9522 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 29

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

High Honors Well Bestowed-Former panying citation-the first ever be­ one 1s more deserving of the honors accorded stowed by the society. The formal ad­ today than Govern-0r Thatcher. l . Representative Thatcher Receives Trib­ dresses were delivered by Representative More power to both of them, and best wishes for many more years of their fine utes and Awards at Testimonial RoBSION and . Capt. Miles P. DuVal, and genial leadership. Luncheon of Sociefy of Mayftower United States Nav-,;, retired, the former · Representative SILER. I am quite happy to dealing with the general background be here ·and enjoy this occasion with a group Descendants and public activities of Governor That­ that is seeking to honor one to whom honor cher, -excepting those of isthmian char­ is due. Hon. Maurice H. Thatcher, my fel­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS acter whicl: were presented by the latter, low Kentuckian, has had a long and distin­ a well-known historian of Panama Canal guished career of gooc;l service that is in every OF way worthy of memorialization at this time. and isthmian subjects. Following the We all trust and hope that he will have HON. CLARENCE CANNON formal addresses, Miss Mattie Richards many additional years in which to continue OF MISSOURI Tyler of Louisville, Ky., and Washing­ to shed the radiance of the great and wor­ ton herself a poet and writer of dis­ thy light of that service among his fellow IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tin~tion, read ·a number of poems writ­ men. Wednesday, June 29, 1955 ten by Governor Thatcher. Representative CANNON. It is a much-ap­ . preciated privilege to have the opportunity Mr. CANNON. Mr. Speaker, in the The occasion was notable and out­ standing in character. It is believed . of being here and breaking bread with the roster of patriotic and genealogical _soci~ society, and especially to be permitted to say eties of the Nation no one. of them is ·that an account of the proceedings merits .a· WQrd in grateful ·appreciation of the dis­ more loyal to American ideals and insti­ a place in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD to tinguished service of Dr. Thatcher on this tutions than the General Society of May­ ·constitute an enduring record of the high . very happy occasion. honors thus paid a former and highly Kentucky has produced ma~y great men. :flower Descendants and its constituent esteemed Member of this body, and a Champ Clark once said that the State of State societies. Among the latter none greatly beloved member and officer of the .Kentucky had contributed so many gov­ is more prominent than th~ Society of Societies of Mayflower Descendants. Ac­ ernors, Senators, Congressmen, judges, gen­ Mayflower Descendants in the District erals, and other distinguiShed cl tizens to cordingly, under leave granted, I am in­ surrounding States that he often wondered of Columbia. In the general society, cluding, as a _part of these remarks, the ·and in that of the District of Columbia, what would have · happened had they all pertinent features of tbe program, to­ stayed at home together. Whether they were no member has been more effective in gether with the testimonial addresses . . · permitted . to contr.ibute to the upbuilding the effort to uphold the aims and pur­ The program began with an appropri­ of other States of the Union, or whether they poses of the societies than former Repre­ ate invocative service by Mrs. Fletcher remained at home·, Dr. Thatcher would still ·sentative Maurice Hudson Thatcher, of Quillian, the society's elder. Then came rank as one of the greatest living Ken­ Kentucky and Washington; and no one tuckians. the pledge of allegiance to the flag, led He is a great statesman, a great diplomat, has more effectively labored to oppose by Clarence I. Peckham, captain of the communism and communistic influence a great Isthmian governor, a. great lawyer, society. Next came the Pilgrim Pledge, a great American; and especially great in his in our midst and to promote sound composed by Governor Thatcher, as fol­ friendships. Americanism, than himself. As gov­ lows: A nation, a people, who do not appreciate ernor of the District of Columbia soci­ THE PILGRIM PLEDGE and honor. their great men will not long ety, and as deputy governor general .and (By Maurice H. Thatcher) produce men worthy of honor and apprecia­ counselor general of the general soCiety, tion. So it behooves us to extend honor to In the name of God, Amen. those to whom honor is due. and certainly he has distinguished himself in these I pledge myself to help hold aloft the and other important fields and connec­ that would include Dr. Thatcher. lamps of civil and religious liberty lighted And how appropriate it is that vie take tions. ·by the Pllgrlms at Plymouth Rock; to recall advantage of the opportunity to pay this In recognition of these outstanding · and cherish the sacrifices and struggles made · honor and this testimony to him, and to services, and also because of his splendid by them !or the common good; to study his great service to the society, and to . the their lives, deeds, faith, courage, and char­ Nation, and to humanity in general. labors in various roles of his public and acter, and to draw inspiration therefrom; to private career, the District society, on emulate their spirit; to be loyal to the tlag "If with pleasure you are viewing any work June 11, 1955, gave for him, at the and institutions of the country whose found­ a man is doing; Shoreham Hotel in this city, a testi­ ing was so greatly aided by their work and If you like him; if you love him-tell him monial luncheon. He and Mrs. That­ wisdom; to do everything within my power now. cher-who also received a full measure to deserve and preserve the heritage; and in Don'.t withhold your approbration till the of tributes during the program-were the all things, and in all ways, to profit by the parson makes oration, · _special guests c;>f honor. Between_ }.5_0 Pilgrim example. And he lies with snowy lillles on his brow. · , If he earns your praise-bestow it; it you - and 200 members and friends of the The other more important features-of like him-let him know it; Thatchers were in attendance-among the program follow in sequence. Let the words o'f true encouragement be them a number of members of the Soci­ Governor Macdonald read a number said; do not wait ety of Mayflower Descendants in the ot wires and letters from distinguished Till life ts' over. and he'.s underneath the Commonwealth. of Virginia, which was · personages, unable to be in attendance, clover- ·organized by him. "The two Houses of with congratulations for the occaslon, For he cannot read hi.s tombstone when he's Congress were represented by Senator .and paying tribute to Governor Thatcher. dead." THOMA'S E. MARTIN of Iowa; Representa­ Called on by Governor Macdonald, "If you love him, if you ltke him, tell him tives JOHN M. ROBSIDN, JR., and EUGENE . now." Dr. Thatcher, we do llke you. We . Senator MARTIN, · Representative SILER, do love you, and we are gratefUl for this SILER, of Kentucky; and myself. Presid­ and myself made brief remarks, now opportunity to tell you. how much we ap­ ing was the District society's present given: . preciate you and how much we and the rest governor, Mr. ·charles T. Maedonald, of Senator MARTIN. My good friends, Mrs. of the world owe Y01l· _ the Federal Trade Commission staff. Martin and I are delighted to meet with you May you live forever. The chairman of the committee on ar­ · on this memorable occasion to do honor to INTRODUCTION OF REPRESENTATIVE ROBSION rangements was-Mr. Leigh L. Nettleton, an outstanding American leader, Gov. Mau­ Governor MACDONALD. The next speaker former governor of the society, and , rice H. Thatcher. today is a distinguished Kentu~kian. He member of the Board of Immigration . 'Throughout my 17 .years of service in Con­ attended the George Washington, George- Appeals. A splendid program was pro­ gress I have found the wise and .kindly coun­ . town, and National Universities; was admit­ vided, the printed motto of which was, sel of Governor Thatcher most useful and ted to the bar in 1926; :and in 1929 ·became inspiri~. He is, indeecl, one of the best Chlef of the Law Division of -the United "While yet we live let's honor those yet informed and soundest thinkers of our time, living." At the. conclusion of the ad­ States Bureau of Pensions. In 1930 he en­ and he is noted .for his friendly encourage- tered upon the practice of 1aw in Louis- dresses, Chairman Nettleton presented - ment and guidance; · . vme, Ky., where be has· since made hls to Governor Thatcher the District soci­ To Mrs. Thatcher belongs a real share of home. In Louisville he became prominent-in ety's certificate of merit and accom- the credit, for their outstanding record. No civic and political affairs, and in World War 1955 . - - CONGRESSIONAL RECORn-- ·HOUSE 9523 n served with distinction overseas, part of Thatcher was chosen as State inspector and named the George Rogers Clark Memorial the time on the sta.11' of Gen. Mark Clark. examiner for Kentucky, and during the en­ Bridge )-a pioneer piece of legislation obvi­ He is a member of the American Legion, suing 2 years he made an outstanding rec­ ating the necessity of bond vote issues, with Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Mili- · ord. He collected more revenue from delin­ :financing processes resulting in ultimate tary Order of the World Wars. In 1952 he quent officials throughout the State than freedom from bridge tolls; act (joint author) was elected to .represent · the· Louisville and had been collected by all his predecessors. for the same type of bridge financing for Jefferson County, Ky., district in the United -In addition he conducted the most exhaus­ the State of Kentucky; legislation and ap­ States House of Representatives-the same tive investigations of the State's charitable propriations for the construction in Louis­ district formerly represented by him whom and penal institutions and brought about ville of a new Federal post office, customs, we are today honoring; and he was reelected substantial reforms. Also in 1908 he was and courthouse building, a new marine hos­ 'for a second term in 1954. He is a member selected to be chairman of the ca.mpaign of pital at Louisville, a veterans' hospital at of the important Judiciary Committee of the former Gov. William o: Bradley for United Lexington, Ky.; an act increasing appropria­ House, and last year he was the author of a States Senator, and contributed in very large tions for the making of braille books and greatly needed enactment on the subject of degree to Gover:i;ior Bradley's election. apparatus for the blind children of Amer­ subversives. In April 1910, Maurice Thatcher was ap­ ica; and an act for the benefit of the "under­ It is my privilege-indeed, my great pointed by President Taft as member of the dogs" of the Treasury, the storekeeper­ pleasure-to present Hon. JOHN M. RoBSION, Isthmian Canal Commission, which was gagers of the Nation. In Congress he was JR., who will tell us something about the charged with the supervision and per­ one of the leaders responsible for the build­ ~areer of his friend, and now, also, his con­ formance of the work of building the Panama ing up of our systeins of domestic and for­ stituent, Governor Thatcher. Canal. As regards his labors and achieve­ eign airmails. Representative JOHN M. RoBsroN, JR. Gov­ ments in that unique and highly important In addition his efforts contributed greatly ernor Macdonald, Senator Martin, Congress­ post, and touching his subsequent accom­ to the conversion of Camp Knox, in Ken­ man Siler, Congressma.n Cannon, .and Mrs. plishments growing out of his Isthmian tucky, into the permanent military post of Thatcher, distinguished guests, at the outset ,service, I shall yield to another speaker who Fort Knox. Also he led the successful effort I must express by deep appreciation for the is eminently qualified to speak of them. for the naming of the United States Battle honor accorded in placing me on this pro­ After returning from Panama he again Cruiser Louisville for his home city, and ·gram to speak somewhat of the life and engaged in the practice of law in Louisville made the dedicatory address at Bremerton deeds of the man to whom you pay tribute and again became effectively active in poli­ Navy Yard when the vessel was launched, today. Your own society· and your national tics. In the Louisville-Jefferson County Mrs. Thatcher acting as formal hostess for organization a.re doing much in these diffi­ campaign for city and county offices in 1917 the occasion. Then he ·was also author and ·cult and troubled times to keep alive in the he rendered important party service; and his ~ponsor of the creation of the Eastern Nation­ hearts and minds of our people the senti­ labors constituted a substantial contribu­ al Park-to-Park Highwry project linking to­ ments and practices of Christian virtue, tion to his party's complete success at the gether the great national parks east of the loyalty to the ideals of civil and religious polls. Following that election he was chosen Mississippi, Tidewater Virginia, and the Na­ liberty and practical idealism, which so as a member of the board of public safety tional Capital over established roadway sys­ greatly distinguished your Pilgrim ancestors. of the city and made an excellent record tems; and is yet serving as president of the They gave a. great impetus to the splendid in that position during the ensuing 2 years. Eastern National Park-to-Park Highway Asso­ principles which they held, and this Nation In 1919 he became department counsel of ciation, organized by him in 1931. Other en­ of free men and women owe them a debt Louisville and served in that capacity for actments of an isthmian character will be which can never be paid except in following ·4 years, and in that responsible post per­ mentioned by a later speaker. Since he left their example. formed his duties with outstanding ability. Congress he has continued his interest and In the time permitted I can only touch The year 1922 brought Maurice Thatcher labors in behalf of the more important of upon certain of the more prominent fea­ the Republican nomination for Congress the subjects which engaged his interest dur­ ·tures of a career so filled with worth as that from the Louisville district, and in No­ ing his congressional period. of Maurice H. Thatcher, and it is very grati­ vember of that year he was elected to the Congressman Thatcher's record of public fying to me tha.t I am now representing, in House of Representatives. Four times he service is, indeed, one of outstanding and Congress, the identical district which, for a was reelected to Congress, serving altogether distinguished character. In the typically good many years, was so ably represented 10 years--March 1923 to March 1933. As a American way he has moved from farm boy by him; that is to say the district made Member of the House he strove always to act to posts of honor and distinction without up of Jefferson County, Ky., including the for the best interests of his district and his the aids of wealth and extraneous influence. city of Louisville. constituents, and in addition, did much He has fairly earned and funy deserved the Maurice Hudson Thatcher grew up in _for the State and the Isthmus of Panama. honors which have come to him. By loyalty western Kentucky in the Green River sec­ While in Congress he sought to serve the to duty, through high purpose and untiring tion of the State. His paternal line runs people of his district and State regardless effort, he has accomplished much; and his ·back to the· very beginning of New England of party or partisan considerations. In con­ life, character, and deeds are truly inspira­ history, and his earliest American ~cestor sequence of which he became very popular ·tional. His interests· have been wide and was Elder William Brewster, one of the May­ in his district, and always in his congres­ varied, and his labors have well served his flower passengers, the spiritual leader of the sional races received a substantial number of ·district, his State, and his country; and, I Plymouth colony. His father was born in Democratic votes and the bulk of the in­ would add, his loyal wife, Anne Bell Connecticut, and his mother in Tennessee. dependent vote. This popularity was well at­ Thatcher, has materially aided him in his ·He obtained his education in public and tested by the fact that in 1926 he was elected achievements. private schools and through broad personal _without opposition, and by the further fact Much more might be said of this man experience. In his earlier life he lived on that in 1928 he was reelected over a dis­ and the labors of his life; but this, and what a Butler County, Ky., farm. In his teens tinguished opponent by more than 32,000 may come hereafter, may suffice. Your so­ . he was employed in the county offices, and majority-a result which I believe has never ciety has done well to pay him formal he learned tlie printer's art in the compos­ been equaled in the district by any candi­ honor-not only for what he has done in ing room of the county newspaper. In these date for a major office in a contested cam­ your behalf, but, as well, for his services to "years· he acquired the habits of close appli­ paign. As a Member of the House of Repre­ his country and international causes. We cation to his tasks and of industry and in­ sentatives, Congressman Thatcher's interests are all very happy that he and Mrs. Thatcher tegrity which have always .characterized and efforts were varied. Throughout his are yet in health and strength, and are con­ him. Not long after he reached his ma­ congressional tenure he was a member of the tinuing in their appointed tasks. I join you jority he was elected clerk of the Circuit powerful House Committee on Appropria­ in the hope that they may be long spared Court of Butler County, and discharged the tions, and in that connection rendered im­ for further usefulness. duties of the office so well that he soon came portant national service. In addition to his In conclusion, permit me to say that it is to be known as one of the most efficient cir­ regard for Panama Canal, Isthmian, and a real pleasure to meet the officers and mem­ cuit court clerks in the State of Kentucky. Latin American affairs, he was especially bers of this unique and patriotic organiza­ After several years of service as circuit clerk active-and successful-in his efforts in be­ tion and its distinguished guests. And he went to Frankfort, the State capital, to half of national parks, public highways, pub­ thanks again for the opportunity given me serve on the State auditor's staff, meanwhile lic buildings, aviation and airmails, benefits to participate in this program and to speak continuing his legal studies. Later he be­ for the blind, and other matters of general somewhat of the life and deeds of one of came a licensed attorney and received an import. Thus, in Congress, he was the your most highly esteemed and deserving appointment as assistant attorney general author of various enactments dealing with members-my fellow-Kentuckian, Maurice ·of the State. In this post he met his duties these subjects, as, for, instance, the fol­ Hudson Thatcher. · and responsibilities in the most praiseworthy lowing: , manner. Upon the conclusion of this par- Act for the establishment of the Mam- INTRODUCTION OF CAPTAIN DUVAL ticular service he removed to Louisville and . moth Cave National Park in K~ntucky; act Governor MACDONALD. Our next speaker entere~ into the private practice of law. . for permanent improvement and mainte­ is a. graduate of the United States Naval In t901 he was appointed assistant United nance of the Lincoln birthplace farm in K~n­ Academy, class of 1919. He has had a dis­ States district attorney for Kentucky and tucky; act creating the Zachary Taylor Na­ tinguished nav.al career, both ashore and served until 1906, most of the time for the tional Cemetery in Kentucky; act authoriz- afloat, including combat command in World · western district, making a fine record ~s a.Il _ing_ the construct~o:µ of the municipal bridge War II. While on duty in Washington he -able and' fearless prosecutor.- In 1908 Mr. across the Ohio River at Louisville (formallY. took post graduate work in Foreign Service 9524 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 'June 29 at Georgetown University. He chose as President for the high-level lake and lock street, sewer, and water ·systems in the. ter­ the subject for a term paper, the diplomatic plan for the Panama Canal. . minal cities of the Republic of Panama. history of the Panama Canal. This was ex­ During that period, as so well descriped Governor Thatcher's isthmian achieve­ panded into a book published in 1940 by by Congressman ROBSION, Mr. Thatcher had ments, which refiected his previous public the Stanford University under the title, a. most useful public experience that was experience, include a number of items of "Cadiz to Cathay." Eventually, it led to to be · of great value in the days· to come. historical interest in the Canal . Zone. his detail, 1941-44, to duty in the Canal He : never seriously thought of associating Among these, he was the- Zone, where he was in charge of marine op­ himself with the building of the Panama 1. First to recognize the evils of flogging erations in the Pacific sector of the Panama Canal. Following the resignation of former convicts and to abolish it. Canal during the most critical period of its Senator J.C. S. Blackburn, of Kentucky, as a · 2. First to institute a system of rewards history. · member of the Isthmian Canal Commission, and denials to prisoners as an instrument for While on that assignment he wrote a sec­ President Taft began a search for a wen­ enforcing discipline-a program that re­ ond volume, And the Mountains Will Move, qualified man to fill the vacancy. On April duced infractions by 50 percent in 6 months. Stanford Press, 1947. He is now nearing 12, 1910, he appointed Mr. Thatcher as a 3. First to use prison labor in the Canal completion of a third volume dealing with member of the Commission, with assignment Zone for the construction of highways, the Isthmian problems. He is accounted as head of the Department of Civil Adminis­ which became models for other countries the outstanding historian on the subject. tration of the Canal Zone. This action re­ of Latin America and some of which are still Thus, in our next speaker, we have one ceived general acclaim, particularly in Ken­ in use. whose experiences in the Canal Zone and tucky. 4. First to introduce the teaching of Span- · intensive studies of Isthmian ·history com­ , On May 6, Governor Thatcher sailed for ish in Canal Zone high schools. _. bine to qualify him emin,ently to address us the Isthmus with his bride of 2 days, the 5. First to enforce the Mann Act in the on this occasion. I am very glad to present former Miss Anne Bell Chinn of Frankfort, Canal Zone and, by such enforcement, to Captain Miles P. DuVal, United States Navy, Ky., who is with us today. · send a. number of notorious criminals to retired. For more than 3 years, Governor Thatcher prison. , Capt. MILES P. DuVAL. Mr. Governor, me'm­ served as a member of the ·Commission and 6. First to draft a comprehensive vehicu~ bers of the Society of Mayflower Descend­ head of the Department of Civil Administra­ lar traffic code for the canal Zone, which W.llS ants, ladies and gentlemen, it is an honor tion, and functioned as Governor of the Canal enacted into law by the Isthmian Canal and a privilege to address this splendid sec­ Zone. Thus, he had unique opportunities Commissio • tor of American life. Descended, as you are, at an inspiring time to participate in the 7. Fi~st to supervise taking an adequate from illustrious Pilgrim pioneers who came official and social life of the isthmus, and .census of the canal Zone, which showed to America seeking freedom, yours is a heri­ took full advantage of them. a population of approximately 75,000, made tage that appeals strongly to all sons and Because of his function as Governor, his up of many races and nationalities. daughters of Virginia, of whom I am proud home, ably supervised by Mr&. Thatcher, who Of the many close relationships in his to be one. They, like you, are bred in the made it into a bower of tropical bloom and Isthmian career, one of the most gratifying great tradition of constitutional liberty. beauty, became an important social center was. that with Colop.el Gorgas in connection in the Canal Zone. His office and that of with health and sanitation in the terminal Your member to whom we do homage to­ cities, Colon and Panama, which matters day, the Honorable Maurice H. Thatcher, Col. W1lliam Crawford Gorgas, a fellow com­ missioner and widely famed sanitarian of were the responsibilities of the Isthmian of Kentucky, as a Mayflower descendant Canal Commission. Under the system then and also as a product of the great State the Isthmus, were in the old Administration Building in Ancon, adjacent to the city of in effect all requests for h.ealth-and sanitary that was once a county of Virginia, carries cooperation on the part of the Panamanian both of these magnificent streams of Ameri­ Panama. His duties included liaison work with the Republic of Panama and diploma­ ,Government were handled by the head of can culture and life. the Department of Civil Administration. In My first introduction to this distinguished tic representatives of other countries ac­ credited to Panama. These factors ·to­ these and other relations, Governor Thatcher, name was in 1936-38, while I was on duty in as always recognized by the .people anci press the Navy Department as Secretary of the gether served to establish for him a closer relationship with Panama than that enjoyed of Panama, was among the ·first to exem,. Shore StatiOll Deveiopment Board. The plify, in adequate manner, the principles of function of that body was to formulate pro­ by any other canal official. One element that contributed much to­ the good-neighbor policy. This practice grams for the evolution of our naval stations produced positive results, for no request of to meet future needs. When studying ward this result was that Mrs. Thatcher, upon her arrival on the Isthmus, undertook his to. Panamanian authorities was ever plans for stations in the Canal Zone, the refused. board always had two important facilities to master the Spanish language. In this endeavor, in whlch she was remarkably suc­ Another si~nlficant event in Governor to consider: the Thatcher Highway and the Thatcher's Canal Zone career was witnessing Thatcher Ferry. Thus, by that time the cessful, she was assisted by everyone she met in Panama, from the President in the palace the first nonstop transcontinental airplane name of Thatcher had already become a flight-a seaplane piloted by Robert G. fine tradition on the Isthmus and a symbol to the coach driver in the street. Her ef­ forts are still recalled by Panamanians of Fowler from the Bay of Panama to the in the United States for matters related to that period with admiring approval. Atlantic entrance of the canal on April 27, the Canal Zone and 'the Republic of Panama. 1913. His observation of this fiight was to As a student of these subjects, I am par­ With canal building then at its height, bear important fruit in the future. ticularly pleased to address you on the Isth­ Governor Thatcher was on the scene during Following a change in the national admin· mian aspects of Governor Thatcher's career. the great period of Isthmian history when the istration in Washington, Governor Thatcher, vast construction program was being rushed on August 18, 1913, resigned his position What led this leader to become such a. toward completion. Making frequent in­ figure in Isthmian life and how did he attain after more than 3 years' effective perform­ spection trips along the line of the canal he ance, for which he was warmly commended such stature? saw the Atlantic and Pacific locks take The explanation traces back to the start by Secretary of War Lindley M. Garrison, and shape; observed Gatun and Pacific dams resumed his life in Kentucky. At the time of his career in the earlier part of the cen­ slowly form; arranged for needed lands in tury, when Governor Thatcher, like many he did not realize what an impact his Isth­ the Republic of Panama for lake purposes; mian experiences had made on him, or what other young Americans who must make saw Gatun Lake start from a body of water their own way in the world, began his up­ would ultimately unfold from them. no larger than a mill pond; and watched it Years later, in the congress as a Repre­ ward climb through the law and politics. gradually rise, transforming mountains into That time was a significant period of United sentative from Kentucky and a member of islands and becoming what was at that time the House Committee on Appropriations, States history, ushered in by the war with the largest artificial lake in the world. All Spain. In its course, young Thatcher lived 1923-33, new opportunities opened. Lessoris of this together served to give him a deep learned at Panama qualified him to play im­ through important phases in the evolution insight into the meaning of the canal as an of the Isthmian Canal Policy of the United portant parts as a leading congressional au­ avenue of marine transportation serving ves­ thority in handling Isthmian and Latin States, which, as a keen student of public sels of all nations on terms of equality as affairs, he followed closely. American problems. provided by treaty. As a memb~r of the Subcommittee on Ap· These momentous events included the The work of civil administration was not propria,tions for the Treasury and Post Office negotiation of the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty spectacula.r. If operating properly, it was Departments, he was a principal leader in of 1901 with Great Britain; the great Con­ quiet and efficient, Nevertheless, it was an the fight for establishing the first air mail gressional debate of 1902 over the location of indispensable prerequisite for successful en­ routes in Latin America. Orte line extended the Isthmian canal known as the "battle of gineering and sanitation. It included such from the United States down the west coast the routes," ending in decision for Panama activities as police, fire · and schools; posts, to Chile, and thence to ·the Argentine; and in preference to Nicaragua; the Panama customs, immigration and revenue; munici­ another, from the United States along tne Revolution of November 3, 1903, resulting pal engineering and roads; ln fact, most all eastern seaboard of South America to Buenos in the creation of the Republic of Panama the customary functions performed by State, Aires. These developmentS trace back · to and acquisition by the United States in 1904 municipal and county governments in the his observation in 1913 of the first tran.8- of the Canal Zone; and a notable legislative United States. In addition to its work ln the . Isthmian flight when he visualized the need struggle in 1906 as to the type of canal, Canal Zone, the Department of Civil Ad­ -for mail service by aircraft. · known as the "battle of the levels" producing ministration was then charged with the con­ In :l.928 he was the· author of' leglsll'J,tio'n the great decision of the Congress and the struction, maintenance, and operation of providing for the establishment, and the 1955"' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 9525 maintenance and operation wfth Federal ap­ When the time approached for the name ranks highest. He is now revered as an out-· propriations, of the Gorgas Memorial Labora­ of General Gorgas to be proposed for the standing benefactor of the Isthmus. tory in Panama City,·for which the Republic Hall of Fame, it was natural that Governor INTRODUCTION OF MISS MAT'l'IE RICHARDS TYLER of Panama donated the necessary land and Thatcher should play an important part in buildings. the campaign to secure that signal honor for Governor MACDONALD. This program, with~ - During the years that have followed, the the celebrated sanitarian. out a lady, would be incomplete. For-· laboratory developed much basic knowledge No one who attended the graveside of Gen­ tunately we have with us a lady of talent of the transmission of yellow fever and other eral Gorgas in Arlington Cemetery on the and distinction, a native of Louisvllle, Ky., deadly tropical ailments, including those of afternoon of July 4, 1950, can ever forget the who has lived for a number of years in the veterinary character. The reports .of its simple, yet dramatic, commemorative exer­ National Capital. She is a gifted poet, and investigations, which are available in all cises of that beautiful summer day. Ar­ now president of the District of Columbia centers of medical learning, contributed ranged and eloquently presided over by Gov­ branch of the National League of Pen Wom­ greatly toward· the success of our Armed ernor Thatcher, ·in his capacity as a vice en. She is also the poet laureate of the Forces operating from tropical islands of the chairman of the Gorgas Hall of Fame Com­ Beta Sigma Omicron National Sorority; and Pacific in World War II. mittee, they portrayed the notable contribu­ the winner of many prizes and awards in In connection with the recrudescence of tions of General Gorgas to worldwide health poetry contests, including those of patriotic yellow fever in tropical America, evidence of and sanitation, and his position in history. character. In addition, she is associate edi­ which has been found as far north as south­ This and other related. services of Governor tor of the Blue Moon Poetry magazine, ern Mexico, studies by the capable staff of Thatcher materially aided in winning for his which, as you may know, is one of the out­ the laboratory have shown that the monkey former friend and collaborator this new and standing poetry publications of the Nation. and certain other animals are the reservoirs significant recognition in a field of eminent With respect to another facet of the char­ of this disease; and newly discovered species competitors. acter and labors of the m~n whom we today of mosquitoes, the conveyors. Since the close of World War II, the prob­ honor, some of the many fine poems he has The work of the laboratory thus consti­ lems of modernizing the Panama Canal and written, will be read by Miss Mattie Richards tutes not only a potent defense against the of interoceanic canals generally have been Tyler. ravages of yellow fever in the Canal Zone and topics of extensive debate. Featured by Miss TYLER. The poems I shall read-as the Isthmus but ·also a bulwark against its sharp differences of opinion as to what should well as many others written by Governor extension into the United States. The last be done, the evolving situation has con­ Thatcher-have been published in various is particularly pertinent since the indigenous fronted the Congress and the President with magazines and newspapers in the United opossum has been shown to be one of the difficult questions of policy determination. States and Panama, and the CONGRESSIONAL animal reservoirs. Understanding these matters in the .broadest RECORD; as well_as in certain anthologies of Another -significant contribution by Gov­ sense, through his many years of close asso­ verse. ernor Thatcher in the ·congress concerned -ciation and study, Governor Thatcher recog­ I shall first read excerpts from a poem of the operation of the Panama Canal. In this, nized the pattern of events as repeating the considerable length, which is descriptive of because of his special knowledge of canal canal struggles in the earlier part of the cen­ his beloved State--and my own-and which problems, he materially aided in securing tury, saw their implications for the welfare was originally published in the Kentucky legislation in 1929 for cc5nstruction of a dam of the United States, and has urged an Historical Register, and afterwards in the at Alhajuela. Named in honor of the able Isthmian Canal policy based on a reasoned CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. It is entitled "What chairman of the House Committee on Appro­ line of thought. To this end he has been a is Kentucky?" · · priations who died in 1928, the Madden Dam long and continuing advocate for the crea­ "Beloved Kentucky! the Land of Yesterday and power project was the first major step tion of an independent and broadly based And tomorrow; erstwhile the enchanted toward increasing the capacity of the Pan­ Interoceanic Canals Commission as the best realm ama canal. means for the adequate resolution of these Completed in 1935 this project has sup­ Of Foster and My Old Kentucky Home; grave and intricate problems. Published to Demesne of sunshine and shadow; of joy plied more water for lockages, generated ad­ the world in considered statements, his views And sorrow; of song and revelry; of ditional power, controlled floods, and im­ have gained wide acceptance. Laughter and tears; of travail and sacr_i- proved navigation. It still remains a monu­ Though the activities of Governor Thatcher flce, ment to all who contributed to its success. .have brought him in close touch with men A fourth notable achievement in the Con­ With Gethsemanes sprinkled here and of high position and great fame, he has never there; gress on the part of Governor Thatcher was overlooked those of lesser stature. In and securing legislation authorizing construc­ The haunt of pleasure and the thorobred; out of the Congress, he has been effective in The stage of eloquence, valor, and zeal; tion of a ferry, free in character, across the securing beneficial legislation, decisions, and ·panama Canal at its Pacific entrance and of The rare product of a freedom-loving folk; rulings for civilian builders and operators of A mother whose children, at home and ·a highway in the Canal Zone connecting the ·the Panama Canal. This assistance he has ferry with the road system of Panama. abroad, always freely extended because of his sym- Love her in strength and manner unsur... ·Opened to traffic in 1932 this ferry has trans­ pathetic understanding of their contribu­ ported tens of millions of passengers and tions to the success of the canal enterprise passed! hundreds of thousands of vehicles, thus ren­ and an earnest desire to see justice done "What is Kentucky? A bloom and fragrance; dering indispensable services in both peace for all. A name, a song, an idea and symbol; and war. Both the highway and ferry,· offi­ On the occasion of the dedication, on A prayer, a vision, and a revelation; cially named in his honor, constitute links March 31, 1954, of the Goethals Memorial.in An appeal, a torch in time of darkness; in the projected Inter-American Highway, the Canal Zone, Governor Thatcher and Mrs. A lode-star, and a pillar and a cloud; ' which, with the exception of certain uncom­ Thatcher attended as guests of the Canal A fount of faith and hope, and a rainbow; pleted sections in Central America, already Zone Government. A prophecy and a benediction I extends southwardly beyond the Canal Zone. In stirring remarks,· he expressed · high · Following as a consequence of his effective . "What is Kentucky? Ah, let the answer be: praise for all builders of the interoceanic A strange and proud, intangible spirit, ' labors for pan-Americanism, President waterway. -As the surviving member of the Hoover, in 1930, appointed him a member of Born of the soul and soil, and all that went a special mission to present, ·at Caracas, a Isthmian Canal Commission, whose interest Before; a brave and hospitable people, in Isthmian problems has never abated and Tolerant in all things save politics, statue of Henry Clay to the · Republic of whose views are well known, he symbolized · Venezuela. For this and his other services Whose hot and gusty breath oft blows in fostering better relations between the the connecting link between the builders and away United States and Latin American nations the future. · Discretion's light, and leaves the State he has been decorated by the Governments Governor T'...latcher's contributions, how­ awry; of Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela; and, ever, have not been limited to material A breed whose members find that their mu­ most appropriately, awarded an honorary achievements. He has served the canal en­ tual doctorate In law by the University of Ala­ terprise and the Isthmian land with im­ Regards, affections, and esteems increase bama, an institution long associated with pressive writings in prose and verse, which With the proportioned distance from their the Gorgas family. will be read for generations to come. homes! The path of him whom we now honor has After leaving the Congress in 1933; Gov­ "Indeed, what is Kentucky, but a rich ernor Thatcher was chosen vi~e president not been easy. It has been often beset with difficulties and trials. Yet under the in­ Composite of all of these? and general counsel of the Gorgas Memorial Her past is sure, Institute of Tropical and Preventive Medi- fluence of his Pilgrim-Virginia-Kefitucky heritage and a wealth of usefill experience, Her present all-worthy. and her future . cine, which supervises the operations of the As great as her own may will it to be!" Gorgas Memorial Laboratory. These non­ he has been always prepared for crucial tests salaried positions he yet holds. Aided by and has built a record unique for its con­ Next, I shall read two stanzas from Gov­ his wise and experienced counsel, and his structive achievementS. · It can well be stated ernor ·Thatcher's lovely poem entitled, ' activities, this yesearch organization has con- tll.at of all the eminent men who have con­ "Builders of the Panama Canal." It is a • tinued to grow in fame, and is known tributed to the welfare of the Canal Zone tribute to all who were engaged in the con­ throughout the world for its il,l.valuable and the Republic of Panama subsequent to struction of the great Isthmian link,- and services to all mankind. leaving ca~al service, Governor Thatcher was written in commemoration of the 25th 9526 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 29 anniversary of its ·formal opening, on Au­ And what shall stanch the flow of senile - Then, in highly commendatory terms, gust 15, 1914. The poem was published in the tears? Governor Macdonald presented Chair­ anniversary issue of the Star and Herald, of None may reply; but Faith and Hope sug­ man Nett1eton. · Panama. The lines I give you were recently gest i:arried in the Blue Moon. That never does life end; lt but begins REMARKS OF LEIGH L. NETTLETON, CHAIRMAN, With each new hour, whate'er the past COMMITTEE ON ARRANGEMENTS "The mountains moved, and the waters rose; may be. We descendants of .those brave souls who And faith, at last, fulfilled her dream: The spirit's ev'rything; by it we're blest, comprised the passengers on the good May­ Lake, lock, and channel-the whole world Or cursed; its force, unquenched, true flower have a wonderful heritage of which knows- vict'ry wins we are justly proud, a pride manifested by Attest the worth of a hope supreme I O'er Time's advance and Death's dread our a..ssociating ourselves together in this The ships now shuttle from shore to shore: regency." society. Up, up, and up--and thence straight on; MY FRIENDS We are here today to honor one of our Then three times downward-and on, once "I love my friends, whate'er their faults may more distinguished members, the Honor­ more.- able Maurice H. Thatcher; and in doing so Into the sunset or the dawn! be, Because their faults of me, seem like a it seems appropriate to mention that our "All were as one; arid they strove and part- numbers have included other famous and wrought Thought of my thought, and heart of distinguished Americans. Among those of To shape the passage to the Ind. mine own heart- eminence who have served us as Governor, in In terms of life it was dearly bought; No less than those which all the world may addition to Governor Thatcher, are Henry. In money, cheap. The ranks are thinned see. Billings Brown, Associate Justice of the Su­ By time and death; but the deed they did And know, as mine-in truth a part of me. preme Court; Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood, Gov­ Excels all others of like and kind; Likewise the sorrows of my friends be­ ernor of Cuba and Governor General of the Its strength and virtue cannot be hid: smart Philippine Islands; Maj. Gen. Adolphus W. It lives-all tongues and lands to bind!" And wound me, as if mine: I must needs Greely, Arctic explorer; and Senator Carroll chart S. Page, of Vermont. In a gathering of this character it seems Time forbids mention of the many distin­ especially appropriate to include the sonnet My course of joy with theirs, my own to free. guished persons who have been members, tribute to the frail craft that brought the but mention should be ma.de of President Pilgrims to the New World. My friends, I'm sure, all due allowance make For these, my faults, of which I have and Chief Justice William Howard Taft, the THE MAYFLOW~R · a-many; only person who ever occupied those two "0 little ship of troubled yestertime, Their sympathy and love I need, no less high offices. What precious .burthens you were called Than mine they crave; thus, all for No one, however,, has been more assiduous to bear, friendship's sake. than has Governor Thatcher, in his con­ From Old World wrongs, unto a virgin clime Except for friendship there could not be stant and vigorous effort to promote and Within the West, ordained to be the heir any advocate American principles and to hunt For all the ages, of the dream and hope down a.nd defeat movements inconsistent Of life's rich balms to comfort and to therewith. For freedom of man's conscience, thought bless." and deed; It is appropriate, therefore, that the Hon­ For all that widens spirit and its scope, In conclusion, permit me to present the orable Maurice H. Thatcher be the first to And yields largess for vital human need! following quatrains: receive recognition under our newly adopted O sacred ark, you were divinely sent, BE NOT AFRAID bylaw, and I deem it an honor and privilege To bring across the stormy wastes of sea, to move that the Mayflower Society in the "Be not afraid that wisdom, friend, may die District of Columbia award to him a cer­ The humble group which was the instru­ When you shall quit this mortal round. ment tificate of merit for distinguished service. 0 try I suggest a rising vote on the motion. To found a new concept of Liberty! To think the fount from which you drink In voyage, Compact, Plymouth, there was so deep, wrought May have a little left for earth's supply." CITATION RE ISSUANCE OF CERTIFICATE OF The goal itself which man, through God, MERIT TO MAURICE H. THATCHER BY THE FAULTS had sought!" SOCIETY OF MAYFLOWER· DESCENDANTS IN Now, some poems of general character, I THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA which further illustrate versatility and gifts "My fault, if yours, would surely seem to me This citation and the accompanying cer­ of expression. First, some sonnets: As large and sad as any fault could be: tificate of merit evidence the high esteem GOD'S MERCY But, being mine, strangely it doth appear in which Hon. Maurice H. Thatcher is held "Ere yet the sun shall pale today, and die; Almost too small for human eyes to see. by the Society of Mayflower Descendants in Ere yet the dusk descends, and then the n the District of Columbia and its member­ dark; "Within myself what optic ms combine ship. Reasons for the oestowal of these Ere yet the moon shall climb the eastern To make my sight distraught: ah, I opine, honors follow: sky, The telescope I use in strict reverse­ 1. He has performed distinctive service in And ride in midnight beauty, lone and To swell my brother's fault, and shrivel behalf of the Mayflower Society over many stark; years, the doing of which has added vigor to mine." . our organization and credit and prestige to Ere yet the heralds of the dawn shall sound THE GATE our good name. . Their shrilly trumps; ere yet the light I shall break: 2. For 7 yea.rs he served as our governor, "Swiftly our friends evanish through the being an unequalled record in the society's Ere yet all this be seen, or heard, or found­ gate . history. During his governorship the so­ The Lord of Grace a fresh resolve will Which opens into dark; and, soon or late, ciety continued and augmented its excellent make. We who remain, shall follow, one by one, record as a well-administered and patriotic E'en as the old day fades into the past. And none may give an inkling of his fate. organization. And man's account is debited anew II 3. He has served as chairman of our legis· With countless sins; as angels stand aghast "Someday shall Death appear, and tap his lative committee and his been ever viliglla.nt At what man's done, or what he's failed drum, in his support of or opposition to proposed to do, And say to you, 'I need you; quick, O come.• legislation of interest and concern to pa­ The Lord of Grace wills that another day And you must go, however ill-prepared; triotic organizations generally. Be lent to man, somewhat his debt to But, of the end, Death always shall be 4. For several years he served as assistant pay." dumb." general of the General Society of Mayflower EFFORT Descendants, relinquishing that office in 1951 YOUTH AND AGE when he was elected deputy governor gen­ "How may one keep his youth, despite the ''Cease not to strive: It's better, far, to try, eral in which capacity he is now serving. years? Upward to rise, than fold our wings and 5. In 1954 the general society unanim01,1sly Or face the East, although his sun be sigh; elected him counselor general !or a a-year setting? 'Tis so ordained that distant Paradise term. Or stay Time's pen, naught aiding or Takes off and files to meet us-as we fly." 6. In 1951 he served as chairman of .the abetting MEMORY committee on resolutions in the 19th con­ Its cruel graph which, in ripe age, appears? "Old friends, olden remembrances, and old gress of the general society, and he served. in How shall dear Hope supplant the doubts dreams, the same capacity during the succeeding and fears, Make up the heart of l'lfe; all else but congress in 1954. As chairman of a special The sense of loss, the racks of sighing, seems committee, he drafted an amendment of the fretting, A rack of moonbeams. Memory is life, Mayflower constitution, which amendment Which aging breasts are constantly be­ And through time's waste carves its eter­ was recently adopted, barring from eligibi_li:ty getting? nal streams." for ad~ission, and requiring the expulsion

' 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 9527 :from membership, any one "who is pledged interest, constitute a rounded event truly the establishment of the Plymouth Colony­ to or advocates the overthrow, by force or rich and precious. there should be something like 1 million violence, of the Government of the United I can only hope that in some · measure descendants of those who came to New States or that of any State or Territory, or I may be worthy of all this. You have England shores on the Mayflower. Scat­ who has been guilty of other treasonable taught me the value of adjectives, but I tered throughout the country these descend­ practices." · . find it quite impossible to find and use ants-most of them-it would appear; are 7. Through his zeal and tireless efforts the those which are sufficiently apt and ade­ unaware of their Pilgrim ancestry. Yet, organization of the Society of Mayflower quate. there are only about 8,500 members of the Descendants in the Commonwealth of Vir­ When the proposal for all this was given Societies of Mayflower Descendants. ginia was effected, and he is now an honorary by our fine new governor I was taken very COMMUNISM much by surprise, and I felt embarrassed. member of that society. And may I inject---for a moment-a more 8. For many years he has participated in First, I was not sure that I merited such serious note. Communism, organized and radio programs on Compact Day, which par­ consideration; and second, I recalled the enthroned and maintained by perfidy, in­ ticipation included his reading of the May­ famous legendary story of Croesus, the fab­ filtration, intrigue, tyranny, and methods ut­ flower Compact. ulously rich king of Lydia--whose name terly ruthless and sanguinary in vast re­ 9. Due in large part to his efforts, the May­ throughout the succeeding ages has been gions, and over countless m111ions of our flower Compact was included among the ex­ the synonym for great wealth-and his cap­ fellow men, throws across the world the hibits of historic documents carried on the tor, Cyrus the Great, king of the Medea greatest shadow it has ever known. To lift Freedom Train which traveled back and and Persians. During the period of his in­ that shadow requires the united, realistic, forth across the country and was visited by dependence and glory Croesus was exceed­ and unabated will and effort of freedom­ untold thousands of our inhabitants. ingly proud of his great treasures and prac­ loving men and women everywhere. To this 10. In numerous other ways he has con­ ticed, in marked degree, the exhibition of end, and in this urgent hour, let us hope tributed to the name and fame of our Pil­ his splendor; and accounted himself the that the spirit of liberty, as it motivated the grim Fathers and to the promotion and ad­ happiest of men. Sardis, his capital, became Pilgrims and their fellow ·colonists, may in­ vancement of those laudable objects and the brilliant center of the arts. Thus vain spire, direct, and preserve-not only our own high principles which all American patriotic of his wealth and fame, it is said that he people--but, as well those of every land and organizations and loyal citizens sponsor and asked the philosopher, Solon, what the lat­ clime who prefer freedom to slavery. seek for the public good. ter thought of the good fortune of himself, For his many and varied achievements he Croesus. The answer of the sage was: "I IN CONCLUSION merits the highest honor which lies in our pronounce no man fortunate until his Now for a few concluding thoughts. power to confer as evidence of our great death." Later Croesus became the war Those who have spoken here have been­ appreciation. prisoner of Cyrus, and was condemned to as I must believe-overgenerous in their Therefore, in token of the appreciation and death. When seated on the funeral pyre appraisals and commendations. If I have gratitude of the Society of Mayflower De­ and about to be burned alive, he called been able to accomplish any things of worth, scendants in the District of Columbia, the to mind the words of Solon and thrice re­ they have been of modest character; but, citation and certificate of merit are now peated his name. Cyrus demanded an ex­ withal, needed, just, and useful-and presented to him. . _ planation. Croesus gave it, with the result achieved, I assure you, only through persist­ Done in the city of Washington, D. C., this that Cyrus not only spared his life, but also ent aim and sustained effort. And, I must the 11th day of June A. D., 1955. took him into royal favor and protection; add, any measure of success which has been and Cyrus, at his death, commended Croe­ mine in these connections has largely re­ CHAS. T. MACDONALD, Governor. sus to the like consideration of Cambyses, sulted from the fine and efficient aid and ZEPHEREINE TOWNE SHAFFER, Secretary. the son and successor of Cyrus. assistance of others associated with me in On or about the 19th of May 1925, shortly my labors. Therefore whatever of honor LEIGH L. NETTLETON, after my second term in Congress began, or recognition which may come to me should Chairman, Committee on Arrange­ I became a member of this society; and in be shared by them; ments, Testimonial Luncheon. November 1939 I was elected as its governor, Also, it is my pleasing duty to acknowl­ The citation and the certificate of and was reelected 6 times, thus serv­ edge the fullest portion of credit and grat­ merit, beautifully engrossed and framed, ing in that capacity 7 terms. Through­ itude that is due my wife for her unfa111ngly out the years of my membership-and es­ faithful and effective service and labors were then formally delivered to Governor pecially ever since 1939 when it became nec­ through the years. In times of good for­ Thatcher by Chairman Nettleton, fol­ essary for me to become active in the affairs tune, and bad, she has been unchanged and lowed by the response of the former: of the society, I have greatly enjoyed the steadfast in her helpfulness, courage, wise RESPONSE OF MAURICE H. THATCHER resulting contacts and associations; and I counsel, and good spirit: All of which has believe that I am well qualified to bear been inspirational in the highest degree. Unless one should be as unimpressionable witness with respect to the very high integ­ Again, for both of us, I thank you, one as Mr. Peepers he could not fail, as the bene­ rity and character of citizenship of these and all, and trust that Heaven may vouch­ ficiary of an occasion such as this, to expe­ members. I have never been associated safe unto each of you peace and good wm, rience the deepest emotions. For what this with a finer, saner, more congenial, · and and that the lights divine may shine round society has done to pay me the great honor patriotic group of men and women than about you. involved; for the very gene?ous words that those making up this membership. have been spoken by our distinguished speakers-Congressman Robsion, Captain THE PILGRIMS DuVal, Miss Tyler, and others-including The Pilgrims-as I am able to gather from United States Military Doctrine Congressmen Cannon and Siler, and Senator the facts of history-were, in their general Martin; and for what Governor Macdonald makeup, high-class middle-class people, EXTENSION OF REMARKS and the officers of the society, and the earnestly and in practice devout Christians, OF luncheon committee, headed by Brother but independent in their outlook. In their Nettleton, have done to make this a suc­ labors, sacrifices, and achievements for the HON. CLIFTON (CLIFF) YOUNG cessful event: for all of this I am deeply cause of civil and religious liberty and the grateful; and to all these-and for the pres­ establishment of the Christian home in the OF NEVADA ence of so many friends and members of New World, and in their adoption of the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the society-I am also under never-ending Mayflower Compact, the first formal docu­ Wednesday, June 29, 1955 obligation. And in this expression of ap­ ment of the Western Hemisphere that pro­ preciation and gratitude I include, of vided for free and independent government Mr. YOUNG. Mr. Speaker, the sur­ course, Mrs. Thatcher, both on my account and which contained the seeds of the Amer­ vival of our country, our way of life, and and her own. We are,. indeed, greatly ican Constitution-they performed a serv­ of western civilization may well depend touched and humbly grateful; and our heart­ ice for the human race that has never been upon the decisions made in this Chamber felt thanks go out to ea-0h and every one excelled. They were, indeed, men and women to of you. of great courage and faith, but of modest with regard military policy. For the trust and. confidence you have mien and deportment. . There is no more important debate, no given · i:ne through the years, and for the It is unfortunate that in the Nation at more important study, no more impor­ many honors you have accorded me­ large genealogical records could not have tant soul searching than that accom­ crowned by this day's event---I can never been kept as carefully as those of New Eng­ panying the quest of free America for an · make repayment, but must be, and forever land; but outside of that region the proc­ effective means of perpetuating internal remain, your debtor. Through all of life esses of pioneering in vast wildernesses and democracy and discouraging external which may yet be ours all these things shall moving across the continent to establish aggression. remain firmly enshrined in the inmost hearts new settlements, coupled with the devas­ In connection with this great task, I of my wife and myself. · tatiOl!.S of war, have rendered the genealog­ The overall honor accorded by the ·so­ ical tasks greatly more difficult, and in all wish to call the attention of my col­ ·ciety, together with the citation and cer­ too ma.ny cases altogether impossible of exe­ leagues to an excellent signpost that has .tificate of merit, and the attendance of so cution. By those quite competent to judge, recently appeared along this difficult many friends· in proof of their sympathetic it is estimated that today-335 years after path. Brig. Gen. Daleo. Smith, USAF, 9528 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 29 has recently written a book entitled · 83d Congress, H. R. · '1870, which has important means for- using ·surplus food in ''United states Military Doctrine." Gen­ been reintroduce.d this year by a num­ a way to help the schoolchildren of the eral Smith is one of the United States ber of other Members. However, as a country. You have also provided for dis­ tribution of surplus food to many types of Air Force's outstanding educational result of my further studies into the public institutions,_ including hospitals, leaders and strategists. Formerly Direc­ problem. J; made some changes in my prisons, a.nd so on. Some of this food goes tor of Education at the A:i:r University, he original bill which I consider quite im­ abroad through either donation or purchase is currently assigned to the staff of the portant, particularly in bringing into the at very reasonable rates. And then you have Operations Coordinating Board in program the Secretary of Health, Edu­ a very substantial program in operation in Washington. In the few weeks it has cation, and Welfare and the Secretary of a few States like Pennsylvania, West Vir­ been in print critics have already ac.­ Labor. Under my new bill, these two ginia, and others where you are now dis­ claimed his work saying it may become cabinet omcials are to join with the Sec­ tributing butter, cheese, dried milk, oil, rice, and beans to a great number of people in the military classic of the atomic age. retary of Agriculture in the determina­ what would be a modification of the kind of It is not because General Smith is a tion of all basic policy matters involving program suggested in my bill. fellow Nevadan, that I am so anxious to the distribution of the good to needy I don't. think thiB program now in effect extend his sphere of influence. It is be­ persons. is a goad enough program. Many States are cause his book is the first study published I was very pleased by the interest in not participating in it because of the cum­ in many years which analyzes the de­ this whole matter shown by Chairman bersome and expensive obligations placed velopment of military thought in the COOLEY and other members of the Com­ upon them not only for certification of the United States arid presents a reasonable mittee on Agriculture. They were most eligibles but for collection and distribution of the food. The present program as I philosophy for the future in a manner gracious to me and demonstrated sincere understand it has been of a bit-and-miss na­ anybody can understand. sympathy for the objectives of my .bill. ture with no uniform. national standards His is a volume which should reside I am hopeful that we will see some action assuring equal treatment for all. The pres­ permanently on every congressional desk, by the committee and by the Congress ent program has been charged With slipshod and which should rapidly become dog­ in the very near future to put a program operation at the State or local level permit­ eared from frequent and fruitful ref­ of this kind into effect. ting or encouraging chiseling and the gift of erence. To me, and I think to all Members of food to people who perhaps may not need it, Congress, it is a tragic thing that we have while others might go hungry. Let me quote from a recent review I cannot document- an of these charges, which appeared in the Washington Eve­ many citizens in the United States not but the members of this committee all know ning Star: receiving an adequate diet, and not able that these charges have been made by re:.. General Smith stresses that few Ameri­ to buy butter and other dairy products, sponsible observers of this present food dis­ cans appreciate the tremendous influence and in many cases not even getting tribution system. The fact that you know military doctrine has on their lives and for­ enough to eat, when we have these sim­ the present system is not adequate 1s clear tunes. He points out that the great debate ply huge stocks of food accumulating in from your actions over the past year in seek­ in the United States today revolves around Government warehouses. We do not ing to find ways and means of. improving the tactics and strategy this Nation should the present system of distribution of surplus employ to preserve its sovereignty and the have a practical and efficient system of food to needy persons. I would point out, American way of life. Fundamental to tac­ nationwide distribution of surplus foods however, that what you have been doing has tics and strategy are the deep beliefs held to needy people in this country. The been to patch up some of the deficiencies by military people with respect to the ways present plan of distribution administered in ·the program when actually a new ap­ of conducting a successful war. by the Department of Agriculture is a proach is needed. The book traces the evolution of these be­ very cumbersome and ineffective one; This committee recently proposed expand­ liefs from the time of George Washington large quantities of the food are going ed donations of food to needy persons in the and analyzes the adaptability of various mili­ into just a few States, whereas elsewhere group IV labor market areas, the so-called tary philosophies to the times when they in distressed . areas of high unemployment­ were in effect. General Smith, an Air Force the country needy families receive That is fine, but a person with insum.cient om.cer with wide combat experience, pulls no none of it. · income, or a family ·on relief. can be just as punches in evaluating these beliefs. He ex­ Because of the widespread interest hungry here in Washington, D. C., or in presses profound knowledge of his topic and among the Members of Congress in this Hart!ordr Conn., or Atlanta Ga:, or Tulsa, It is quite possible his book not only will problem, as evidenced by the many Okla., or any other of the cities with a bal- rank with the writings of Admiral Mahan, Members who have discussed it with me 1:1-nced labor supply where there is very little but it may well become the military classic and by those who have introduced my unemployment as they· can be. in the distress of the atomic age. It is a book to be read bill of last year. I am inserting in the areas of West Virginia or Tennessee or Ala-· by every person in uniform from the GI on bama or wherever you have lots of unem­ upward, and by all civilian Government men CONGRESSIONAL RECORD under unani­ ployment. who deal with national security matters. mous consent. my testimony of June 17 In other words. throughout the country before the House Committ~e on .Agricul­ today there are millions of Americans liv­ ture on H. R. 5105, as follows: ing on the edge of economic disaster. In A FOOD STAMP PLAN. Fon THE DISTRIBUTION OF periods of · high unemployment the number A Food Stamp Plan for the Distribution SURPLUS COMMODITIES TO ALI.. AMERICANS increases. But even in good ·times there IN NEED are a substantial number of very low in­ come families. (The Joint Economic Com­ of Surplus Commodities to All Ameri· (Testimony by Ccngresswoman LEoNoR K. mittee of tbe Congress periodically has been cans in Need SULLIVAN. Democrat, of Missouri, before making studies of this paradox in rich the Committee on Agriculture of the House :America.) of Representatives on H. R. 5105, a bill by Mrs. SULLIVAN "to provide for the estab­ Many of these people do not get enough EXTENSION OF REMARKS tq eat--certainly not enough of the proper, OF lishment of a food stamp plan for the dis­ tribution of $1 billion worth of surplus nourishing foods. At the same time, here HON. LEONOR K. SULLIVAN food commodities a year to needy persons we are as a Nation building up these vast and fam111es in the United Stat'es." June billions of dollars worth of agricultural sur­ OF MISSOURI 17, 1955) pluses. As of May 18 the approximate total IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cost of these commodities held. in Govern­ Chairman COOLEY and members of the ment inventory was $4.7" billion. The Wednesday, June 29. 1955 committee, I am so appreciative to the com­ approximate dollar cost of the 6 items mittee for finally scheduling hearings on my being distributed to the needy at the pres­ Mrs. SULLIVAN. Mr. Speaker, earlier food stamp bill and on similar bills· to get thts month I was given an opportunity ~nt time-the cos.t Qf stock . of _these 6 some of our surplus food distributed on a items now on hand-:-is $382 million. We by the House Committee on Agriculture much more effective basis to Americans in have more than a quarter billion pounds of to appear before that committee and need. I know the committee has been very ,butter, n~arly a half billion po.unds of cheese testify in behalf of my bill, H. R. 5105, busy, and I am very grateful that you are all .and dry milk, a· hundred· m1llion pounds o~ to provide for the establishment of a putting your very considerable talents in the beans, two hundred million poµnds of rice, food stamp plan for the distribution of field of agricultural legislation to this prob­ and so on. $1 billion worth of surplus food com­ lem of maintaining decent standards of nu­ . What I am asking. this committee to help modities a year to needy persons and trition for all of our people. me to do, what I am asking the Congress to Let me say first that I am aware of the dq, is t.o _provide a practical, effective means families in the United States. The bill fact that there are now several programs which I have introduced this year is in "for getting some of tnis food-and ' other tor distribution of surplus food. .The 'food items which we buy to help . the f~rm­ many respects similar to my bill of the school-lt.Jnch program is and has b.e.en a'.very ers ma~ntain fair prices-to .get it iii.to the 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 9529 stomachs of hungry people everywhere in assistance but ineligible for it because of· involved in extending the scope of this food• this country. My bill provides for a food­ technical provisions of law. This is the main stamp plan to include additional groups. stamp plan. The stamps would be issued group I am trying to help get some of this Among .those listed are persons receiving by the Department of Agriculture, based on food-people on public assistance or old-age unemployment compensation, persons receiv­ the quantities and varieties of surplus food assistance, families receiving aid to depend­ ing social-security pensions (as differentiated items available for distribution. The Sec­ ent children, families which are destitute, from those receiving assistance payments un-' retary of Agriculture would decide how the families which we know, because of the piti­ der the Social Security Act .and who would food was to be distributed-whether through fully small relief grants, are not getting therefore be eligible for food stamps), and central depots or through normal food re­ proper diets. "other low-income groups not eligible to re-; tailing channels. The Secretary of Agricul­ This is the main point of departure be­ ceive food stamps under this act by reason ture would be in charge of the packaging tween the kind of program envisioned under of" the limitation in section 7 restricting its of the food. In other words, when it comes my bill and the kind of program now in immediate operation to those defined as to moving the food, handling it, packaging effect. The Department of Agriculture now needy. it, distributing it-the physical process of ships bulk quantities of these surplus-food I can see a program of this kind filling a distribution, that is-these are all jobs of items to distress areas in certain States par­ very important role in this country-lifting the Department of Agriculture under my ticipating in the program; it is then dis­ up nutritional standards of those families b111. But he does not have to decide who tributed through local authority or local who are, as I said earlier, right on the edge is to get the food. surplus-food boards to people who register of hunger and certainly not getting proper Now I stress that because I know that this in advance and are provided with a card or nutrition. And I see it being done under a committee and the Department of Agricul­ other means of identification. The registra­ program of this ltind in a way which would ture itself are reluctant to have the func­ tion procedures are determined on the local certainly appeal to this committee of the tions of the Department dealing with price or State level and so, I understand, are House, for it would be a strong supporting support mixed up in any way with welfare eligibility standards. Thus you have a sit­ activity to the price-support program and work. Throughout your hearings on the bill uation where in some States people who vir­ would make the price-support program itself we recently passed on the processing of corn tually have to prove they are starving to a little more understandable to city folks. and wheat for distribution to those now re­ death can eventually get a pound of butter There is nothing, I believe, which is more ceiving surplus food there was emphasis and some cheese and rice; in another adja­ harmful to the programs for the farmer de­ on this note that feeding the hungry is not cent State families with incomes of as much veloped in this committee, than the spectacle the job of the Department of Agriculture. as $5,000 could qualify-that is, of course, of these vast surpluses building up while The bill I introduced last year and which a family of 10. There are sliding scales in people in every part of this country-perhaps has been reintroduced by several Members effect-it is only fair to point out. a few here or there, but some in every part this year would, therefore, under the reason­ I am not arguing that we take away sur­ of the country-go without sumcient food. tng you people expressed, be guilty of making plus food from people now receiving it be­ There is no reason for anyone in America something of a humanitarian or at least a cause I am sure not very many people would to go hungry. I ask you in effect to outlaw social worker out of the Secretary of Agri­ sign up for this kind of thing unless they hunger in the United States by approving culture. I am being facetious, of course, are in need. Most Americans are not chisel­ myblll. · · for I know he is a fine gentleman and in pri­ ers. Most Americans have no desire to receive I again thank the committee for giving me vate life very much of a humanitari~n if my charity. But may I emphasize this: Mil­ this time to explain the purpose of my bill. information is correct. But my bill last lions of Americans who need this food are year did give him almost sole responsiblllty not getting any of it. I want to see them in this food-distribution program. get some of it on a planned, intelllgent, I have modified the b111 this year to take practical, smooth-running, regularly operat­ The Christening of the Capital Airlines' some of this ·responsibility off the shoulders ing program of government. of the Secretary · of Agriculture and put it The Committee on Agriculture may feel, Viscount Heralds the Entry of Air y.rhere it should probably more properly be­ as the Department of Agriculture seems to long, and that is with the Department of feel, that the problem of feeding hungry TranspQrtation Into a New Age of Health, Education, and Welfare. In this re­ people in the United States should not be Flight spect my bill, H. R. 5105, introduced in mixed up with and cluttered up with the March, appears to have anticipated the rea­ price-support program. The Department of soning you people adopted in H. R. 2851, Agriculture says in effect not to bother them EXTENSION OF REMARKS the Jennings bill, which was passed by the with this problem of feeding the hungry­ OF House on May 25. Whether the Department that they now have a system for getting of Health, Education, and Welfare wants this some surplus food out to some people in need HON. JOEL T. BROYHILL and that is as much as they think they responsibility or not is a question which ap­ OF vmGINIA parently did not bother you at the time that should do. And I know that the members matter was up before, and I trust it wm not of this committee are concerned-and prop­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES bother you now in connection with my b111. erly so--that relief operations of this kind Wednesday, June 29, 1955 Of course, I think the Department should be not be charged dollarwise and appropria­ consulted, but as this committee made clear tionwise against the price-support program. Mr. BROYHILL. Mr. Speaker, it is earlier this year, the reluctance of a Govern­ I can sympathize with you on that. my privilege, under unanimous consent, ment agency to take over a function the I don't care what amendment you adopt to to quote from the talks given during the Congress thinks it should have is no reason make clear that any funds appropriated for impressive ceremonies at the christen­ not to go through with a worthwhile pro­ the operation of a food-stamp program not ing of Capital Airlines' Viscount airplane gram. be charged against the price-support program on June 23. Thus, I suggest, in H. R. 5105, that the as such and not be counted in as part of the .S.ecretary shall consult the Secretary of cost of "helping the farmer." Let us agree More than 2,500 civic, business, and Health, Education, and Welfare and the Sec­ among ourselves that (1) since we have the Government leaders attended the pro­ retary of Labor "in establishing standards food, and (2) since the price-support pro­ gram and reception at the Washington for eligibility for surplus foods and in the gram and related activities of the Depart­ National Airport. Mrs. Richard Nixon. 'conduct of the program generally to assure ment of Agriculture intended to maintain wife of the Vice President of the United achievement of the goals outlined in the fair prices for farm commodities do bring into States, formally christened the beauti­ first section of this act." storage additional quantities of surplus food, ful aircraft, first of a fleet of 60 to be Those goals are "to promote the general and (3) since we have people who are not welfare, raise the levels of health and of getting enough to eat because of low income used over Capital's expanding system of nourishment for needy persons whose in­ here in the United States, that we get the important American cities. comes prevent them from enjoying adequate food to the hungry. If you want to charge it Vice President NrxoN extended greet­ diets, and to remove the specter of want, to welfare, that's all right with me. Let us ings. The Alexandria Gazette, in report• malnutrition, or hunger in the midst of not quibble over how the item is going to ing his comment, said: look in the budget, or under what heading. mountains of surplus food now accumulating The plane, christened "Capital Viscount under Government ownership in warehouses I would like to call your attention to one of Washington," is a symbol of a new age in and other storage facilities." additional provision in my bill which is dif­ aviation as far as the United States is con­ The bill authorizes the distribution of up ferent from the original food-stamp bill I .introduced last year and which is now before cerned in that it brings the jet age to .AJ;neri• to $1 billion worth of this food a year, based can airlines. on · the cost to the Federal Government of you in the form of measures introduced by acquiring, storing, and ha:µdling the food. other Members. While my bill limits the · The Washington Post a.nd Times Her­ . The food stamps themselves-redeemable food-stamp program to those on some form ald quoted the Vice President as saying 'for. surplus commodities at such places and of assistance or in ~eed of public assistance, that the Viscount, representing a $67.5 in such quantity as the Secretary of Agri­ it provides for a joint study and a report to ·culture shall decide--are to be issued to the Congress within 6 months-a joint study by million plane order, "was symbolic also ·appropriate agencies of the States or their the Secretaries of Health, Education, and of the close and friendly relations be~ subdivisions for distribution by them to peo­ Welfare, and Agriculture, and Labor on the tween the United States and the British ple on public assistance .or in need of public feasibility of, the costs of, and the problems Commonwealth of Nations." 9530 CONGRESS10NAI.. RECORD -=-~ HOUSE June 29:. .This memorable event opened with the spec.ting the four-engine turbo-prop than all of the nuclear ·devices which playing of the British National Anthem plane which will begin its regularly have exploded there thus far. I have and the Star-Spangled Banner. scheduled flights on July 26. · heard it said the pen is mightier than the Dr. Frederick Brown Harris, Chaplain sword, and after assessing local reaction of the United States Senate, in his invo­ to the gentleman's remarks I am con­ cation, prayed: vinced that here are nine words mightier From the childheod of the race, as under Lake Mead Revisited than the atom~ all skies man has gazed with .envy at the · "Lake Mead has nothing whatsoever emancipated birds o! the air winging their EXTENSION OF REMARKS to offer." It is easier perhaps, Mr. way through the ethereal blue, he has Speaker, to understand the discomfiture, yearned to be able ta rise up and· greet the OF the consternation, the tragedy that at­ clouds, longing for wings. Yet ever has he k'.ept his face to the sky, while always there HON. CLIFTON (CLIFF) YOUNG tended the solemn pronouncement of the was ringing in his soul the promise of that OF NEVADA gentleman from Pennsylvania when you coming coronation: "Have domination." IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES realize that for lo! these many years the And so, as there has been granted in our day residents of. southern Nevada and most the great boon of wings, written in giant let­ Wednesday, June 29, 1955 other places-I dare say even Cambria ters across this glittering century:, and as Mr. YOUNG. Mr. Speaker, the dis­ County, Pa.-have been operating under among its wonders we see tinguished gentleman from Pennsylva­ an almost diametrically opposed as­ "The heavens filled with commerce, nia, the Honorable JOHN P. SAYLOR, re­ sumption. Argosies. of magic sails, cently addressed the House of Represent-· For some time the residents of both Pilots o! the purple twilight atives in an eloquent speech, which, in Arizona and Nevada in the vicinity of Dropping down with costly bales," its reprinted rought to mind strings of plump, succu­ some 135,000 paunds of bass alone. lent bass taken from this outstanding Until the gentleman from Cambria . Lt. Gen. Sir Rpnald Weeks, chairman, fishing center. I thought of the more County, Pa., made his startling and Vickers Ltd., in .. his remarks, said: than 2,300,000 people· who came from earth-shaking disclosure that "Lake - The purchase of the Viscount. by Capital near and far to enjoy Lake Mead's de­ Mead has nothing whatsoever to offer Airlines is a true expression of international lightful and easy-to-reach recreational visitors," there had been rather substan­ trade at its very finest. To break into the facilities last year. tial investment in tourist industry fa­ American airplane market required an ad­ · Yes, Mr. Speaker, it was a proud mo­ eilities by those not so well informed, vanced aircraft which could stand up to the ment for Nevada's lone Representative or at least not having access to the· same outstanding products of the United States. and I was pleased to think that the busy sources of information· as the distin­ Sir Ronald praised the good relation­ gentleman from Pennsylvania, himself guished Pennsylvania gentleman. Mo­ ship which exists between the two com­ a great lover of the outdoors, had tels, hotels, restaurants, and cafes sprang panies, Vickers Ltd., and Capital Air­ thought so much of this. area and had up. Service stations, curio shops, and lines. taken the time not only to mention it in gift stores· were erected. Trailer courts, I also would ·be remiss were I to fail to his widely-distributed remarks, but to boating facilities, and campgrounds were mention the splendid cooperation we received use its name in the title-and its name made available. An information bureau from the CiviI Aeronautics Administration alone. I turned reluctantly from the for tourists was put in readiness. Now in the certification of the airplane- happy visions of life on Lake Mead to those people are beginning to wonder he continued. pleasantly contemplate the spotlight of what they can do. Will they have to national and, yes, even international tell the nearly 3 million visitors expected ~ Sir Roger Makins, British Ambassador to the United States, stated: publicity turned briefly on this proud at Lake Mead this year, "We have noth­ Portion of my district. In all frankness, I ing whatsoever to offer"? It is a matter of the greatest satisfaction to me,. both omcially and personally, "'to know must admit I then experienced waves of Yes, Mr. Speaker, even the Federal that th~ negotiations for the purchase of extremely warm and cordial and grate­ . Goverrimertt itself has· beeri thrown into these Viscounts have been carried to the suc­ ful feeling toward my good Cambria more than customary confusion. The cessful outcome we can see in a spirit of the County friend. Mr. Speaker. it was a Bureau of Reclamation has a guide serv­ friendliest cooperation on all sides. Close true highlight of. this legislative year. ice at the dam above Lake Mead. The and cordial relations- have been es-ta:blished Then, Mr. Speaker, I began to read National Park Service has contracts with between makers and operator; and both they the happily titled speech and found ,...a concessioneers to provide boating, camp­ and Her Majesty's government owe a debt o! ing, and dining facilities. It has been gratitude to the Civil Aeronautics Adminis"'. statement which brought me up with a tration for tts help and cooperation over the start-a statement which must have working diligently to meet the ever-in­ introduction into service in the United stunned those listening on the floor al­ creasing demands a"ttendant upon the States of a completely new type of aircraft. most as much as the unfortunate shoot­ ever-increasing number of visitors to the I congratulate Mr.· Carmichael and Capital ing episode which occurred here some 16 area. Airlines on their enterprise, their foresight, months ago. _ What happens now? Does the Na­ and their business sagacity. I can only con­ Mr. Speaker, I am sure you remember tional Park Ser.vice tell the American ·clude with the hope that so much virtue on those very words when the gentleman public, "It's all a mistake, we've just had so many sfdes· will be doubly rewarded. from Pennsylvania commenced his vig­ word from Pennsylvania that the Lake Members of the Congress, members. of orous remarks by saying "whereas Lake Mead recreational area is not really the the Civil Aeronautics Board,. the Admin­ Mead has nothing whatsoever to offer ·third greatest attraction in the national istrator of the Civil Aeronautics Admin".. visitors." park system;· please go home. we have tstration, I)epartment of Commerce of­ . It was some time before I could re­ nothing whatsoever to offer"? - ficials-, representatives of the various cover. It was- some tlliie before my con­ Mr. Speaker.. as we know~ it WaS ~ the armed services of the United States as stituents could recover. Those remarks intent of the gentleman f:rom Pennsyl­ well as other countries, joined with have had a far more forceful social and vania in his recent speech to make a. }lundreds of the guests in personally irr- economic impact upon southern Nevada; ·si~cere and impassic:med plea to .pr,etect 1955 .. CONGRESSIONAt RECORD -· HOUSE' 9531 the sanctity of-Dinosaur National Monu­ Storage · Basin ·Perils State, Hosmer" Says would impose :fln:anclat ruin. on almost 6 ment from the alleged ravages of rec­ million constituents. The upper basin States can plan their projects without this lamation. I have no intention of in­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS jecting myself into the dispute that the disastrous result and California demands 01' that they do so. gentleman has with those who are intent To understand tlle reason they have not on building a reservoir at the Echo· Park HON. BOB WILSON done so requires some knowledge of the site in Dinosaur National Monument. · I,. - OF CALIFORNIA Colorado River Compact and the situation too, have expressed my opposition to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that produced it. Echo Park Dam at this time, although in Early in this century southern California general I favor the bill now pending to Wednesday, June 29, 1955 men of vision foresaw water needs beyond commence development. of the upper those satiable from the available resources Mr. WILSON of California. Mr. and began plans which resulted in such great Colorado River. Speaker, under leave to extend my re­ works as Hoover Dam, Davis and Parker­ I am, however, seriously concerned marks in the RECORD, I include the fol­ Dams, the All-American Canal, and the with the statement regarding Lake lowing article from the San Diego Eve-. metropolitan water district's vast Colorado Mead. The remarks of the gentleman ning Tribune of June 21, 1955: River aqueduct with its extensions reaching; from Pennsylvania do this area a great STORAGE BASIN PERILS STATE, HOSMER SAYS even as far as San Diego. injustice. We h1 Nevada feel that Lake (By Representative CRAIG HOSMER, RULE LAID DOWN Mead is a tremendous asset; that it has 18th Congressional District) Meanwhile, the· upper basin States were not impaired the scenic values of this A football field is ·slightly more than an experiencing little growth or progress. A part of the Colorado River, and, if any­ acre of ground, Cover it a foot deep with Supreme Court decision had laid down a thing, it has improved them-and has water and you would have about an acre­ rule of law respecting use of river waters. improved the opportunities of millions foot. o-f water. · which said that whoever first begins using of Americans to enjoy more fully part Cover it with a tower of water 11,000 miles them obtaip.s a right to continued use that high, and you have an idea of the amount of cannot be taken away by someone who later of the outdoor storehouse of the re­ wantf! to use the same water. The upper sources of the West. water parchecj southern California will lose if the upper Colorado Basin storage project States, foreseeing burgeoning southern Cali­ To contend seriously, Mr. Speaker, is built as· now planned. · fornia acquiring first rights to almost all that "Lake Mead has nothing whatso­ Imagine a canal wide enough and deep the river's water before they were able to ever to off er" is to ignore the millions of enough to float the world's biggest ship, the appropriate uses thems~lves, began s.talling visitors who have flocked to its shores; Navy's new aircraft carrier Forrestal. Im­ action. it is to.overlook the unsurpassed fishing agine that canal stretching from New York The Boulder Canyon Project Act, authoriz­ that has attracted tens of thousands to City to Los Angeles. During just one year, ing Hoover Dam, was stalled in Congress for enough of the Colorado River's water to fill almost 10 years by the obstructive tactics participate; it is 'to blind oneself to the_ of upper basin ·Senators and Congressmen. thriving campgrounds and the inability it could be stopped from flowing down-· stream at the ·project's gigantic Glen Can-· It was passed only after tribute had been to keep pace with the ever-increasing yon Dam: extracted from California and the lower demands; it is to be unable to see the COULD BE WITHHELD basin in the following manner: hundreds of boats that sail on its waters First, imposing the Colorado River Com­ and the myriad of persons whq, enjoy That is water that could not be used by pact which removed at least 7Y:z million southern California, Arizona, and Nevada acre-feet of water from appropriation by them. . , because it would be withheld upstream and the lower basin. To say that Lake Mead has nothing never reach them. Second, requiring the California Legisla­ whatsoever to offer is like saying that The multibillion dollal'. project would put ture to pass a law further limiting the Nevada has no sagebrush; that Las approximately 48 million acre-feet of water amount of water to which the State could Vegas has no. games of chance; that in storage behind dams in Colorado, Utah, acquire first rights. · Mount Charleston has no breathtaking Wyoming, and New Mexico. Another 10 million acre-feet would be lost by evapora­ LIMITED CALIFORNIA sunsets; that the West has no inspiring This limited California to slightly less mountains or melancholy deserts; that tion during storage. Yet so vital is this water in the lower than 5Y:z million acre-feet of water a year Marilyn Monroe has no feminine basin that even today arid Arizona and Cali­ that she could use. California tailored her charms; and Cambria County, Pa. has fornia are before the ·United States su­ developments on the river strictly to the nothing to offer. preme Court litigating their rights to it. limitations and to the intent and meaning And, Mr. Speaker, you and I know California agrees· that the upper basin .of the polorado River Compact. Even witb that Cambria Qo·-nty has a great deal to 1f! entitled to use some of' the disputed wa­ only a portion of her great dreamed-of proj­ offer. ter but contends that most of it must be ects built, no place in time or history has left flowing down to the lower basin under experienced developments of water resourct'!s It has just about everything to offer comparable in scope and magnificence to except good advice about Lake Mead. provisions of a seven-State contract known as the Colorado River Compact, completed in those of southern California. 1929. It is the water rights which underlie those developments that Californians seek to pro­ BAS.IC POSITION TOLD tect when they oppose the upper Colorada Hon. Edith Nourse Rogers · California's basic- position is that she con­ River storage project and charge that it forms to the com{>act and must insist that tni.mples these rights. the States of the upper basin and the Fed­ EXTENSION .OF REMARKS eral Government. do likewise. California OF thus is fighting only to preserve rights to water she already has and not for any new HON. RUTH THOMPSON and additional water rights. Foreign Policy OF MICHIGAN Relying on these rights, California invested IN THE HOUSE. OF REPRF..SENTATIVES between $500 million and $750 million o-f EXTENSION OF REMARKS local money, not Federal money, for water OF Weanesday, June 29, 1955 projects calculated to make maximum use MiSs THOMPSON of Michigan. Mr. of her share of the Colorado River. Thereby, HON. B. CARROLL REECE Speaker, yesterday Mrs. EDITH NOURSE southern California was transformed from OF TENNESSEE a semidesert into an oasis constituting one ROGERS observed her 30th anniversary as IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a Member of this great Congress. Dur­ ol the Nation's key economic and agricul­ tural regionS', supporting millions who mi­ Wednesday, June 29, 1955 ing those ma:iy years she has observed grated to h _er borders from less hospitable the coming and-going· of many Members, climates. Mr. REECE of Tennessee. Mr. Speak­ but the service she has rendered to her As southern California continues to grow, er, the President of the United States eonstituents, ta the veterans of America, her need for water becomes greater, not and the foreign ministers of many other and to the country at large, has con­ less. Should the-bleak day ever come when states~ members of the United Nations, tinued her in that great body. Thirty her Colorado River water supply is cut off, met in San Francisco to commemorate years is a long time and her many ac­ on that-day the jobs of the milltons she sup­ the 10th anniversary of the founding of por~ wµI vanish a.nd_the value of everything complishments- wilI fill volumes. they own that cannot be transported.to a:q.­ the United Nations. I am personally deeply grateftll to-Mrs. othe:r l>art. of. the country will. be J._ost com­ The United Natfons Organization pro­ · ROGERS f.or the· help and encouragement pletely and forever. vides a forum for the discussion of basic she· has ·given to me during the time I Californians· in Congress are fighting to economic philosophies. Our Govern- have known her. She is a great lady.· " prevent spending billions ln 'a ptogram which . inent can suggest to other countries that CI--599 9532 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 29 they follow the economic concepts which SIONAL RECORD, June 16, 1955, pages ~re in harmony with the goal specified by have contributed so greatly to our 8552-8559-who has frequently appeared ~he Attorney General, namely, an 'uncom­ before congressional committees, so that promising determination that there shall strength and the high standards of living be no slackening of effort to protect free which our people enjoy; or we can join Members of the -congress would not be enterprise against monopoly or unfair com­ the forces of socialism and repudiate misled and endorse his views. They sup­ petition.' those principles which will insure their port attacks upon our business system - "* • • We will seek to determine what rejection by the so-called underdevel­ which has contributed so much to our ls sound as well as what is unsound, and oped countries. strength. It ~s this system which the to resolve ambiguities and conflicts, not Prior to the inauguration of Presi­ State Department is now persuading only in the statutes, but in administrative dent Eisenhower, I find that our State other countries to adopt so that they too interpretations, court decisions, and enforce­ ment policies." :i Department had done very little to sell may enjoy the freedoms and prosperity According to Professor Oppenheim, the American free-enterprise economic con­ which we have in this country. Committee is directing its attention to six cepts to the rest of the world in the Our Government, like all governments, basic aspects of antitrust policy and admin­ debates and discussions which took members of the United Nations, was istration. These are a study of the appli­ place in the Economic and Social Coun­ asked by the Secretariat to submit a re­ cation of the antitrust laws to United States cil. Mr. Speaker, it is a great satis­ port last winter on the current legal foreign commerce, the relations between legal and economic concepts of competition faction to me to be able to commend the developments in the field of restrictive and monopoly, the application of antitrust State Department for the positions business practices. The State Depart­ laws to the field of distribution, the rela· which it has taken during the last few ment, last December, started its report tionship between antitrust policy and the years. It has repudiated alien con­ to the United Nations with the following United States patent laws, exemptions of cepts, some of which we ourselves pro­ statements: certain groups from the antitrust laws such posed under earlier administrations, and PRINCIPAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF as labor .. agriculture, and regulated indus­ we have taken an aggressive stand in RESTRICTIVE BUSINESS PRACTICES IN THE tries, and administration and enforcement advocating free-enterprise concepts. UNITED STATES SINCE JANUARY 1, 1953 of the antitrust laws including problems of Department of Justice-Federal Trade Mr. Speaker, there has been a great 1. GENERAL POLICY Commission jurisdiction. deal of discussion over the years about The antitrust policy of the administration The report is expected to be completed the necessity of a bipartisan foreign was initially set forth by the Attorney Gen. before the end of 1954. It will be submitted policy. Such a policy imposes respon­ eral of the United States in a speech deliv· · to the Attorney General upon completion. sibilities on both the majority and mi­ ered on June 26, 1953.1 After quoting the The importance of the work of the Com­ nority parties to so conduct their debates 1952 Platform Pledge of the Republican mittee was emphasized by President Eisen­ and their discussion of domestic issues Party on the subject, he stated as follows: hower, who said in part: that neither party will jeopardize our "This plank emphasizes certain funda­ "I believe that the Attorney General's national objectives through demagogic mental aspects of antitrust law enforcement National Committee To Study the Antitrust policy in which this administration, from Laws will provide an important instrument appeals, exaggerations, and misstate­ the President on down, thoroughly believes: to prepare the way for modernizing and ments in order to win votes at home. the equality of its enforcement; the simpli· strengthening our laws to preserve Amer­ Last year, many of our friends on the fication of its administration, assistance to ican free enterprise against monopoly and other side of the aisle took exception to the businessman acting in good faith in his unfair competition." investigations by certain congressional attempts to follow the law, but, withal, an committees. They: stated that the work uncompromising determination that there Mr. Speaker, what do our friends of these committees was misunderstood shall be no slackening of effort to protect abroad think when they read the CON­ free enterprise against monopoly and unfair GRESSIONAL RECORD and hear the rePort of abroad and placed our foreign-policy competition; and most certainly, no winking objectives in an unfavorable light. the Attorney General's Committee char­ at violations of the law and no wholesale acterized as the work of a group of pri­ Adlai Stevenson's remarks at Oberlin, dismissal of pending suits." Ohio, where he received an honorary vate individuals in no way responsible 2. ATTORNEY GENERAL'S COMMITTEE TO STUDY to any branch of the Government, degree, were reported by the Washing­ THE ANTITRUST LAWS ton Post and Times Herald on Tuesday, "mostly big corPoration lawyers who are The Attorney General further stated in the June 14, as follows: four-time losers in antitrust prosecu­ speech cited above: "It is essential • • • tions." The CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ad­ Stevenson also attacked the use of "ugly that there be established adequate enact­ vises tl)at some Membe;rs of Congress labels" and the puttin[; of "the Red brand· ments or interpretations to give clarity, to on every unpopular idea." produce uniformity, and to ensure a com­ regarded the rePort of this group as He said, "No one knows how seriously this monsense approach to enforcement." recommendations which "would change has impaired the quality of Government To this end, he announced the establish­ the antitrust laws in. such a way that service and the quality of public debate. ment. of the Attorney General's National the law firms, who represent the big cor­ :Whatever the price, it is too high." Committee To Study the Antitrust Laws. porations in antitrust matters, could Mr. Speaker, if there is any validity to This Committee consists of some 60 mem­ never lose a suit brought by the Govern­ bers largely from private life including ment, but they would be getting a per­ these statements supported by my friends teachers of law and economics and prac­ on the other side of the aisle, it behooves ticing lawyers. petual fee for defending one of these us to be equally careful in our ca~tige.- In the words of one of the two cochair­ suits, 'I'he suit would be never-ending." "'tion of the administration and its sup­ men, Professor Oppenheim, of the University CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, March 31, 1955, . porters as agents of Wall Street, support­ of Michigan: page 4140. ers of big business, opponents of little "The Committee's task is to analyze and Some of my colleagues may think that business, supporters of trickle-down tax evaluate the fundamentals of our national I exaggerate when I state that every­ theory, and advocates of giveaways. antitrust policy in its substantive and pro­ thing we say on the floor of this House cedural aspects. From this it follows that and everything which is published down­ Mr. Speaker, the Democratic Digest is our goal must be to arrive at conclusioi;is and distributed all over the world. It has recommendations as guides to future anti­ town is carefully screened by our oppo­ impugned the character of our great trust policy • • •. nents in the psychological war which has President. It has suggested that this "The Committee adopts two major prem­ been going on for inany years. . administration gave away our natural ises. One is that a fair and effective anti­ I want to off er tangible proof to show resources as campaign payoffs and that trust policy is an indispensable nonpartisan how material thoroughly understood the Dixon-Yates contract was made so article of faith of our political and eco­ here is used to embarrass us by the Iron. that Bobby Jones, one of the President's nomic democr.acy. The other is that pri­ Curtain countries in the debates within golfing partners, could receive a payoff. vate competitive enterprise is that form of the United Nations. economic organization we choose as our own. Those who wish to destroy us and sup­ We are not concerned with alternatives At the 13th session of the Economic port communism take great satisfaction either to antitrust policy or the competitive and Social Council held in Geneva, in such statements which all of us know process it is designed to maintain. September 1951, the United States repr~­ are untrue. We are all politicians and "No restriction upon the committee's free­ sentative explained the philosophy be· understand what campaign oratory dom of thought is suggested in saying we hind our antitrust laws. He reviewed means. Those who read our remarks 2 abroad do not. 1 Before the Judicial Conference of the Speech delivered before the New York On Friday, June 17, I exposed the phi­ Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit, White Sul­ State Bar Association, January 28, 1954, copy losophy of Mr. T. K. Quinn-CONGRES- phur Springs, W. Va. ·enclosed. 1955· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- ·HOUSE 9533 the 60-year-old tradition which has· been provided by· to corporations alone. The in­ Kingdom-, .Germany. J'apan, France, Italy, basically 'bipartisan and is dedicated terests of those corporations had formed and Morocco. toward the preservation o! a competitive the mainspring of the whole of United States In speaking of his country's traditions, the free-enterprise system. Mr. Speaker, foreign policy since the end of the Second United States representative had simply World War. glossed over the fact that it was not the let me read from the official record of The dividing up of the capitalist world United States Government. but the Ameri­ the United Nations Economic and Social among the big trusts was clearly manifest in can people who had a. long record of anti­ Council debates the reply to our repre­ the field of primary industrial commodities, trust activities. The public authorities in sentative by Mr. Birecki, the Polish dele­ such as petroleum and metals. Seven big the United States of America were obliged gate to the Economic and Social Council: oil trusts, 5 of them American, 1 British, from time to time to stage an antitrust Mr. Birecki (Poland) recalled that the and 1 Anglo-Dutch, had price agreements farce, such as the promulgation of the Sher­ representative of the United States of with one anoth.er. About one-filth of all the man and Clayton Acts. in order to allay America, a country whose Government had oil produced-- in the capitalist world was publ c indignation. a 60-year-old tradition in combating monop­ handled by the Standard Oil Company of One of the first international cartels had olies, had re!er:re.d at the 546th meeting to New Jersey, which in its annual report for been organized in 1896, by the Aluminum the 600 officials dealing with restrictive busi­ 1949 had 1llustrated its domination with a Corporation of America and the' German­ ness practices in the United States and to map on which its empire was shown as. ex­ Swiss Aluminum Trust. Between the two the many cases dealt with by the United tending over an area. whose inhabitants rep,. wars, the big United States trusts had played States courts. Poland's claim to fame in resented 72 percent of the world's popu­ an important part in international carters that direction was decidedly more modest. lation. in the chemical, oil, iron and copper indus­ All that the Polish Government had done The dividing up of the market and inter­ tries. The collaboration between the Stand­ was to liquidate the prewar Polish monopo­ trust agreements were accompanied by a ard Oil Co. and Hitler's mainstay, the lies and the Polish branches of a number of merciless struggle to obtain a larger share of IG-Farben, was a matter of common knowl­ international monopolies. Mr. Harriman, as the spoils. During the last decade, United edge. one of the biggest monopolists in prewar States trusts had noticeably improved their History showed that the United States Poland, could give the United States repre­ position vis-a-vis their European rivals; they Government had encouraged trusts. The sentative information about the restrictive had invested millions of dollars abroad, United States representative had not re­ practices which had reduced Poland to pov­ doubled their oil production in Venezuela, ferred to the Webb-Pomerone Act, which erty before the war. and considerably increased their share of permitted joint action in the case of exports. In face of the positively farcical nature of production in the. Middle East. Far from By a decision of the Federal Trade Com­ the United States delegation's proposal, it being satisfied with those successes, they mission in .1927, associations of exporters might be well to recall the more cynical way were seeking completely to subjugate the were authorized to join international cartels. in which. young people. in the United States British trusts, ai:; recent events had clearly After the Second World War, the United universities were being trained to take over shown, and were making every effort to ex­ States Government had never ceased to pro­ the leading positions from the older· men. tend their control over the sale and pro­ tect the interests of its monopolies. Shortly In an article in the periodical Economic duction of oil throughout the entire world. before the second session at Geneva in 1947 Foreign Policy of the United States, Mr. Wil­ of the Preparatory Committee of the United liams had stated that,. in social and political Mr. Speaker, the next two paragraphs Nations Conference on Trade and Employ­ matters, American businessmen had acquired show how cleverly reports prepared by ment, the International Chamber or Com­ an unprecedented influence, and that State the Federal Trade Commission and other merce had clearly stated that, despite strong Department officials were capable of so Government agencies are used to em­ resistance on the part of certain circles, the handling that situation as to forestall criti­ barrass us in our international relations. United States Government would not hesi­ cism by stressing, not ·the wishes of certain It is another reason why we must be tate to provide immediate aid to :Europe if groups of citizens, but national defense,. the meticulous in our use of languge and the consent of the other powers could be will to peace, maintenance or public order, counted upon; but that such consent would and the granting of economic assistance to avoid exaggeration and overstatement: obviously require the abandonment of an the smaller States. Turning to base metals, he pointed out over-narrow concept of national sovereignty. The United States draft resolution was that, in the capitalist world, copper produc­ It could be seen today that the Marshall another attempt by United States leaders to tion was shared amongst three American plan, the European Payments Union and pose as apostles of the abolition of cartels. companies and several British or Belgian the Schuman plan were but stages in the Actually, American big business was op.posed companies. The 1947 report of the Federal execution of United States plans to open to any cartels over which it had no control, Trade Commission on the Copper Industry Europe to the expansion of their monopolies, but inspired and fostered the creation of stated in so many words that, directly or regardless of national sovereignty. groups. which it knew it could dominate. indirectly, six men were in a position to fix Further, discrimination was being prac­ Thus, 'in the SchlJ.man plan, the principle of production and price policy for copper ticed by United States monopolies against cartels was condemned, while at the same throughout the world. He could supply the the Soviet Union and the People's Democ­ time the supreme authority was entitled to United States representative with the names racies, out of hatred for countries which had authorize such practices when it regarded of five of those gentlemen, who were United thrown off their domination once and. for all, them as tim~ly and rational. That. meant States citizens. and which were a living example of a world that the practices of cartels would 'be con­ Five-sixths of the nickel produced ln the freed from the exploitation of man by man. doned, provided they corresponded to the capitalist world came under a single trust, Such discrimination also aimed at further interests of United States capital. the Interna.tional Nickel Co.; on its execu­ weakening. the European partners of the In view of the effrontery of the United tive board, Americans had in 1949 held the United States Government, by obstructing States maneuver, there was no alternative chairmanship and 7 of the. 9 seats. Mr. Fos­ the normal flow of their international trade. but to point ta. the practices of United States ter Dulles, who was cooperating in the State In the bilateral agreements concluded un­ monopolists, who let nothing stand in their . Department's -antitrust crusade, had, since der the Marshall plan, the United States way when there was a chance of ihcreasing the end of the Second World War, bee·n · Go.vernment had constrained the beneficiary their profits. That was why they fought chairman of the executive board of the In­ countries to cut off certain exports to Eastern those ·European. cartels which resisted infil­ ternational Nickel Co., in which, to para­ Etlrope. Recently, too, it had obliged Chile tration by United States capital. But, hav­ phrase the terms of the United States draft to accept a discriminatory measure in · a. ing defeated them, the United States monop­ resolution, different groups combined to re­ trade agreement. olies did not hesitate to conclude new agree­ strict competition. Thus the United States monopolies had ments with the vanquished, dividing up The Aluminum Corporation of America, managed to create an unhealthy atmosphere markets and fixing prices, and thus impover­ which had the lion's share o! aluminum in international trade, with the sole aim o! ishing the working masses. production in the capitalist world, was in the · suppressing. any resistance by their partners . United States foreign trade was concen­ hands of the Mellon group. to preparation for fresh acts of aggression. trated in the hands of a small number of Numerous other United States monop­ After the farcical performance of the monopolies; a few companies were powerful olies could be mentioned, such as, for ex­ United States representative, the Iranian enough to earn immense profits from the ample, the United FrUit Co. Their rapacity representative had brought the Council back underdeveloped countries, to defeat, or even lowered the standard of living of the work­ to reality by his reference to the practices· of to get a- stranglehold on the European trusts, ing masses in many countries of the capital­ foreign monopolies in hiS' country. ~n~ tq in,fiuence the political life of other ist world. As had already been demonstrated during countries through economic control. United States monopolies controlled not the present session, international monopolies ", According to the census of American­ only the output of raw materials, but also were steadily lowering the standard of living 'ow:ped assets in foreign countries in 1943, the production of manufactured goods. The of m1111ons of human beings in Asia, Africa. '100 corporations and their branches had trusts belonging to the Morgan group were Europe and elsewhere. The working masses owned 70 percent of all the assets of for­ extending their domination over the world of the capitalist countries, who were living eign enterprises controlled by the United electrical industry in all its branches. The under the yoke of-the monopolies, would not States, while,-according to the United States General Electric Corp., in particular, had a. allow themselves to be duped by the dem·a­ National Resources Committee, by 1947, over large interest in the various electrical equip­ gogic schemes of the United States Govern­ 75 percent of the capital exported had -been ment manufacturing cartels in• the United ment.- · 9534 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - ·HOUSE June 29 Mr. Speaker, my only reason for read­ range of their economic, :financial, political, Billion Dollar Club-=-the nonfinancial corpo­ ing this diatribe is to bring to the atten­ and social in:fluence and domination. rations with assets of more than $1 billion The WFTU has previously set forth its at the end of 1954. Among the top tion of the House the way words such ·as position in communications to the Secre­ 16 corporations on the list are to be found monopoly, Wall Street, international tariat (May 3, 1952) and in its statement 5 American oil corporations referred to in bankers and similar terms, which have to the 16th session of the Economic and the ECE study. Their assets had increased been used in the heat of debate by some Social Council. It is based upon the daily since the end of 1946 by anywhere from 98.8 of our own Members, can do damage to experiences of workers in the capitalist and percent in the case of the company with the national programs in which, regardless colonial countries who know that the activi­ smallest increase to 172.7 percent in t~e case of party, we are vitally concerned. ties of monopolies, trusts, arid cartels, moti­ of the company with the highest increase. vated only by the desire for maximum profits, The unweighted average increase in assets Mr. Birecki's attacks referred to both have had disastrous consequences primarily of the 5 major oil companies over this Mr. Harriman, a Democrat, and the pres­ upon the lives of the masses of workers, but 8-year period was 129.4 percent. Foreign ent Governor of New York, and to Mr. also in a most serious manner on economic operations were a decisive factor in this John Foster Dulles, a Republican, the and social development in general. growth. present Secretary of State. So this is The situation has not changed materially This trend is not limited to the United not a question of partisan politics. It is in the past 2 years. Thus, the final com­ States. Between 1949 and 1953 gross trad­ a question of protecting the good name munique of the 29 Asian-African nations ing profits of all British companies other of this country. We must be as scrupu­ meeting at Bandung, Indonesia, in April than those in finance and agriculture in­ lous in dealing with economic matters 1955, took specific note, as part of a broad creased by approximately 28 percent. Dur­ economic policy statement, of various as­ ing this same period the trading profits of as Mr. Stevenson and our friends on the pects of monopoly. It recommended that Royal Dutch Shell increased 84 percent, of other side of the aisle advocat'e be our "Asian-African countries should diversify Unilevers increased 79 percent, and Im:­ practice when investigations ·Of subver­ their export trade by processing their raw perial Chemical Industries increased by 104 sion in Government are under discussion. materials whenever economically fea.$ible be­ percent. These three corporations. together Mr. Speaker, at the recent meeting fore export." Yet, it is in this field, among with Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., as .it was then of. the United Nations F..conomic and others, that the monopolies-particularly in known, earned in 1949 one-seventh of all Social Council, which concluded in New metals, oil, and fibers-have been most ac­ British company trading profits; their share York the latter part of May, our dele­ tive, pursuing their pattern intended to keep had increased to one-sixth by 1953. It is newly independent lands in economic sub­ obvious that these gains were the result of gation was embarrassed by an impas­ jection. More specifically, the Bandung con­ the monopolistic role played by these com­ sioned speech by a very capable but mis­ ference also took note of discriminatory panies in the world economy. A notable ex­ guided United States citizen, Miss freight rates which result from monopolistic ample is the role of Unilevers in West Africa. Elinor Kahn, who represents the World practices and recommended a study of the A classic example of th.e effect of monop­ Federation of Trade Unions. This or­ problem and "collective action thereafter to olies on international trade is seen in the ganization has been repudiated by both put pressure on the shipping lines to adopt experience of Latin American countries with the American Federation of Labor and a more reasonable attitude." the United Fruit Co. The annual report of In the financial field the Asian-African that company for the year ending December the Congress of Industrial Organizations conference implicitly took note of monop­ 31, 1953, revealed that it had assets of $579.3 as a Communist-dominated group. I olistic policies by agreeing that "encourage­ million. In the same year, as figures in have secured her statement. Mr. Speak­ ment should be given to the establishment the United Nation's Statistical Yearbook er, I ask unanimous consent that it be of national and regional banks and insur­ (1953) disclose, seven of the countries in printed immediately after my remarks. ance companies." This is not surprising in which United Fruit operates-namely, Costa The similarity in Miss Kahn's state­ the light of'ECAFE's 1951 study on "Mob111· Rica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Hon­ ment with statements which some of us zation of Domestic Capital in Certain Coun­ duras, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador-had tries of Asia and the Far East,'' which said, total government expenditures of only $523 have made at times in the heat of debate in part: · million, or considerably less than the total should make us all doubly careful that no "A few large banks which operate on a assets of the United Fruit Co. Yet no for­ word or action we take can embarrass global basis and are mostly foreign owned malistic study limited to the classical defi­ our representatives in the United Nations and controlled operate in most countries of nition of "cartels" would disclose the re­ or in any other international forum in the region • • • they hold a virtual mo­ strictive effect upon international trade of which we may participate. nopoly of foreign trade finance in the re­ the operations of this one monopoly. Miss Kahn's statement follows: gion." The problem of restrictive business prac­ The effect of monopoly practices in highly tices is not something that can be debated STATEMENT OF THE WORLD FEDERATION OJ' developed areas of the world has recently briefly and then ignored. The problems will TRADE UNIONS been the subject of much discussion, fol· not vanish unless the United Nations con­ The Council is this year embarking upon lowing publication by the Economic Com­ tinues to maintain vigilance and initiate ac­ a review of the comments of governments, mission for Europe of its study, the Price of tion. Yet such action is indispensable if the specialized agencies, and nongovernmental Oil in Western Europe, which says, in part: objectives of economic development, broader organizations on the report of the Ad Hoc "Although the trade links between the trade between all nations, and maintenance Committee on Restrictive Business Practices. two hemispheres are weak, and likely to be­ of peace are to be achieved. It is these The item, which has now been before the come weaker, the corporate links are very objectives together with the objective of Council for more than 4 years, should, in the strong. Specifically, the lion's share of crude national independence and sovereignty which opinion of the World Federation of Trade oil production and refining throughout the the unbridled rule of the monopolies con­ Unions, continue to figure as an important world is in the hands of 8 major companies- tinues to imperil. part of the Council's work and should be the 5 American and 3 European-most of which The World Federation of Trade Unions subject of further study and recommenda· have interests in each of the main producing therefore considers the role of the United tion by the Secretariat. and refining centers." Nations to be extremely important. Monop­ The Council has recently demonstrated, EOE pointed out that "the high degree of olies tend to keep their affairs secret. They In one important field, its desire to examine concentration of ownership has been an im­ do not, as the ad hoc committee pointed out, the act upon problems of international trade. portant determinant of the industry's eco­ "voluntarily furnish data concerning their Its action in establishing the Commission nomic behavior." restrictive business practices." on International Commodity Trade was a The recent period has been marked by two While the documentation already available forward step which was officially welcomed by divergent trends--0n the one hand a des­ is impressive and provides conclusive evi· the WFTU. The effect of restrictive busi­ perate struggle of the monopolies to dence of the vast scale and dire effects of the ness practices on internationaf trade is an­ strengthen their hold on the economy of the activities of monopolies, it is certain that other facet of the same problem, as is the capitalist and colonial countries, and on the deeper and more thorough studies by the effect upon international trade of politically other a vigorous political campaign of the United Nations would show that so far only dictated restrictions impeding free expan­ underdeveloped countries and colonial areas a corner of the veil of secrecy has been lifted. sion of trade itself. The question of trade to realize economic as well as political inde­ Preparation and publication of such studies is in turn of vital concern to both developed pendence. In this struggle the monopolies would be a powerful aid in combating restric­ and lesser developed countries. have, to date, managed ·to protect and for­ tive practices. If the Council's work is to be of value it tify their position of strength. The degree At the same time the approach to these must encompass restrictive business prac­ to which this runs counter to the interests studies must be based upon recognition that tices in their broadest sense. It cannot be of the United Nations and of world peace the power of the,monopolles themselves and limited to the operations of formally estab­ and stability warrants the continued scru­ the whole complex of their activities has now lished cartels which reflect only one aspect tiny and action of the Council. swollen to formidable proportions. No llm­ of restrictive practices. It must encompass Indications of the extent of these trends ited approach is possible. The. effect of the monopolistic practices in general, which, in are easily found. The United States inag­ monopolies upon society. arid the economy as turn, requires examination of the role of the azine, Business Week, published oil, April 23, a whole must be examined in concrete terms, monopolies themselves as well as the broad 1955, a list of the 32 members. o!_ ~h.e 1~~4 a·~d not .in the inadequi;i.te co_ncept~ of "re- 1955'', .~. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - ·HOUSE" 9535

striction. of competition" found in much ex-0 law for members of the Regular components.­ l;>oard for promotion, he will be entitled to is,ting antitrust legislation. who, after completing 18 years of active duty, the same privileges in terms of date of rank Workers are not the only group who suf­ are entitl.ed to remain an additional 2 years and pay as if he had been selected by the fer-as employees and as consumers-from on active duty in order to qualify for re­ board from which his name was withheld the activities of the monopolies. The ex­ tirement, if they would otherwise have been by error. perience of all the lesser developed countries discharged after 18 years of active duty. - Section 3 (e) (p. 4, line 18): Validation of and colonial areas shows the effect of the Section 1 (c) (p. 2, line 16): Deletion of promotion of naval and marine officers se.. domination of foreign monopolies. In the unnecessary subsection. lected under regulations. underdeveloped areas large- and small-busi­ The amendment contained in section 1 (b) This amendment provides a transition ness men are unable to develop national en­ just discussed, makes the inclusion of this means by which those officers who are se­ terprises in the face of monopqlistic prac­ section of the basic law no longer neces­ lected prior to the effective date of the tices; in the developed areas small-business sary. basic act can be promoted under the Re­ men are forced out of operations by the Section 2 (p. 2, line 17) : Retention of serve Officers Personnel Act, without the monopolies or dominated by them. The re­ Army Re~erve officers with period of obligated necessity of a re-selection process. cent trend of armaments production has led service. Section 4 (a) (p. 5, line 3): Definition of to intensification of monopoly control in a Section 333 of the law has the effect of promotion service in the Air Force Reserve. number of countries such as the United permitting an officer to elect to be released - This subsection adds two categories of serv­ States. In the lesser developed countries from active duty, even though he has a re­ ice to the definition of "promotion service." small farmers and peasants suffer from the maining obligated period. of service from The period within which such service is rec­ buying, selling, and operating practices of being recommended for promotion in certain ognized is the period prior to the effective foreign monopolies. instances. The pm:pose of this amendment date of this act, which is July 1, 1955, and It is thus impossible for the United Na­ to the law would be to prevent his release subsequently to June 25, 1950. The first type tions to consider problems of trade and eco­ from active duty before completing his re­ of service would be that service during which nomic development without continuing to quired service and it would also prevent him an officer w~s eligible for permanent Reserve give serious attention to the problem of re­ from serving in a higher permanent grade promotion on the basis of service in a higher strictive business practices. The studies while on active duty under circumstances temporary grade. The need for the recogni­ must have as their objective aiding all groups wherein any other Reserve officer on active tion of such service arises primarily because injured by monopolies to protect them­ duty could not so serve. · However, the . sec­ of the fact that during the period in ques­ selves; they cannot be designed to protect tion expressly provides that, upon being tem­ tion a Reserve officer on active duty was tech­ one group of monopolists or would-be mo- porarily pr9moted to the grade in which he nically no longer in the Reserve, but became nopolists against another. · was recommended for permanent promotion, a member of the active component, and no This approach will inevitably pose prob­ or upon completing the period of required administrative machinery existed for pro­ lems. But these problems should not deter active duty, l.JpOn application, the officer moting him in the Reserve while he was on the Council and the Secretariat from pursu­ must be promoted and restored to a position active duty. This type of service is recog­ ing their activities in this important field. equal to that he would have attained had he nized as the effective date of Public Law 773 The problem is of extreme gravity and must been promoted but fcir the provisions of this in section 514 (a), which provides that a be faced seriously and constructively. The section. Reserve officer who is promoted to a higher World Federation of Trade Unions will wel­ Section 3 (a) (p. 3, line 11): Authority to temporary grade thari his permanent grade come intensification of the activities of the increase authorized numbers of Naval and while serving on active duty, shall upon ap­ United Nations in this direction. Marine .Reserve officers by 10 percent for a plication be promoted to the next higher 5-year period. permanent grade upon completing the min­ This section provides that the Secretary imum number. of years in grade as prescribed of the Navy may increase by 10 percent the elsewhere in the statute. numbers authorized in terms of percentages This section further provides that, for Reserve Officers Personnel Act of Naval or Marine Reserve officers in any promotion service purposes, there would be grade during the period prior to July 1, 1960. recognized that period where an Air Force Sections 402 (b) and (c) control the per­ Reserve officer served in an equivalent or EXTENSION OF REMARKS higher permanent grade in the same, or an­ OF centages of authorized grade distributions for the Navy and Marine Corps. These sec­ other service, including duty i'n a federally HON. OVERTON BROOKS tions further provide that the percentages recognized commissioned status in the Army will be based on the number of reservists in and Air National Guard. Subparagraph 2 OF LOUISIANA an active status. The attrition of officers in affects primarily those National Guard offi­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES an active status cannot be predicted due to cers who, without this amendment, would receive no recognition during the period in Wednseday, June 29, 1955 the large number of voluntary separations and ·loss to an inactive status. This amend­ question where they served in a service other Mr. BROOKS of Louisiana. Mr. ment will assist in providing a fair opportu­ than the Air Force, or where they served in Speaker, unc;ler leave to extend and re­ nity of promotion for officers who are eli­ a higher permanent grade in the Air Force gible for promotion by relaxing the fixed Reserve. In addition, it would credit for pro­ vise my remarks, _I include a sectional motion purposes the federally recognized analysis. of S. 1718, which passed the number set forth in the law for authorized commissioned time in the Army and. Air Na­ House of Representatives late yesterday grade distributions. tional Guard. Such time is already credit­ afternoon. I think that this analysis, Section 3 (b) (p. 3, line 18): Authority able for pay purposes and, under section 501 of Secretary of the Navy to specify num­ (b) ( 5) , for mandatory retirement purposes. prepared by committee counsel, should bers of officers of stated qualifications and be made available to our membership: This amendment provides also that no serv­ experience. ice authorized under this subparagraph shall SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF S. 1718 This section amends section 403 of the be counted more than once for promotion Section 1 (a) (p. l, line 3): Increase from act by adding language which would author­ purposes. 2 to 3 years of constructive credit for pro­ ize the Secretary of the Navy to furnish se­ Section 4 (b) (p. 5, line 18): Effective date motion purposes of persons appointed as vet­ lection boards considering .Naval Reserve of promotion for Air Force Reserve officers. erinarians. line officers the numbers of officers of stated The purpose of this amendment is to allow Any person who ls appointed for tl~e pur­ qualifications and experience required to promotions to be made effective on, before, pose of, or with a view to assignment or meet mobilization needs in the next higher or after, the day they are announced. The designation as, a veterinary officer, shall be grade, and is intended to permit promotional amendment further provides that the of­ credited with a minimum of 2 years of con-· opportunities for line officers in special ficer shall be entitled to ' the pay and al­ structive service. This section of tlie bill fields. This amendment also provides sim­ lowances authorized for the higher grade increases the 2-year minimum to 3 years, and nar treatment for reservists as is now pro­ from the effective date of his promotion, conforms to present law with respect to vided for regular officers who are defined as unless otherwise provided in the Reserve regular veterinary officers. specialists by law. Officers Personnel Act. _ Section 1 (b) (p. l, line 7): Authority to Section 3 (c) (p. 4, line 4) :Correction This amendment is necessary, since the retain on active duty Reserve officers who are of typographical error. Reserve Officer Personnel Act of 1954, as within 2 years of qualifying for retirement. Section 3 (d) (p. 4, line 4): Authority to presently written, requires promotions to be This section provides that Reserve officers consider for promotion of Naval and Marine made in order of seniority. Because of the who are witbin 2 years of qualifying for Corps Reserve officers whose riames were tremendous administrative burdens imposed ~etirement may be retained on active duty if omitted by administrative error from con­ by the act, and because of the varying na­ ;they woulc;i otherwise be eliminated because sideration. ture of the assignments and types of service . of. failure of promotion, or elimination for The basic act provides no means for cor­ of Reserve officers, it will be impossible, in length of total service. In order to qualify recting an administrative error, where an many cases, to determine the correct order under this subsection, the officer must n:ot, officer's name is omitted from a list fur­ of seniority of all Reserves eligible for pro­ within. the 2-year period, attain tP.e maxi­ nished to selection boards who are consid­ motion at any given time. If the amend· mum age for transfer from an active status, ering officers for promotion. The subsection ment is adopted, any Reserve officer who, be­ cir discharge, as required by this act. This also PI'OVides that, if the officer whose name cause of the circumstances of his particular subsection would then conform to present was omitted is selected by the next selection case, is not considered and recommended 9536 CONGR:ESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 29 for promotion at a time he should have been, other r~ason cannot make· a timely election. tarded in the rate of proinotion, thereby can be promoted retroactively at a later date, This was not the intent of the basic law. imposing an inequity on the Reserve officer and thereby be restored to his proper place The amendment provides that the Reserve through no fault of his own. This subsection in the promotion system. officer on active duty who is promoted to corrects this condition. Unless this amendment were adopted, an the next higher permanent grade will con­ Section 5 (b) (p. 10, line HI): No retroac- Air Force Reserve officer who was inadvert­ tinue to serve on active duty in the lower tlv'e pay. . ently omitted from promotion consideration grade, and he may decline the temporary Section 5 (b) amends section 608 of the could not be later considered without con­ appointment within 6 months after the date Reserve Officer Personnel· Act in order to sideration being given to all officers senior of order,· and be released from active duty. make certain that there wlll be no retroac­ to him for promotion purposes. However, this subsection does not prevent tive pay authorized Coast Guard Reserve of­ This amendment is similar to the pro­ the officers from receiving a temporary pro­ ficers prior to their appointment to a higher vision already contained in the Army title motion under other provisions of law. grade. This subsection therefore clarifies the of the Reserve Officers Personnel Act. Section 4 (i) (p. 8, line 19): Postpone­ existing provision which technically could Section 4 (c) (p. 6, line 3): Recognition of ment of effective· date of maximum age pro­ have permitted the authorization of retro­ constructive service and determination of visions relating to nurses and women medical active pay prior to the date of appointment. seniority for promotion purposes. specialists; retirement as of the last day of Section 5 (c) (p. 10, line 23): Validation of This amendment deletes the language con­ the month. selections prior to July 1, 1955. cerning service as a commissioned officer This subsection amends the section of the This subsection provides that· officers who (which definition in other parts of the act basic law providing for elimination based on were selected for promotion prior to July 1., does not include constructive service) and age by providing that, instead of the officer 1955, may be promoted under the Reserve substitutes the term "total years of service," in question being discharged and retired on Officer Personnel Act of 1954. This provision, which in other ·sections of the act does not the date he reaches the stipulated age, he similar to the one contained in the blll with include constructive service. will be discharged on the last day of the respect to Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force Section 4 (d) (p. 6, line 9): Technical month during which he reaches the maxi­ officers, ls a savings provision which avoids amendment. mum age for elimination. The Army title the necessity of reselecting for promotion Section 4 (e) (p. 6, line · 12) : Technical of the basic law already contains such those officers who had been selected but amendment to give effect to the provisions stipulation. whose promotion had not been accomplished of the bill. Section 4 (J) (p. 9, line 1) : five-year post­ prior to July 1, 1955. Section 4 (f) (p. 6, line 15): Promotion to ponement of provisions providing for elimi­ first lieutenant in the Air Force Reserve. nation based on length of service. This subsection provides that Air Force· Section 524 of the basic act provides for Reserve officers in the grade of second lieu­ the elimination of various officers based on tenant may be promoted to the permanent total periods of active service. The amend­ Nehru in the Russian Camp grade of first lieutenant before the comple­ ment would postpone for five years from the tion of 3 years of service, whenever the Sec­ effective date of the act the necessary imple­ -EXTENSION OF REMARKS retary determines there are vacancies in the mentation of this section of the law. OF grade of first lieutenant and pursuant to reg- · Section 4 (k) (p. 9, line 8) : Civilian Em· ulations prescribed by the Secretary. This ployt"es of the Air National Guard. HON. USHER L. BURDICK subsection is similar to that now in existing Subs-ection (k) adds a new provision to. OF NORTH DAKOTA law with respect to the promotion of second the Reserve Oftlcer Personnel Act of 1954. lieutenants in the Regular Air Force. This provision relates only to Reserve officers IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Section 4 (g) (p. 6, line 25): Exclusion of who are civilian emJ?loyees of the Air Na­ Wednesday, June 29, 1955 Air. National Guard ·officers from promotion tional Guard prior to the effective date of based on vacancies in the entire Air Force. the act (July 1, 1955) and who would be Mr. BURDICK. · Mr. Speaker, Nehru The etiect of this section is to exclude removed from an active status by virtue of has gone completely over to the Russian Reserve officers who are members of the Air mandatory promotion provisions of the Re­ camp, as a great many Members of Con­ National Guard from promotion considera­ serve Act. This subsection provides that gress thought he-would. During theses­ tion solely under section 510 (b) of the act such employees may not, before attaining age sions of the United Nations he has never which provides that the Secretary may direct 60, be removed froni an active status because once voted with the United States. Yet, the consideration of Reserve officers, based of the mandatory promotion provisions ~x­ upon existing or anticipated vacancies in the cept for cause, physical disability, or by rea­ through our foreign-aid program, we Air Force Reserve. The proposed amendment son of being passed over twice for promotion have put $267,500,000 into coddling would, however, permit Air National Guard to the grade of captain, major, or lieutenant Nehru to get his goodwill; but, like Tito, officers who have or are about to complete colonel. once a ·communist, always a Commu­ the maximum permissible periods of service This is a savings provision similar to that nist. The reason .why Nehru is so de­ to be considered for those vacancies. already contained in section 212 of the Re­ termined to accept Red China in the This amendment ls deemed necessary on serve Officer Act which, by providing that United Nations is that Red China and the basis that Air National Guard officers notwithstanding any other provisions, Re­ considered for promotion solely on the basis serve officers assigned to the Select!ve Service India, under Nehru, are the same breed of Air Force Reserve vacancies would be System may be retained in an active status of cats. If a world government, which promoted out of their units earlier than in such assignment until they become 60 many of our own citizens advocate, is set necessary and, consequently, be lost to the years of age. The purpose of section 212 up you can get a clearer idea of what Air National Guard. was to permit the retention on .active duty of the situation will be. Russia, with 200 Section 4 (h) (p. 7, line 7): Air Force this small experienced group who administer million people, India with 450 million, Reserve officers on active duty who -are pro­ the selective-service legislation. Red China with 500 million make a total moted to a higher permanent grade. Section 5 (a) (p. 9, line 25): Running of over a billion people-and in the 511 (b) in the basic act provides that a mates United States Coast Guard. Reserve omcer on active duty who is rec­ This subsection concerns only Reserve of­ whole world there are only 2 % billion. ommended for a permanent promotion to ficers of the Coast Guard. It provides that It will mean more Reds in the organi­ a grade higher than that in which he is if a Regular running mate is retarded in pro­ zation than that, for Yugoslavia and serving, shaH, before being promoted, elect motion or has attained the highest rank to many other satellite countries will jump either to serve on active duty in the grade which he may be promoted, the Reserve of­ at the chance to get into this world gov­ 1n which he is serving before being pro­ ficer shall have a new running mate of the ernment, and even before it is ready to moted, or be released. The basic purpose Regular Coast Guard who is next senior to function it will have a representation in of 511 as written was to authorize the con­ the retarded running mate. The purpose of numbers of people equal to two-thirds of tinuance on active duty in the grade in this amendment is to avoid penalizing Coast which he was serving of the Reserve officer Guard Reserve officers in terms of promo­ the population of .the entire world. whose services could not be utilized in the tional opportunities because of theft' assign­ Members of the World Congress will be active establishment in the grade to which ment of a Regular running mate who is re­ elected on. a population basis, hence it he was recommended for promotion. This stricted in promotional opportunities. This doesn't take a mathematician to realize subsection does not revise 511 in its con­ situation arises because Regular Coast Guard that our power and. influence. will be close cept, but it does change the administration omcers are classified either as general or spe­ to the zero point if we enter this com"' of the problem. It would make unnecessary cial-duty officers, depending upon their bination. Likewise, this majority will the securing of a · positive election from each qualifications as determined by previous control the whole one-world government. of the Reserve officers on active duty who training or experience. Those Reguliµ- of­ Do not Americans stop to think that a will be promoted under the act. The elec­ ficers classified as special-duty omcers are re­ tion required by the basic act would effec­ stricted in promotional opportunity as com­ government such as this could not possi-. tively prevent the promotion of all officers pared to the general-duty omcers. Under bly give to the people. of this country whose names a.re on a recommended list present law special-duty officers must be as­ thQse spiritual things gu~r~.ntee<;l by the beneath that of any other officer who ls miss­ signed a Reserve running· mate witp ~he _ Gonstitution, nor could it guarantee what ing, is physically incompetent, or for any result that the Reserve officer would be re- we most cherish and believe in. our 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 9537 theory. of government is tbat it exists stant turmoil that .has been generated . Madison, Wis., at the.. site, of the birth­ .for the·people-:-the ·people are the gov­ by the policies and disagreements of for- place of Robert M. · La Follette, Sr., .in ernment-while the Asiatic view is that eign countries. This constant turmoil, the town of Primrose. I was not able to. the people exist for the government. born of conflicting ideologies, desire for secure the text of Mr. Evjue's speech un­ What will become of our minority ideas power, and acquisition of territory, has til today, and that explains its late in.. and ideals? We believe in Jesus Christ produced some major armed conflict sertion in the RECORD. as our Master, and while we have a great every 2 years in the recorded history of My colleagues will undoubtedly recall multiude of church denominations, they the human race~ Is this Republic, as a that on June 14 a number of Members are. all agreed on that one fundamental. minority, great as it is, able to line up of the House paid tribute to Wisconsin's Can we enter into a unified government the foreign countries and stop what cen- most distinguished citizen, Robert M. with others whose concept of religion turies have built up? No one here pays La Follette, Sr., on the lOOth anniversary differs so violently from ours? We left any attention to crowded populations- of his birth. I commend Mr. Evjue's eu­ Europe and came here and . braved the that seems meaningless to us as we are logy to Old Bob to my colleagues . .The wilderness for the one and only purpose not crowded yet. But should .the popu- text of his address follows: of finding or establishing a place where it lation of Japan or any other country in­ Pausing here today on the spot where would be possible to worship God in our crease to the saturation point, there will once stood the humble birthplace of the own way. Are we willing to give up that be an explosion somewhere. Overpopu­ man whose memory we honor, we are bound spirit of independence and the ·security lation inevitably flows out to find relief­ to,reflect on the. lasting heritage left to us by which were denied us in Europe? Are it will not stay put and die; hence, wars the frontier as it mov:ed westward. Out of its spirit came th~ dreams of a La Follette we willing to give up our individual lib­ must be continuous in the future as they as in our sister State to the south a young erty and the right to govern ourselves? have in the past. mari by the name of Lincoln caught its While we know we are a minority as Our job is to protect the United States · spirit and moved the Nation to flt its ideals. far as population goes, why should we and its institutions and aid as farr as we It was the restless urge of the pioneers for be wiiling to hazard this minority against can to bring freedom and liberty to peo­ freedom and independence that gave Lincoln a great majority of the population of the ple everywhere by our Christian example; to Illinois and La Follette to Wisconsin. world on the illogtcal theory that people our trade, and by our commerce and non­ They had muc;ti in common in their back­ grounds. , Their families moved wit:O. the must be united in one government before interference with the go.vernments of frontier. Belle Case La Follette and Fola, world peace can be established? Sup­ other countries. All people born on the have told us in their comprehensive and fine­ pose we entered and accepted.-this plan earth's surface are entitled to live, work, ly written biography that for a while the of world government, would that be a and have food. There is always enough paths of the La Follette and Lincoln families guaranty against revolutions in that food. There never has been too much crossed. La Follette's father was born in a. government? Not at all. Just as soon food, and there isn't now. The reason log cabin on a farm in Kentucky that ad­ as one party openly adv~ated a prin- joined the farm of Thomas Lincoln, the people are hungry in some counti;-ies, in­ father of Abraham. There is a legend that , ciple of freedom in any of the institu­ cluding our own, is not that we do not when one of Thomas Lincoln's neighbor!'$ tions of society that differed with that have tJ:ie food, but the difficulty lies in called upon President Lincoln in the White of an.other powerful group there would getting that food to the spots where it is House, that he was asked about "Uncle Jes.se· be a conflict just as easily as the:i;e might needed. The objection that it will cost La Follette" the grandfather of the man in be among independent nations. us too much to feed others cannot :be whose memory we gather here · today. It is·· We here in the United States want to raised, for we can give hway food just as recorded too that the La Follette family moved West from Kentucky to Indiana, be­ live in peace and enjoy the blessings of easily as we have given away money. · If . cause they wanted to raise their children in liberty and freedom anci the right to we did this we would have no unnecessary' a free State. govern ourselves; and we hope that other surplus in any food product. Of the nations can do likewise. But to run the $267,500,000 we have given India to ob­ BOYHOOD DAYS IN PRIMROSE risk of scuttling what we ihave for some­ Josiah La Follette,. the father of Rebert M. tain her friendship we will never collect La Follette, came to this spot with Bob's thing which others tell us we should have anything' and now she has taken her mother, Mary Ferguson La Follette, .in 1850, :is a dangerous risk which I do not believe stand with Russia. Could we not have accompanied by five of his brothers. He the Amedcan people are ready to sanc­ given food instead of money, and thus brought with him his household goods, two tion. Russia, Red China, and India can served our own interests as well as hers? or three horses, a cow and $100 in cash. On well afford to further this one-world gov­ But of all things, we should exercise this ground was built the log cabin in which ernment for; first of all, it could not pos­ our . vigilance to zealously protect our LaFollette was born. sibly be any worse than the governments La Follette's boyhood days were probably national integrity and remain alert to spent in much the same way as Lincoln spent they have, and secondly, they are in a make sure that here on these shores shall his, perhaps less rugged because of the dif­ position to control that supergovern­ be maintained a citadel of freedom and ference in time. All of us have seen the ment, which in turn will govern the liberty, where the distressed of the world picture of the young Lincoln lying before United States. can come and enjoy the protection of the fireplace reading the family Bible or a We have not many friends among the blessings guaranteed by the Constitution borrowed copy of Shakespeare. It is not nations of the earth. I know of none hard to imagine that it was in this way that of the United States. ·The example of La Follette acquired his great gift for putting. that could, or would want ·to if they· our own progress will do more tq bring dreams and aspirations into words. One of could, come to our rescue if attacked; peace to the world than all the armies his father's most proud possessions, a.s it was .but we need have no fear of any nation we can maintain throughout the world. with so many of the pioneers, was the collec­ or combination of nations provided our tion of books which he brought westward own people are not gullible enough to with the frontier. In the collection were . embrace this vitiating foreign doctrine. . Lives of the Presidents of the United States If the people of the United ~tates stand Captial Times Editor Lauds Robert and A Practical System of Modern Geog­ firm for our Government, change it raphy;· or A View of the Present State of the M. La Follette, Sr. world Simplified and Adapted to the Capac­ themselves when they think it necessary, ity 'or Youth. and allow no outside force to alter it Through his early years here he had time under any circumstances, freedom and EXTENSION OF REMARKS to read and to think about what he read in liberty will remain on this Western OF his walks over these hllls. On the way out Hemisphere. Private enterprise. will here this morning I think we came by the continue as it has since we formed this HON. LESTER JOHNSON spot where he attended school. Behind Government. Capitalism, and not com­ OF WISCONSIN the school was a big stone boulder, which he used as a back-drop for his outdoor stage munism, will operate to the great advan­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES · and where he showed .the first signs of his tage of the country, as-it ·has operated Wednesday, June 29, 1955 great gifts in oratory. He read Henry George, since ~ l 789. We gladly welcome people he watched the gathering storm of the from other countries to these shores, just Mr. JOHNSON of. Wisconsin. Mr. Granger movement which rose in rebellion as we have ·for over 160 years, but we Speaker, under leave to revise and ex­ against the encroachment of monopoly. want tliem, to leave behind them when tend niy remarks, I wish to insert in the In the spring of 1873 he went to Madison they ·coine here- the century-old · preju-­ RECORD _a _eulogy delivered by William to make preparations for his entrance into dices that-have been fostered by the con- Evjue_; editor of the Capital '.rimes of the university the following fall. 9538 GONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 29

SPIRIT OF THE FRONTIER competitors. In the face of this dangerous It disapproves breaking up monopolistic con­ situation, the Federal Trade Commission has centrations except as a ·last resort even when · It was ·while in Madison that he under­ such concentrations have been convicted of· went an experience ·that was to have a dragged its feet and done virtually nothing except study the problem. In the 2 'h years abusing that power. It failed even to con­ profound effect on his life. You will b~ in-. that Edward F. Howrey has been Chairman, sider, much less to suggest remedies for, the terested to know Mr. Chief Justice, that it the Federal Trade Commission has filed ·a dangers to American democracy· and free was a great chief ju,stice of the Wisco~sin grand total of two merger complaints and competitive enterprise resulting from cor­ supreme Court, who uttered a warnmg porate giantism. that had a profound effect on a future ca­ completed action on none. reer of the young man born here in the town on July 1, 1954, Chairman Howrey with The recommendations of the Brownell of Primrose. In the speech delivered by great fanfare announced a complete reorgan­ Committee concerning patents likewise tend Chief Justice Edward Ryan of the Wis­ ization of the Commission in order to to erode away present judicial effectiveness. consin Supreme Court of 1873 he said: streamline and improve its operations. The It approves industry-dominating patent fact is that not even one merger complaint pools if they exercise their control reason­ "There is looming up a new and dark has been filed by the Commission since this ably. It approves price fixing under patents power. I cannot dwell upon the signs and vaunted reorganization. and restrictive licensing without regard to shocking omens of its advent. The accu­ The Antitrust Subcommittee intends to mulation of individual wealth seems to be whether the licensor is a dominant firm. It pursue this matter further and determine would exclude compulsory ·royalty-free U:­ greater than it ever has been since the down­ why the Commission has been so chary of censing as an available form of relief in pat­ fall of the Roman Empire • • • The ques­ using the authority provided by the Celler­ ent-abuse cases. tion will arise and arise in your day, though Kefauver Act of 1950 in order to stem this perhaps not fully in mine, which shall The recommendations of Attorney Gen­ rule-wealth or man; which shall lead­ apparently unending series of corporate eral Brownell's committee encourage exclu­ money or intellect; who shall fill public sta­ mergers. · sive dealing, by making· it necessary to show tions-educated and patriotic free men, or Our subcommittee also heard extensive "actual foreclosure" from the market--a testimony on the subject of bank mergers. rule which, if appropriate in Sherman Act the feudal serfs of corporate capital?" There again, there has occurred an unrelent­ It was natural that this young man, im­ cases, is certainly inconsistent with the Clay­ ing, unremitting wave of mergers which has ton Act purpose to forbid restrictive prac­ bued with the spirit of freedom and inde­ increased concentration of control in the pendence that brought his forebears west­ tices that are potentially rather than ac­ hands of the Nation's giant banking facili­ tually impairing competition. It under­ ward with the frontier shquld be deeply ties and caused the demise of many strong, moved by the words of the chief justice. mines the Robinson-Patman Act's effort to healthy, independent competing banks. It prevent big sellers from discriminating un­ He said many times in later life that he never is strange, indeed, that Mr. Ray Gidney, the forgot those words. justifi,ably among their customers, and to Comptroller of the Currency, who has plenary prevent· big ·buyers from coercing price con­ We who are here today to honor his mem­ statutory authority over national bank merg­ concessions not related to the lower cost ory know that he never forgot them, for ers has not seen fit to disapprove even one his life's work was dedicated to preventing df doing business with them. And it pro­ bank merger on the basis that it might sub­ poses to impair existing right of the anti­ what Chief Justice Ryan warned about. Be­ stantially lessen competition. In this re­ cause he dared to live the dreams he dreamed trust- victim to .recover mandatory treble gard it would seem that Mr. Gidney is merely damages and to restrict the period for which here as a boy he mad~ an immeasurable emulating the example set by Mr. Howrey. damages may be recovered. contribution to saving what was best in the · To correct this situation I will support spirit of the frontier. Our thought today in The current hearings before the Antitru.st vigorously a bill introduced by Chairman Subcommittee were of an exploratory nature honoring him should be of those frontier EMANUEL CELLER to tighten up existing laws values and whether today they are not to ascertain what the current antitrust and on bank mergers. Hearings on this bill will monopoly problems are. Particularly note­ slipping away into out past as the frontier be held by the Antitrust Subcommittee be­ itself · has disappeared. worthy was the judicial and able manne.r in ginning Tuesday, July 5. which Mr. CELLER conducted the hearings. In the course of our hearings, the Anti­ Many thoughtful proposals were made. trust Subcommittee considered extensively a For example, the subcommittee was urged to purportedly objective and exhaustive study look into the pro's and con's of legisla­ Rodino Scores Nonenforcement Policy of of the antitrust laws by a blue-ribbon 61- tion to prohibit companies of specified slze member committee appointed by Attorney from merging except upon advance approval Federal Trade Commission General Brownell. The conclusion is ines­ based upon a showing of technological neces­ capable that this Brownell committee was sity; to conduct pilot studies of a few of heavily weighted with attorneys for corpora­ the very largest industrial giants with a EXTENSION OF REMARKS tions that have been repeated offenders of view to drawing-up tentative reorganization OF the antitrust laws in the past. The sub­ plans that might limi-t such enterprises to committee found that of the total member­ activities geared in kind and volume to ship of Attorney General Brownell's com­ minimum technological requirements; to HON. JJYRON G. ROGERS mittee, 42 were practicing lawyers who had 'OF · COLORADO amend the Motor Carrier Act so as to elimi­ in the period 1946 through 1955 personally nate control of entry and rates for trucks IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES or through their law firms represented cor­ and buses; to prohibit restrictive licensing porate defendants in a total of 132 antitrust of patents by large patentees. Wednesday, June 29, 1955 cases brought by the Department of Justice, Finally, the hearings of our Antitrust Sub­ and a total of 132 antitrust proceedings in­ committee reemphasized that vigorous en­ Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Mr Speak­ stituted by the Federal Trade Commission. forcement of the antitrust laws is necessary er I herewith submit for insertion in the Even more significant was the fact that of not only for the preservation of small busi­ R~coRD the cogent remarks of my col­ the 42 practicing attorneys who were mem­ ness arid free enterprise, but for the preser­ league, Representative PETER W. RonINO, bers of the committee, 21 represented de­ "ation of democracy itself. :JR., concerning matters which have been fendants in antitrust cases brought by the Department of Justice or by the Federal brought to the attention of the Antitrust Trade Commission which were pending at Subcommittee of the House Committee the time the Brownell committee conducted <,>n the Judiciary. its deliberations and issued its report. There Should We Encourage Our Youth Not To STATEMENT BY HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR. were 32 such pending antitrust cases insti­ Finish High School? The Federal Trade Commission appears to tuted by the Department of Justice and 22 be asleep at the switch in enforcing the Cel­ such cases brought by the Federal Trade ler-Kefauver Antimerger Act of 1950. Commission. EXTENSION OF REMARKS Another fact brought out by the subcom­ Our Antitrust Subcommittee, which is OF headed by the distinguished gentleman mittee in connection with the Attorney Gen­ from New York, Mr. EMANUEL CELLER, has eral's Committee's report was that no mem­ held extensive hearings on present-day mo­ ber of the Brownell Commitee disqualified HON. E. KEITH THOMSON nopoly problems since May 10, 1Q55, and has himself from participating in the delibera­ OF WYOMING tions of the committee 'on any issue even probed deeply into the operation and en­ though it was involved in a pending anti­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES forcement of the antitrust laws at this time. trust case which the member was handling These hearings have demonstrated that a for a corporate defendant. · Wednesday, .Ju"!e_2~~ 1955 .. wave of corporate mergers has occurred in Under these circums.tances, it is not sur­ Mr; THOMSON of Wyoming. Mr. recent years which is fraught with danger j>rlsing that the Brownell Committee's rec­ to our free-enterprise system. For exam;ple, ommendations and suggestions would weak­ Speaker, very soon we will be called upon during the 1950-54 period approximately en the antitrust fabric rather than strength­ to resume consideration of a ~ilitary 2,100 mergers have occurred, many involving en it. The report of Mr. Brownell's Commit­ Reserve training program for our Na­ instances where giant superconcentrated tee makes no effective proposals to prevent tion. We will consider a bill that is dif- corporations have swallowed up their smaller further expansion of large firms by merger. . f erent in certain respects from the one 1955 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 9539 which this House debated more than a The letter I received from this organi­ I believe these few quotes illustrate month ago, yet the present bill will be zation had an added note expressing the very adequately the position taken by similar, in the overall picture, to its pre­ hope that I will introduce this amend­ educators on this matter. I believe their decessor. ment again. position is a valid one in that encourage­ . I know that the Armed Services Com­ My purpose today, Mr. Speaker, is to ment for interruption or abandonment mittee has devoted a lot of time, thought, call attention to excerpts from letters I of high school is injurious to the indi­ and work to this very complex problem. have received from these educators. Per­ vidual and, in turn, to the Nation's fu­ Members of the committee and its staff mit me to quote a few of them: ture. I feel we should give very careful have been cooperative and courteous · I have read your statement rather care­ consideration to this feature of whatever­ whenever I have had occasion to confer fully. I feel the suggested changes that you reserve training program ultimately is with them upon any matter within their have made in the bill are all important and approved by Congress. Again, I repeat, jurisdiction and I commend them most definitely should be included if the bill is to I do hope we pass a good reserve training Jiighly for the fine work they do. I em­ become law. bill. phasize, Mr. Speaker, that I am not op­ Without doubt if your amendment is not posing a Reserve program. To the con­ adopted, we will see many high-school boys trary, it is my considered opinion that join the Armed Forces before they have grad­ Small Business Administration Loans the establishment and maintenance of a uated and, thereby, deplete our enrollment Should Be Made Available to Local In­ strong, effective Reserve training pro­ and halt the education progress of those gram is one of our best means of assur­ boys. dustrial and Community Development ing our Nation's defense. Groups Properly administered, a fair and just The arguments presented by you in favor­ Reserve program can afford this coun­ ing the amendment cannot be improved up­ try an adequate manpower pool of on as aUschool administrators will agree that EXTENSION OF REMARKS it is imperative for a boy to first complete OF trained men, and at the same time cause his high-school education as the first step a minimum of dislocation to our basic toward a successful vocation. HON. JAMES E. VAN ZANDT economic system and to the normal lives OF PENNSYLVANIA of the individuals affected. A voluntary Most educators have long opposed any pro­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES program of-Reserve training, such as is gram that would encourage young men to provided by the forthcoming legislation, abandon high school in favor of early enlist­ Wednesday, June 29, 1955 is, it seems to me, a·neeessity if we are to ment in the armed services. Recognizing that Mr. VAN ZANDT. Mr. Speaker, on remain strong and free as a nation. national defense js of primary concern, we. June 27 I appeared before the House Despite all the time and- effort, the nonetheless, feel that they can be of greater Banking and Currency Committee and committee has put into this fogislation, service to their country after having received made·the following statement regarding Mr. Speaker, there still may be room for a basic high-school education. Therefore your amendment to H. R. 5297 seems to be the perpetuation of the Small Business improvement. I have not yet seen the very well considered. Administration and extending its au­ committee report on H. R. 7000, but it is thority to provide loans to industrial and my understanding that it will not contain community groups as an aid to their ef­ a remedial amendment which I offered It is an all-too-common occurrence to have one who has dropped out of school to enlist forts to attract new industries to labor.:. when H: R. 5297 was under consideration to start writing back to his school to find out surplus areas: and which was accepted in principle. If how he can get his diploma. STATEMENT BY REPRESENTATIVE JAMES E. VAN the amendment were acceptable in prin·­ ZANDT, MEMBER OF CONGRESS, 20TH DISTRICT ciple, it seems to follow that it should be OF PENNSYLVANIA, BEFORE THE HOUSE COM­ acceptable legislatively as well. I cannot It becomes increasingly important that our MITTEE ON BANKING AND CURRENCY, JUNE conceive of a situation in which we would young people finish high school in order that 28, 1955, IN SUPPORT OF LEGISLATION To they may be useful, constructive citizens in EXTEND THE LIFE OF THE SMALL BUSINESS deliberately legislate against something our society. It is hard enough to keep them ADMINISTRATION AND MAKE IT A PERMA~ENT conceded to be acceptable in principle. in school without adding inducements for AGENCY OF GOVERNMENT I hope that my understanding is incor­ them to leave early. In fact, we can well use rect, and that my amending provision more inducements for them to remain until Mr. Chairman, it ls a pleasure to have the will be a part of the new bill. they have finished. opportunity of appearing before this com- . J; feel that even now too many of our boys mittee in support of legislation to extend the · My concern with one feature of any are leaving school to enter the armed serv­ life of the Small Business Administration Reserve training program involves the ices with the idea that they may complete and make it a permanent agency of Govern­ possibility of indirectly encouraging their high-school education through the ment. young men to interrupt or abandon their United States Armed Forces Institute or by My purpose of appearing before you is two­ formal academic training before com­ other methods which have been recognized in fold. First, I should like to relate my ex­ pleting high school. When H. R. 5297 the past. I feel that your amendment will perience in working with the Small Business was being considered by this body, I of­ eliminate some of these boys from wanting Administration and, secondly, I wish to make to drop out of high school, and w111 result in several suggestions which will expand the fered an amendment which would have activities of the Small Business Administra­ -a -better educat.ed cit~zenry ~n

Gen. ·· Matthew B. Ridgway Re6res From After the Sicilian campaign, Ridgway short of supplies~ They had ·had to led his troops in the Battle of Salerno, abandon quantities of equipment and Active Duty in Italy. Then, because of the valor and munitions. skill which the 82d Division had dis­ When General Ridgway landed in Ko­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS played, it was included in the fore-es rea, we were hearing talk of a Korean OF being gathered together in Britain to Dunkirk, of pulling back to Japan what­ -HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE make one of the most significant efforts ever we could save. of the whole war in Europe-the invasion But there was no such notion in OF TEXAS across the English Channel. Matthew Ridgway's mind. All he said IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Matthew Ridgway is the kind of gen­ was, "I aim to stay.'' And he stayed. Wednesday, June 29, 1955 eral who never tells his men, "Go on," He took over a demoralized, disspirited, Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, but always says, "Come on, follow me.'' beaten army. By the force of his re­ I desire to take this occasion to pay trib­ He jumped with his paratroopers into markable personality, by the brilliance ute to a man who has selflessly devoted Normandy on the night before the land­ of his military skill, by the inspiration his entire life to the service of our coun­ ings on the Continent. Once the para­ of his peerless leadership he infused it try. He is a great soldier, a great Ameri­ troopers were on the ground Ridgway with a completely new spirit of confi­ directed the battle with such skill and dence in itself and in its cause. No one can, a great human being. I refer to with such vigorous and inspiring leader­ Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway. could possibly fail to have confidence in ship that, although the division was such a commander. No one could pos­ On June 30 he is ending his tour as heavily outnumbered, it successfully sibly have any doubts of success under Chief of Staff of the United States Army trapped an enemy force made up of no his leadership. and retiring from active duty. In so less than four divisions. Within 3 days he had visited the com­ doing he is ending OI~e of the most dis­ The ability and courage which General mand posts of all 7 of the American di­ tinguished military careers in our his­ Ridgway again displayed so conspicu­ visions, all 3 of the American corps, and tory ru:; a Natfon. Throughout the ex­ ously in the Normandy campaign led to 2 of the 3 South Korean corps. "I am istence of the United States, the United his being awarded a second Distinguished not interested in your plans for retreat," States Army has consistently rendered Service Cross and to his promotion to be he told the staffs. "Show me your plans devoted and invaluable service to the commander of the first airborne corps tQ attack." And within 10 days he not American people. But few of the men ever to be formed in our Army. He led only had brought a major Chinese of­ who have even worn the Army uniform this command throughout the remainder fensive to a halt but had launched a full­ have matched the value of the services of the war in Europe-the campaigns of 'Scale counterattack of his own. He kept General Ridgway has rendered. None northern France, the Rhineland, and the up his. aggressive tactics, driving the has rendered greater service . . Bulge. He led it across the Rhine in a enemy steadily back-an enemy that Matthew Ridgway was born to be a sol­ massive daylight airborne operation at never thereafter regained the strategic dier. As the son of a,n Army officer, he Wesel. In this operation he was wounded initiative from the Eighth Army. grew up to the sound of the bugle. From in close combat with enemy infantry. He did this with an Army made up of his ·infancy he absorbed the principles When the war was drawing to a close, the same men, but men with a com­ which have made our Army and our Na­ he daringly threw a bridgehead across pletely different spirit-a spirit derived tion great-the principles of duty, honor, the Elbe River and drove through to the directly from the strength and character country. Baltic Sea. By so doing he was able to of their great commander. Almost as a matter of course, when he reach the Baltic in time to keep the Mr. Speaker, the pages of the military reached the proper age, he entered the Russians from moving into Denmark. history books, the accounts of all the United States Military Academy at West In this act alone he made a tremendous world's greatest commanders record no Point, graduating with the class of 1917. contribution. If the Russian troops had more remarkable achievement than that Out of that West Point class, 1 out of occupied Denmark, no one can guess of General Ridgway in the virtual mira­ every 3 graduates became a general. It what the whole postwar history of West­ cle he wrought with the Eighth Army. is proof of General Ridgway's diStinction ern Europe might have been like. He went on to become the Commander that, even compared with such an ·out­ With the end of World War II, Gen­ in Chief of the United Nations Command standing group, his reputation towers so eral Ridgway had a solid reputation as and of United States forces in the Far high. one of our most distinguished combat East, and then was called to be the Su­ Early in his career as an officer he generals. He was one of the world's preme Allied Commander of the North began to demonstrate unusual talents as greatest experts on airborne warfare. Atlantic Treaty Organization. He thus a planner and an administrator. These And over and over again, he had demon­ is the only officer ever to have held the alone could have provided the basis for strated the highest qualities of leader­ supreme command in both the Far East an outstanding career, but he showed ship. During World War II, they used and in Europe. other gre·at talents as well. He carried to say, "If you're looking for Ridgway, A little less than 2 years ago he was out a number of important and delicate look for the most advanced outfit in the assigned to the post of Chief of Staff of tasks in the military aspects of our dip­ corps. When you &et to its forward point the United States Army, the highest posi­ lomatic relations with foreign nations. you'll find Ridgway and anybody else tion-and the greatest responsibility­ By the time of the attack at Pearl who has been able to keep up.'' He got which can be given within our Army. HarbOr, General Ridgway was well on down to the companies and the platoons. I do not know if, outside the Army it­ the way to becoming one of our most He carried a rifle with him whenever he self, there is adequate realization of the outstanding younger military statesmen. left his command post, and plenty of tremendous impac.t of his service as the It was then that he revealed still another times he used it. Army's top officer. As Chief of Staff, he side of his brilliant ability as a soldier. After the war he performed with con­ has unfailingly placed primary attention He took command of the 82d Infantry spicuous success a ..number of valuable where it belongs--upon the skill, the Division and under him it became one of services which called for a high order stamina, and the courage of the individ­ our first airborne divisions. General of skill in planning and administration, ual combat-soldier. He has spared no Ridgway became a pioneer in the infant for outstanding qualities of diplomacy effort to see that that soldier is provided science of airborne warfare. and foresight. He worked on the United with the best attainable training, the He led his division into Sicily in the Nations Military. Staff Committee, he best equipment, the best leadership, and first large-scale night airborne opera­ commanded forces in the Caribbean, an_d .the best conditions under which to work tion in history. When the record of the then he became a Deputy Chief of Staff. and fight. He has vigorously pursued Sicilian campaign was written and eval­ He was holding that post when he the deveiopment of forces ·realistically uated, it was obvious that the para­ was suddenly called upon to take com­ prepared to take on and successfully troopers led by Ridgway had earned a mand of the Eighth Army in Korea. carry out any task which they could .rea­ large share of the credit for bringing We all remember that dark December sonably be called upon to perform. about the rapid collapse of enemy resist­ of 1950. The U. N. forces were retreating In seeking the development of such ance in that campaign. .His own extraor­ through the bitter cold. They had suf­ forces, General Ridgway fought what was dinary.heroism in Sicily .earned General fered heavy casualties. They were suf­ perhaps one of the hardest battles of his Ridgway the Distinguished service Cross. fering extreme hardship. They were career. Unlike his other battles, it did 9542 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 30 not end in complete victory. And yet, it I think that the essential greatness of he has greatness of soul. ·He has ever­ would be wrong to say it ended in com- this great American is brought out been fearless in battle, fearless in up­ plete defeat, for because of the unques- clearly in the way that, without compro­ holding what he believed to be right, but tionable authority with which he pre- · mising the integrity of his convictions he is humble before God. sented his views, he focused the attention and without violating the soldier's code He is leaving th~ Army after 42 years of the public upon matters of the most he lives by, he conducted himself of active service as an officer and cadet, vital import which might otherwise have throughout a difficult situation with dig­ gone unquestioned. He spoke with an nity, with restraint, and with unfailing and after a lifetime of dedication to his authority based not on theory, not on propriety. country. Fittingly, he is leaving the secondhand information, but based Make no mistake about it. Matthew Army after having held its highest posi­ solidly on intimate, personal experience Ridgway is one of America's truly great tion, in which, without any question, he gained in the frontlines of some of the men. I have spoken of his brilliant proved himself in one o.f the most diffi­ most hard-fought battlefields in history. achievements in many fields. I have not cult periods of our military history to It was experience gained in Sicily, in mentioned his warm, human qualities as be one of the most outstanding Chiefs of Italy, in France, in Germany, and in a man. Once in Korea he saw a soldier Staff our Army has ever had. But his Korea. loaded down with a heavy pack and with service to the American people is not But in serving as advocate for the bandoliers of ammunition, making his ending. It is typical of the man that in cause in which he believed with all his way up the line as best he could under the position he has accepted as chair­ mind and all his heart, he did so without the burden he was carrying. One of the man of the board of a great research once transgressing by a fraction of an soldier's combat boots was untied, but foundation he will continue to contribute inch the proper sphere of a soldier. He he was too heavily loaded to bend over to the welfare of the people of this not only believes, but he exemplifies the and tie his bootlace. All of a sudden he principle that a soldier should give his heard a voice say, "Could I tie that lace Nation. conscientious advice on the choice of a for you, soldier?" And before he could Mr. Speaker, all of us in this great course of action but that he should say anything he saw General Ridgway, country may be grateful, all of us may wholeheartedly execute his share of car- the Army commander, kneeling in the humbly thank God, that for these past rying out whatever course is adopted, mud in front of him and tying the dan­ years we have had the benefit of the and that he should never question or gling laces of his boot. That story re­ selfless and devoted service of this great trespass against the authority of the veals volumes about Matthew Ridgway . . man an(:l that for the future we have the elected officials of the people to make the He has true dignity. He has a depth inspiration of the magnificent example decision as to what that course will be. · of intellect and a depth of feeling, and he has given us.

Mr. BIBLE thereupon took the chair which it requested the concurrence of SENATE as Acting President pro tempore. the Senate. THURSDAY, JUNE 30, 1955 . The message alsQ announced that the THE JOURNAL House had ~greed to the report of the The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown committee of conference on the di~­ Harris, D. D., offered the following On request of Mr. JOHNSON of Texas, agreeing votes of the two Houses on the prayer: and by unanimous consent, the reading amendments of the Senate to the bili Our Father God, for the beauty which of the Journal of the proceedings of to Being temporarily absent from the Senate, I appoint Hon. ALAN BmLE, a Senator from and concurred therein, and that the authorize the sale of certain land in the State of Nevada, to perform the duties House receded from its disagreement to Alaska to the Pacific Northern Timber of the Chair during my absence. the amendments of the Senate numbered Co. ' WALTER F. GEORGE, 5 and 33 to the bill, and concurred The message also announced tha't ' the President ·pro _tempore. therein, each with ~an amendment, in House had passed the following joint