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('!',%!7*#8%&$#'9!)+!:%&.%*! ! ! ;<<=! ! ! ! 2 Table of Contents 1: IntroductionI1: Introduction __________________________________________________________________________________13_________131313! 1.1 Logic of presentation ______________________________________________________________________ 171717! 2: ConstructingConstructing the research object ________________________21________________________212121! 2.1 Journalists do not exist ____________________________________________________________________ 212121! 2.2 The notion of epistemological obstacles ___________________ 222222! 2.3 Bourdieu and epistemological vigilancevigilance________________________________________ 242424! 2.4 Who is a journalist? ________________________________________________________________________ 252525! 2.5 FolkFolk----theoriestheories and journalistic cosmologies _________________ 282828! 2.6 Action research ______________________________________________________________________________ 303030! 2.7 The concept of social field as an alternative to profession _____ 313131! 3: TheThe rules of journalism: Journalists and journalismjournalism in Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of social fields ___________________________ 353535! 3.1 Sur la télévision ______________________________________________________________________________ 363636! 3.2 Bourdieu’s theory of symbolic power ______________________ 373737! 3.3 Early texts: journalists and journalism in intellectual fields ____ 404040! 3.4 RingmasteRingmastersrs and “Trojan horses”horses”__________________________________________________ 444444! Journalists and the political field ____________________________________ 44! Who is to judge the legitimacy of the judges? __________________________ 45! 3.5 The view from the media ________________________________ 494949! The misrepresentation of the public __________________________________ 49! A projective test __________________________________________________ 50! 3.6 The journalistic field ______________________________________________________________________ 515151! Towards a journalistic field __________________________________________ 51! Return to television _______________________________________________ 53! The Bourdieu-Schneidermann episode _______________________________ 54! 3.7 Modern doxosophers ______________________________________________________________________ 565656! “Whoever denied the existence of great journalists?” ____________________ 56! Naive realists ____________________________________________________ 57! Against the destruction of a civilization _______________________________ 58! 3.8 Tasks for the study of a journalistic field ___________________ 595959! 4: JournalisticJournalistic habitus and journalistic habits _______________ 636363! 4.1 Habitus and journalistic practice _________________________ 636363! 4.2 Journalists and journalism in the Norwegian social space _____ 666666! 3 Media use in the Norwegian social space ______________________________ 66! Journalist, audience and source: the play of homology ___________________ 70! Journalists in the Norwegian social space ______________________________ 71! Social classes and journalistic classes _________________________________ 74! 4.3 Journalists in the Norwegian field of power ________________ 777777! The Norwegian field of power _______________________________________ 77! Journalists in the field of power ______________________________________ 78! Extra-field trajectories ______________________________________________ 80! 4.4 Journalism students, habitus and journalism _______________ 828282! The Inheritors – The social recruitment of journalism students ____________ 84! An arbitrary school culture __________________________________________ 89! Male and female journalism _________________________________________ 90! Students’ habituses and journalistic dispositions ________________________ 92! Professional learning ______________________________________________ 98! 4.5 The logic of journalistic judgements _____________________ 103103103! 5: The Norwegian journalistic field and its transformatransformationstions ___ 107107107! 5.1 The idea of social autonomy ____________________________ 107107107! A Norwegian field of journalism? ____________________________________ 109! 5.2 The historical rise of a Norwegian journalistic field __________ 113113113! The early Norwegian press _________________________________________ 113! Modern press, party press, routinization _____________________________ 118! The changing morphology of a profession ____________________________ 125! 5.3 The Norwegian jojournalisticurnalistic space, anno 2005 ______________ 127127127! Data and the statistical analysis _____________________________________ 127! The space of Norwegian journalists 2005 _____________________________ 129! Some further properties of the journalistic space _______________________ 139! The space of Publications __________________________________________ 143! Journalistic generations ___________________________________________ 151! Educational and scientific capital ____________________________________ 157! Field trajectories _________________________________________________ 157! 5.4 A dualist structure __________________________________________________________________________ 161161161! 6:6:6: The Production of Journalistic Belief ____________________ 163163163! 6.1 Journalistic nomos ________________________________________________________________________ 164164164! A sacred canopy for journalism _____________________________________ 164! Journalistic legitimation and theodicies ______________________________ 167! The Space of Journalistic Nomos ____________________________________ 169! 6.2 Journalistic charisma and its variations ___________________ 177177177! Journalistic capital and journalistic charisma __________________________ 177! Charismatic ideals: journalistic role models ___________________________ 179! Charismatic variations ____________________________________________ 181! Prizes and prize-winners __________________________________________ 190! 4 6.3 Elements of a journalistic cosmology _____________________ 195195195! 7: Concluding remarks ________________________________ 203! The journalistic field; the cultural world reversed? _____________ 205! Limitations, criticism, antianti----criticismcriticism ________________________ 208! Grand theories, majmajoror problems ____________________________ 213213213! Appendix 1: OnOn method and sources of data _______________ 217217217! I. PrePre----studiesstudies ________________________________________________________________________________________ 217217217! II. Surveys of journalism students ___________________________ 218218218! III. The survey of journalists and editors 2005 _________________ 219219219! AAAppeAppendixppendix 2: AdditionalAdditional Tables and Figures ________________ 231! Appendix 3: TheThe Questionnaire _________________________ 245! Literature ______________________________________________________________________________________ 271! 5 List of tables and figures Table 1 Relative odds of being in various occupations at the age 3030----35,35, according to father’s occupation............................................................................................................................................................73.............73 Table 2 Relative odds for editorship, place of work and journalistic specialispecializationzation according to father’s occupation. Journalists and editors, age 3030----50...........50...........50.........................................75..............................75 Table 33aaaa Characteristics of some Norwegian elites and the pupublblic.....................blic.....................ic...................................................81......81 Table 3b Mobility of Norwegian elites............................................................................................................................81........81 Table 4 Indicators of parents’ class position. JournalismJournalism sstudtudentstudents and other students.......91 Table 5 Male and female journaljournalism.ism. SSSelectedSelected preferencespreferences.... Journalism students....students.........................................93939393 Table 666 Male and female journalism. Prioritizing of news ststoriesoriesories.. Journalism students.students.................94949494 Table 7 Preferred journalistic subjects, important qualitqualitiesies of journalists and important duties ooff the press. Journalism students...................students.........................................................................................102...............................102 Table 8 Morphological changes in the Norwegian journalisticjournalistic body 19201920----2005...............2005...............2005...............121212125555 Table 9 The Norwegian journalistic space. Explicative and explaiexplainedned categories..............categories..............131313134444 Table 10 The journalistic space by 9 divisions. Social characteristics .........................................................................................111141414141 Table 11 The journalistic space by 9 divisionsdivisions.. Indicators of capitalcapital............................................................................................14....1414142222 Table 12 The spspaceace of publications