process and to what extent. Existing literature is scarce on this topic however some reliance will be placed on Tomas & Quinces’ (2007) contribution to Spillers Dispute Resolution in New Zealand as well as comparisons with literature in the restorative justice field and mediation and indigenous dispute resolution writings Semi-structured interviews of 10 currently practicing Māori mediators have been undertaken to assist in answering the research question. Results were presented as participant narratives where seven themes were analysed and presented to demonstrate how Māori principles and practices can enhance the mediation process. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Te mea tuatahi, kia whai kororia kia Ihoa o nga Mano Tuaiuriuri whaioio ki te rangi me te whenua Te ingoa te Matua, Tama, Wairua tapu me nga anahera pono me te Mangai Ae. Acknowledgements first to the creator Jehovah who makes all things possible In the name of the Father, the son, the holy spirit and faithful angels with acknowledgement to our Mangai, Amen. I would like to acknowledge the assistance of my supervisors, Farah Palmer, Jason Mika and Frieder Lempp without their guidance and supervision this work would not have been possible nga mihi kia koutou. I also like to acknowledge my parents Haami Tokouru Ratana Hapeta Hone H Hau and Elizabeth June Stewart nee Hau who have long passed away but instilled in me the necessary drive and perseverance to complete this work. I also acknowledge my hapū of Ngati Te Rino who provide the essence and source of knowledge of my surroundings and where and who I am. Finally, and most importantly, I acknowledge my mokopuna Skylah Breeze Joyce- Takimoana and Te Reo O Te Omeka Bruno Hau-Manihera and the others to come. It is because of them that I have strived and sought out knowledge that can enhance and hopefully one day make the world a better place to live in. They are my heart….. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Attestation of Authorship ............................................................................................................................. ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures/Tables .................................................................................................................................. vii 1 . INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 A brief explanation of Te Tiriti and its impact on Māori ............................................................... 4 1.2 Te Tiriti Principles .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 The Researcher - Ko Wai Ahau? .................................................................................................... 8 1.4 The Research Project .................................................................................................................. 15 1.5 Outline of Research Report Chapters ......................................................................................... 16 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Mediation: An Alternative Dispute Resolution Process .............................................................. 20 2.2 Negotiation ................................................................................................................................. 22 2.2.1 Distributed, Positional or Adversarial model of Negotiation .............................................. 23 2.2.2 Principled or Integrative model of Negotiation .................................................................. 23 2.2.3 Negotiation and Te Tiriti ..................................................................................................... 24 2.2.4 Mediation and Cultural Values and Perspectives ............................................................... 25 2.2.5 The Role of the Mediator – Neutral or Conductor? ............................................................ 29 2.3 Models of Mediation................................................................................................................... 31 2.3.1 Settlement or Positional Mediation Model ........................................................................ 32 2.3.2 Evaluative Mediation Model ............................................................................................... 32 2.3.3 Facilitative or Interest Based Mediation Model ................................................................. 33 2.3.4 Transformative Mediation Model ....................................................................................... 33 2.3.5 Mediation – The Process ..................................................................................................... 35 2.4 Kaupapa Māori Principles ........................................................................................................... 41 2.4.1 Whakapapa – The Genealogies of all things ....................................................................... 42 2.4.2 Whanaungatanga – Kinship and Relatedness ..................................................................... 45 2.4.3 Mana – Power and Prestige ................................................................................................ 46 2.4.4 Tapu - Sacredness .............................................................................................................. 48 2.5 Mediation and Māori .................................................................................................................. 50 2.5.1 Restorative Justice - Mediation and Creating a Bicultural process ..................................... 54 2.5.2 Indigenous Mediation – Some Comparisons ...................................................................... 57 2.6 Māori Health – A Comparative Journey ...................................................................................... 60 2.7 Observations From Literature Review ........................................................................................ 64 3. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................. 69 3.1 - Kaupapa Māori Theory & Research ........................................................................................ 71 3.2 - Qualitative Research ............................................................................................................... 75 3.3 - Research Ethics ....................................................................................................................... 77 3.4 Semi-Structured Interviews ........................................................................................................ 80 3.4.1 Interview Schedule .............................................................................................................. 80 3.5 Participants ................................................................................................................................. 84 3.6 Thematic Analysis
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