Annual Report of Cultural Resources Management in the US Fish and Wildlife Service

Home , Clarence Cannon, Curator

Fiscal Year 2018

NATIONAL WILDLIFE Ri"fUGi SYSTi M

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary…………………………………………..……2

2. Around the Refuge System…...... 5

Appendix I

Cultural Resource Management…………………………………….15

Museum Property……………………………………………………..31

Refuges are places where the people of today can renew the ties to their cultural heritage by viewing ancient and historic sites. These ties, delivered through the System's public use programs; strengthen the connection between wildlife and people." Fulfilling the Promise 1999

Executive Summary

The Cultural Resources Program Annual Report has been developed to allow better understanding of what the program does, who it serves, its accomplishments and challenges, and how far reaching its efforts are within the US Fish and Wildlife Service (or Service). Cultural Resources are inextricably tied to natural resources and their importance, their fragility and their ability to help tell the great story of our public lands cannot be overstated.

FY18 saw the Service Cultural Resources Program continue to make an impact on the projects and programs it supports. Our experts have developed innovative ways to ensure Service compliance with cultural resource related responsibilities and have continued to assist the field in moving mission critical projects forward. Additionally, cultural resources have become, more than ever, a launch point to successful partnerships between the Service and stakeholders to better preserve these irreplaceable resources; a tangible feature for our diverse audiences that can be used to enhance the visitor experience at our Refuges and Hatcheries.

3 Table 1 Cultural Resources Compliance and Museum Property by Region Compliance Activities FY18 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 Totals Number of completed NHPA Reviews this FY 112 70 669 102 125 509 31 138 1756 Number of uncompleted NHPA Review this FY 98 0 10 71 5 30 8 42 264 Number of archeological surveys this FY 46 4 11 12 6 49 5 49 182 Number of acres surveyed this FY 1700 110 115 900 25 1,500 4 1381 5735 Number of archeological sites this FY 4 0 10 67 0 10 1 10 102 Number of archeological recovery projects this FY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total number of historic buildings or structures in the Region 188 5 9 72 650 1243 47 53 2267 Number of condition assessments for historic buildings this FY 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 Dollars spent on condition assessments for historic buildings this FY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total Number of archaeological sites in the Region 935 590 3615 2626 1081 1,901 3962 1367 16077 Total Acreage surveyed for archaeological sites in the Region 5201 8,400 0 440400 25 100,000 620,820 1383 1176229 Total number of Paleontological sites in the Region 4 1 0 1 0 50 326 5 387

Region 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Archaeology 72184 15000 1514185 395,401 115316 1000100 64890 15227 0

Art 5 0 128 36 418 25 0 23 0

Ethnography 2 0 0 5 4 0 0 2 82

History 1555 0 396 208 1434 15897 93 67 100000

Archives 25 0 1894 1260000 37880 73423 1500 4 33400

Biology 480 2 320 1266 6171 0 0 210 0

Paleontology 806 0 2 71 63 14380 38 64 0

Geology 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 “We [Refuges] also strive to expand the application of science within the Refuge System beyond biological sciences and include physical, social, historical and cultural sciences in our programs and management.”

Conserving the Future 2011

Around the Refuge System

Throughout FY18 Service cultural resources staff engaged in Science and Research projects that collected and used data recovered from archaeological and historic sites. These data can be applied to larger issues, such as climate change, and can be used to help understand why a habitat has changed over time. Training projects help illustrate the importance of historical resources and provide guidance for their preservation to Service employees. Partnership opportunities help continue or establish corroborations between Service and other organizations. Tribes are an important partner when it comes to cultural resources and their cooperation is invaluable. Education and Outreach projects, a cornerstone of the Service, take on a new dimension when coupled to archaeology and history. The interest people have in these subject areas connect well to larger environmental education programs already in place on Refuges and Hatcheries.

.. pare-,to i:uoo•• Vtrgln & l'9iands

Figure 1. Regions of the US Fish and Wildlife Service

6 Headquarters

Education and Outreach In 2018, HQ worked with Patuxent staff to secure new interpretive signage for its historic DDT worm plots—data from which helped Rachel Carson develop her thesis on the effects of DDT on raptor egg shells. The new sign better illustrates the biological and historical importance of the area for visitors and is the latest means by which the Refuge is using its history to enhance the visitor experience.

Figure 2. New sign installed at Patuxent Research Refuge

Refuge System Historic Preservation Award Refuge staff Robin Will and Terry Peacock (and Regional Archaeologist Rick Kanaski) with the support of project leader Dan Frisk and through a partnership with the St. Marks Refuge Association, Inc., have worked to restore the St. Marks Lighthouse (figure 3), a National Register-listed property transferred to the Service from the U.S. Coast Guard in 2013. As part of this effort, the Association has been tireless in its goal of preserving the lighthouse and has successfully competed for Florida Bureau of Historic Preservation Grants, which facilitated restoration of the Fresnel lens, the lantern room, and its gallery in 2016 and the restoration of the remainder of the lighthouse, as well as development of interpretive exhibits in 2018. The lighthouse was formally re-opened to the public in May, 2018.

Figure 3. St Marks Lighthouse restored and reopened for the public.

8 The Northwest and Pacific

Hawaii Figure 5. Newly renovated Keeper’s Quarters). Partnership Kilauea Point NWR's Historic Midway Atoll and Regional Cultural Lighthouse Keeper's Quarters #1 Resources staff were honored with a (figure 5) underwent renovation that Preservation Award from the was completed in February. Lead Historic Hawaii Foundation. The paint was painstakingly removed from award is for the preservation of murals all exposed surfaces inside and out of (figure 4) depicting Midway during the building. The interior was WW II, which were painstakingly repainted, windows were replaced moved off the Atoll to the Pacific with period appropriate, double-hung- Aviation museum at Pearl Harbor for wooden frame windows that match the restoration, preservation, and display. original style of windows installed in the Lighthouse; damaged window sills were rebuilt, and wooden floors were refurbished. This work done by Niking Corporation has been nominated for a preservation award from Historic Hawai'i Foundation. Similar work is needed on the other two historic Light keeper’s Quarters as Operations and Maintenance funds become available.

Figure 4. A rescued Midway Mural on exhibit at the Pacific Aviation Museum

The Southwest The analysis will be in support of the student’s dissertation research and involves consuming (destroying) the pottery in order to record released isotopic material useful in determining the chemical composition of paints and other surface treatments used on the pottery. The results will be compared to similar studies on pottery from other sites in central Science and Research New Mexico.

An archaeology graduate student The testing will be conducted in the from the University of Arizona is Geosciences Department at the performing analysis of prehistoric University of Arizona. This type of pottery recovered from a Late consumptive study is authorized Prehistoric Pueblo site on the under the "scientific use" provision of Bosque del Apache National Wildlife the federal archeological collections Refuge in central New Mexico; the regulations (36 CFR 79.10). materials are currently housed at the Maxwell Museum in Albuquerque.

The Southeast

Figure 6 and 7. The lighthouse and interior of North room

Education and Outreach

Savannah National Wildlife Refuge Partnership Restoration of the National Register- hosted its most recent ‘Discovery Day’ listed St. Marks Lighthouse [St. event on March 10, 2018. The event Marks NWR, FL] has been was well attended with one of the completed (figures 6 and 7). The most visited attractions being the Refuge and the Friends of the St. Archaeology Unit (figure 8). Marks National Wildlife Refuge hosted a "Celebration" at the lighthouse to recognize and thank the many individuals and groups involved in the restoration. The work was partially funded by a Florida Division of Historical Resources' preservation grant.

Figure 8. Guests enjoying the mock archaeological dig and presentations by Refuge staff.

The Northeast would travel with the logs, using augers and dynamite to pick apart immense jams. There would even be a raft called a Wannigan that provided meals and rest for the river-men. This was dangerous and difficult work, and provided spectacle for the communities along the Connecticut River. People would set up picnics and watch the logs float down and completely overtake the river. This treacherous work was common place from 1870-1915. Log drives on the Connecticut River lasted until about 1940, but the last large drive was in 1915. The river-men who risked life

and limb for the timber industry have Education and Outreach become a sort of legend in the area, Recently, Elizabeth Rush, Cultural and are considered the cowboys of Resources intern for Region 5, visited New England. a winter timber sale at the Nulhegan Basin Division of Silvio O Conte National Wildlife Refuge in Brunswick, Vermont. The frozen ground timber sale is a long held tradition of the northeast kingdom, and this part of the refuge was actually acquired from a paper company. The historic winter skid roads are still visible and used during these timber sales. Historically, the logs would be dropped into the Nulhegan River, then floated to the Connecticut River where they would be part of the enormous log drives down the Connecticut River from northeast Vermont into Figure 9 Log Drive on the Connecticut Massachusetts (figure 9). The logs River, Image from Vermont Historical would fill and jam the river. Loggers Society

Mountain-Prairie than 100 years ago. This assessment meant the effort to understand what happened to the individual would be an archaeological investigation (as opposed to a law enforcement issue). In the following days Brant Loflin, a Service archaeologist based in South Dakota, slowly excavated the rest of the body. Analysis of the remains by Dr. Richard Weathermon at the University of Wyoming indicates that the individual was a 16-19 year-old Euro-American male who stood about five foot six inches tall and suffered from Partnership nutritional distress, a condition not Approximately 150 years ago, along uncommon for early travelers and the banks of the Green River in what settlers. Also fairly typical of a difficult would become the Seedskadee life was evidence of several broken National Wildlife Refuge, a young man bones that had healed. The small was laid to rest. While we don’t know vertebra of a very young child were who he was, what he was doing along the only remains of a second the River, or how he died, we do know individual who was either buried with that someone carefully put his clay him or very nearby. pipe in his hands before they folded his arms over his body. He may have The investigation did not pinpoint the been a traveler on the Oregon / date or cause of the man’s death. Mormon / California Trails that However, associated artifacts (figures crossed the River about a mile north 10 and 11) and historic records of his grave, or perhaps one of the provide some insights. Nine small early homesteaders who settled in the china buttons, nine small bone region. buttons, fragments of thick course twill weave cloth, buckle pieces, and parts We know even less about the 6-18 of suspenders, suggest a mid-19th month old child who was found with century date. The tobacco pipe was him. made by Point Pleasant Pottery, Ohio, In the spring of 2012 a fisherman and its manufacture dates are found a skull eroding out of the cut consistent with the dates associated bank on the Green River. He brought with the other artifacts. the remains to the Refuge headquarters where Refuge Law Enforcement, along with the Sweetwater County Coroner and Sheriff, and the archaeologist from the Bureau of Land Management’s Kemmerer Field Office, determined that the individual probably died more Death from accidents, diseases such as cholera and typhoid, starvation, and exposure to the elements was common. On May 15, 2018, the remains of the young man, his belongings, and the child, were brought back to Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge and returned to a location near where they were found (figure 12). It was a beautiful late spring day on the “Sagebrush Sea”, right for a simple reburial for two people whose names Figure 10. Nine china buttons recovered history will never know. As the small with remains group of public land managers and local partners completed the ceremony, one of the participating BLM archaeologists spontaneously sang Amazing Grace, completing the circle that began nearly a century and a half ago on a small piece of a vast and uniquely American landscape. A pouch of tobacco and some matches were placed next to his pipe in the grave to help ease the burdens of 150 years of being buried beneath the sagebrush.

Figure 11. Pipe bowl found with remains. Between the mid-1840s and the late 1860s thousands of emigrants traveled from east to west across the United States, using a network of trails that often crossed or merged on their way to the West Coast. Beginning in 1862, the Homestead Act encouraged people to not just pass through the mid-continent, but to stay and establish homes. These trails and several of the homesteads are located Figure 12. Reburial area on the Refuge. near where the remains were found.

14 California-Nevada provide vital moisture necessary to transform these foods from complex inedible carbohydrates into delicious sugars (Figure 14). The pit was then covered with dirt and left to bake for two days. Once the pit was reopened, we were delighted to discover how sweet and delicious the agave was! Tribal members in attendance were happy with how everything turned out and expressed interest in having a larger gathering in the future.

Desert NWR is home to an extensive earth oven complex scattered throughout the Sheep Range here in southern Nevada. Known locally as roasting pits, these earth ovens were used to bake a variety of foods including desert succulents such as agave and banana yucca, as well as green pinyon cones and meat. Over 200 roasting pits have been documented so far within the Sheep Range, ranging from the lower elevation creosote vegetative zones to the higher elevation pinyon-juniper forests. Radiocarbon samples obtained from roasting pits elsewhere in southern Nevada date their use as far back as 3,800 years ago, while the majority of dates fall within the past 2,000 years.

Tribal members and Desert NWR staff helped gather and trim agave rosettes (Figure 13) which were positioned within one of these earth ovens after a previously constructed pyre was reduced to hot rocks and coals. Agaves were placed on cactus pads resting atop Figures 13 and 14 show the freshly cut agave the hot rocks which served to protect the and the final product after traditional baking. food from being burned, as well as

Appendix 1 FY18 Report text and data

I. Cultural Resource Management Program History Cultural resources (also known as historic properties or heritage assets) include: archaeological sites (both prehistoric and historic and their associated documentation), buildings and structures, landscapes, objects, and historic documents. As an agency of the Federal government, Service is responsible for, and committed to, protecting and managing these irreplaceable resources in a spirit of stewardship for future generations to understand and enjoy. A Cultural Resources Management (CRM) program was established in the 1970s to manage the rich array of cultural resources under its jurisdiction. Its primary goals are to:

• identify, evaluate, and encourage preservation of cultural resources • manage museum property collections • consult with a broad array of interested parties • promote heritage education • provide expertise to programs, some of whom include, Federal Assistance, Partners for Fish and Wildlife, Realty, Endangered Species, Refuges, Fire, and Planning with respect to Cultural Resource needs

Since its inception, the program has expanded as cultural resource laws, requirements, and public concerns, continue to increase. The Federal Preservation Officer, located in Falls Church, Virginia, coordinates the Service CRM program with many responsibilities delegated to regional staff. These include professional archaeologists, architectural historians, and museum specialists. Each cultural resource professional in the Service meets the Secretary of the Interior's professional qualification standards for historic preservation qualifying them to conduct this type of work and serve as experts for this resource type.

Each Region employs at least one cultural resources specialist. These Regional Historic Preservation officers (RHPOs) provide expertise and management advice to Senior Regional leadership and to the field with respect to cultural resources (table 1).

Table 1. Service Regional Historic Preservation Officers Region Name Contact 1 and 8 Anan Raymond 20555 SW Gerda Lane Sherwood, OR 97140 503.625.4377; fax: 503.625.4887 2 David Siegel P.O. Box 1306 Albuquerque, NM 87103 505.248.7396; fax: 505.248.7950 3 James Myster 5600 American Boulevard West, Suite 1049 Bloomington, Minnesota 55437 612-713-5439 (phone) 612-713-5287 (fax) 4 Richard Kanaski 694 Beech Hill Lane 16

Hardeville, SC 29927 843-784-6310 (ph), 843-784-2465 (fax) 5 Amy Wood 300 Westgate Center Drive Hadley, MA 01035-9589 413.253.8560; fax: 413.253.8297 6 Meg VanNess P.O. Box 25486 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 303.236.8155 x258; fax: 303.236.8163 7 Edward DeCleva 1011 E. Tudor Road Anchorage, AK 99503 907.786.3399; fax: 907.786.3976 9 Eugene Marino 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, Virginia 22041 703.358.2173; fax: 703.358-2517

The primary responsibilities of the Cultural Resource program and the RHPO is to facilitate Service compliance with the NHPA and comply with other authorities pertinent to cultural resources. Program staff also comments on cultural resource related policy and guidance and offer opportunities for training and education on cultural resources to both Service staff, our partners, and the general public. The idea of only 1 individual assessing projects across a wide variety of programs is arcane and inefficient. Many Regions are realizing that even as they grapple with the best response.

Staff and Budget In FY18, as in past years, funding for NHPA compliance comes from individual program dollars with the majority of these activities being conducted on Refuges and Hatcheries. This funding is used to support 21 cultural resource FTE (the smallest cultural resources staff in DOI, Table 2), but does not include costs of cultural resource related contract work (e.g., survey, excavations, etc…that are not completed in house).

A workload study completed in FY11 for the program indicated an additional 16 FTE are required to keep pace with current workloads. Table 3 notes that 264 NHPA reviews were left uncompleted for FY18. Most were not reviewed because of a lack of staff. The impact here is that roughly 264 projects were not able to advance or advanced with risk and without complying with NHPA in FY18. An investment in the additional FTE called for in the FY11 Workload Study (appendix 3 of the FY11 Annual Report) would alleviate these obstacles and would allow better service to the field to execute the projects required by field station and Regional priorities.

Table 2 Distribution of Cultural Resources Expertise in the Service

Regio Acres Expertise FTE n (Refuges only) 1 1,309,842 Archaeologist 9 2 2,300,319 Archaeologist 1 3 737,787 Archaeologist 1 4 3,369,384 Archaeologist 2 5 532,738 Archaeologist 1 6 2,669,399 Archaeologist 3 7 76,799,071 Archaeologist 2 8 2,865,621 Historic Archaeologist 1

HQ 90,584,161 Archaeologist 1 Note: Does not reflect water acreage

Internal Policies, Guidance, and Reporting for Cultural Resources 614 FW chapters 1-6 provides policy for compliance with the NHPA. This 2016 update replaces our previous policy that was issued in 1992.

126 FW chapters 1-2 provides policy for the Service museum property program. It outlines responsibilities under federal statute as well as DOI standards

Performance Because of Cultural resources are included in the Service Strategic Plan, several reporting requirements specifically for performance are also the purview of the RHPO. The Refuge Annual Performance Plan (RAPP) and Operations Plan (Ops) plan measures specific to cultural resources are:

• Number of archaeological sites in good condition • Number of historic buildings in good condition • Number of museum collections in good condition • Number of paleontological sites in good condition

Data for the RAPP and the Service Division of Finance Required Stewardship Information (RSI) report are embedded within other data categories noted under Compliance with the NHPA and other sections of this report.

Compliance with the National Historic Preservation Act NHPA, specifically, Section 106, requires federal agencies to consider potential effects of their mission related activities on cultural resources. These activities can range from the construction of a cell tower to creation of impoundments for duck habitat. In many instances, the RHPO is able to provide information on the potential of these projects to impact cultural resources very quickly. In other examples, further research and

18 consultation is required. Table 3 shows data for NHPA compliance activities of the program during the FY.

The Service RHPOs and, where applicable, their staff are the primary points of contact in each Region for cultural resource or historical/heritage asset related activities for both Service staff and external partners. They are the subject matter experts for their Regional Directors, who retain final decision authority as per Service cultural resource policy (98% of RHPO time is spent assisting the Regions of the Service to comply with Section 106 of NHPA).

Service RHPOs also assist non-Refuge programs engaged in activities that trigger Section 106. Some of the programs support the RHPO but many do not. Capacity to assist these programs varies from Region to Region.

A large part of their compliance related work focuses on consultation with Native American tribes. In many cases, cultural resource projects form the single largest consultation need for a Region. Consultation for Section 106 can sometimes be very complex, especially for non-Refuge programs that do not adequately understand their role with respect to Government to Government consultation.

Table 3. Cultural Resource Program—Compliance Activities Compliance R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 Totals Reporting Number of completed NHPA Reviews this FY 112 70 669 102 125 509 31 138 1756 Number of uncompleted NHPA Review this FY 98 0 10 71 5 30 8 42 264 Number of archeological surveys this FY 46 4 11 12 6 49 5 49 182 Number of acres surveyed this FY 1700 110 115 900 25 1,500 4 1381 5735 Number of archeological sites this FY 4 0 10 67 0 10 1 10 102 Number of archeological recovery projects this FY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total number of historic buildings or structures in the Region 188 5 9 72 650 1243 47 53 2267

Number of condition assessments for historic buildings this FY 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 Dollars spent on condition assessments for historic buildings this FY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total Number of archaeological 108 sites in the Region 935 590 3615 2626 1 1,901 3962 1367 16077 Total Acreage surveyed for archaeological sites in the Region 5201 8,400 0 440400 25 100,000 620,820 1383 1176229

Regions note the following with respect to Compliance related activities:

Headquarters—FY18 saw the launch of an effort to better assess and support our portion of the DOI’s historic building portfolio. These heritage assets not only have a potential of being eligible for listing to the National Register of Historic Places, they are considered priorities for Service Regions.

Alaska—Thirty-one National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) reviews were completed during Fiscal Year (FY) 2018. An additional eight NHPA reviews were started but are incomplete as those projects are still in development. Seven surveys were conducted, two by the Regional Historic Preservation Officer for Refuge System projects, and five by Wildlife and Sport Fish grant applicant contractors, resulting in an additional four acres and one new historic site recorded on refuge system lands.

Monitoring and Use of Cultural Resources Table 4 notes Service monitoring of its historic structures. These structures have been identified as requiring monitoring for various reasons, but mainly for interpretation. Many historic resources, for instance the Assateague lighthouse at Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, are interpreted for visitors and their history incorporated into visitor opportunities. Many of these interpreted sites include exhibits in their visitor centers and/or interpretive programs offered by Service staff to visitors. Interpretation has always been a focus of Service.

Table 4. Monitoring and Use of Cultural Resources CR Monitoring and Use R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 Totals Number of sites or buildings interpreted for visitation I 19 I 5 I 1 I 9 I 22 I 8 I 10 I 11 I 85

Total number of sites or buildings being maintained or stabilized for research purposes 0 0 1 2 4 0 0 0 7 Total number of sites or buildings being maintained or stabilized as a result of damage 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 5

Climate Change Table 5 shows data from high-risk Refuges that was originally captured for the development of a Climate Change Primer for the Service (released FY13). The information was added to comment on how climate change is impacting various types of archaeological and historic sites. Erosion was the overwhelming impact factor identified by the RHPOs for all the Refuges. Other factors noted in lesser degrees were sea level rise and drought. Data collection for climate change is considered an important marker under monitoring of cultural resources and will become a permanent component for this report.

Table 5. High Risk Refuges and the Climate Change Impacts most likely to affect the Refuge and its cultural resources

Refuge Sea level rise Fire Drought Erosion San Francisco Bay NWR x x Brandon Marsh NWR x x Willapa Bay NWR x x Howland Island NWR x x Midway Atoll NWR x x Malheur NWR x x Minidoka NWR x x x x Egmont Key NWR Lower Suwannee NWR x x Cedar Key NWR x x Grand Bay NWR x x x x Big Branch NWR x x Pea Island NWR White River NWR x x Eastern Neck x Martin NWR x x Chincoteague NWR x x Prime Hook NWR x

Bombay Hook x x Monomoy NWR x x Nantucket NWR x x Nomans Island NWR x x Eastern Shore of Va NWR x x Rappahannock NWR x Presquile NWR x James River x Plum tree Island NWR x x EB Forsythe NWR x x Great bay NWR x EA Morton NWR x Wertheim NWR x ME Coastal Complex x x Moosehorn NWR x Parker River NWR x x Potomac Complex x Rachel Carson NWR x Ninigret NWR x x Trustom Pond NWR x x Sachuest point NWR x x Bear River x Fish Springs x Alamosa NWR x x Monte Vista NWR x x Baca NWR x x Alaska Maritime NWR x x Alaska Peninsula NWR x x Arctic NWR x x x x Becharof NWR x x x x Innoko NWR x x x Izembek NWR x x Kanuti NWR x x x Kenai NWR x x x Kodiak NWR x x Koyukuk NWR x x x Nowitna NWR x x x Selawik NWR x X Togiak x x Tetlin x Yukon Flats x Yukon Delta x x x San Francisco Bay NWR x x

National Register Information RHPOs also maintain National Register data for their Region (Table 6). As their time permits, they focus on addressing the backlog of sites that are listed as eligible to the National Register. These properties must be reviewed and a determination made as part of compliance with the NHPA.

Table 6. National Designation Data National Designation Data R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 Totals Total number of NRHP eligible sites 6 20 32 72 193 305 3800 0 4428 Total number of NRHP sites actually listed (provide list) 14 11 13 30 11 17 8 10 114 Total number of national monuments 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 Total number of national historic landmarks (provide list) 2 2 0 1 1 0 4 1 11

Archaeological Resources Protection Act (APRA) The RHPO assists Service and Refuges Law Enforcement in cases that include an archaeological component or that violate the ARPA of 1979 (Table 7). This data is noted by the RHPOs but is also reported up through Service Law Enforcement channels.

Regions note the following with respect to ARPA related activities:

Alaska— Three Archeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) permit applications were processed and issued in FY 2018. The RHPO responded to two separate reports of site looting by providing information to regional refuge system law enforcement. Law enforcement reported no ARPA violations.

Table 7. ARPA data for the FY R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 Totals Number of ARPA permits received this FY 2 0 8 4 1 4 3 2 24 Number of ARPA permits issued this FY 1 0 8 4 1 4 3 2 23 Number of ARPA consultations this FY 1 0 0 16 0 0 2 2 21 Number of ARPA violations this FY 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Number of ARPA arrests this FY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Paleontological Resources Preservation Act (PRPA) In 2009, the Paleontological Resources Preservation Act (PRPA) was passed directing Federal agencies to protect these resources on their lands. Paleontological resources are located in specific areas because the remains of Dinosaurs are limited to certain specific formations across the country. Table 8 shows paleontological sites across the country.

Table 8. Paleontological sites for this FY PRPA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total Number of Paleo site in the Region 4 1 0 1 0 50 326 5 387 Number of PRPA permits received this FY 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Number of PRPA permits issued this FY 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Number of PRPA consultations this FY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Number of PRPA violations this FY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Number of PRPA arrests this FY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Native American Graves Protection Repatriation Act In addition to its responsibilities under NHPA, the Service also complies with NAGPRA and its regulations (43 CFR Part 10). NAGPRA addresses the rights of lineal descendants, Indian tribes, and Native Hawaiian organizations (parties with standing) to Native American human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects and objects of cultural patrimony. The statute requires Federal agencies and museums to provide information about Native American cultural items to parties with standing and, upon presentation of a valid claim, ensure the item(s) undergo disposition or repatriation.

In 2009 the Government Accountability Office (GAO) conducted a survey of federal agency compliance with NAGPRA. They directed the National NAGPRA office of the National Park Service to collect data from agencies that documents their NAGPRA compliance (Table 9).

Table 9. NAGPRA data for the US Fish and Wildlife Service Federal MNI AFO Date(s) Region Agency Federal Register Name Register Date MNI Repatriated AFO Repatriated Repatriated Notes

Notice of Inventory Completion for Native American Human Remains US Dept. of Interior, From O'ahu County, HI in FWS, Hawaiian the Control of the United Islands National States Fish and Wildlife 1 Wildlife Refuge Service, Honolulu, HI 10/10/1997 7 7 0 Notice of Inventory Completion for Native American Human Remains and Associated Funerary Objects from Harney County, OR in the Control of US Dept. of Interior, the Malheur National FWS, Malheur Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish National Wildlife and Wildlife Service, 1 Refuge Princeton, OR 8/21/1998 19 19 210 210 10/21/1998 Notice of Inventory Completion for Native American Human Remains and Associated Funerary Objects from Modoc and Siskiyou Counties, CA in the Control of Klamath Basin US Dept. of Interior, National Wildlife Refuge FWS, Klamath Basin Complex, U.S. Fish and National Wildlife Wildlife Service, Tule lake, 1 Refuge Complex CA 8/26/1999 20 0 5 0 Notice of Inventory Completion: U.S. Department of the Interior, US Dept. of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS, Great Lakes- Great Lakes Big Rivers 3 Big Rivers Region Region, Fort Snelling, MN 2/22/2005 1 1 0 0

Notice of Inventory Completion: U.S. Department of Defense, Army Corps of Engineers- Memphis District, Memphis, TN; U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service-Southeast Region, US Dept. of Interior, Savannah, GA; and FWS, Big Lake Arkansas Archeological National Wildlife Survey, University of 3 Refuge Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 7/6/2006 35 0 2 0 Notice of Inventory Completion for Native American Human Remains and Associated Funerary Objects in the Possession of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Columbia, SC, and in the Control of the US Dept. of Interior, U.S. Department of the FWS, Savannah Interior, Fish and Wildlife Coastal Refuges Service, Savannah Coastal 4 Complex Refuges, Savannah, GA 9/11/2002 27 27 36 36 Notice of Inventory Completion: U.S. Fish and US Dept. of Interior, Wildlife Service, Southwest FWS, Southwest Regional Office, 4 Regional Office Albuquerque, NM 3/16/2012 1 0 0 0 Notice of Inventory US Dept. of Interior, Completion: U.S. Fish and FWS, Southeast Wildlife Service, Southeast 4 Region Region, Savannah, GA 27 27 36 36 3/6/2003

Notice of Inventory US Dept. of Interior, Completion: U.S. Fish and FWS, Southeast Wildlife Service, Southeast 4 Region Region, Savannah, GA 4/26/2000 39 0 36 0 Pending Notice of Inventory US Dept. of Interior, Completion: U.S. Fish and FWS, Southeast Wildlife Service, Southeast 4 Region Region, Hardeeville, SC 3/13/2017 16 0 21 0 Pending Notice of Inventory US Dept. of Interior, Completion for Native 8/21/1998 Peoria Tribe of Oklahoma Miccosukee FWS, Valley Stream, American Human Remains 5/4/2009 Tribe on behalf of the Seminole Tribe Resident Agent in from Missouri and Florida in 5 Charge Office the Possession of the U.S. 6/15/1998 10 10 0 0

Fish & Wildlife Service, Valley Stream, NY

Notice of Inventory Completion for Native American Human Remains and Associated Funerary Objects in the Possession of the Anchorage Museum of US Dept. of Interior, History and Art, Anchorage, FWS, Alaska Region AK, and in the Control of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 7 Alaska Regional Office, Anchorage, Alan May Kagamil Island Collection. 7 AK 11/21/2001 1 1 126 126 4/10/2002 Repatriated to Native Village of Nikolski. Notice of Inventory Completion for Native American Human Remains and Associated Funerary Objects in the Possession of the South Carolina Institute US Dept. of Interior, of Archaeology and FWS, Alaska Region Anthropology, Columbia, SC, and in the Control of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Savannah Coastal 7 Refuges, Savannah, GA 9/11/2002 27 27 36 36 Notice of Inventory Completion: U.S. US Dept. of Interior, Department of the Interior, FWS, Alaska Region U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 7, Amchitka Island. Repatriated to Atka IRA 7 Anchorage, AK 12/1/2003 1 1 0 0 2004 Council/Atxam Corp. Notice of Inventory Completion: U.S. US Dept. of Interior, Department of the Interior, FWS, Alaska Region Fish and Wildlife Service, Great Lakes Big Rivers 7 Region, Fort Snelling, MN 2/22/2005 1 1 0 0 Notice of Inventory Completion: U.S. Department of Defense, US Dept. of Interior, Army Corps of Engineers- FWS, Alaska Region Memphis District, Memphis, TN; U.S. Department of the 7 Interior, Fish and Wildlife 7/6/2006 35 0 2 0

Service-Southeast Region, Savannah, GA; and Arkansas Archeological Survey, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR Notice of Inventory Completion: U.S. US Dept. of Interior, Department of the Interior, FWS, Alaska Region U.S. Fish and Wildlife Michigan Rock Cave, Tanaga Island. Not Service, Region 7, claimed. Stored at University of Alaska 7 Anchorage, AK 7/14/2008 3 0 21 0 Museum of the North. Notice of Inventory Completion: U.S. US Dept. of Interior, Department of the Interior, Cold Cave, Warm Cave, and Mask Cave FWS, Alaska Region U.S. Fish and Wildlife Kagamil Island. Not claimed. Stored at Service, Region 7, University of Alaska Museum of the North 7 Anchorage, AK 7/14/2008 35 0 210 0 and Museum of the Aleutians. Notice of Inventory Completion: U.S. US Dept. of Interior, Department of the Interior, FWS, Alaska Region U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 7, Atka Island. Not claimed. Stored at 7 Anchorage, AK 7/14/2008 2 0 18 0 University of Alaska Museum of the North. Notice of Inventory Completion: U.S. Department of the Interior, US Dept. of Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife FWS, Alaska Region Service, Region 7, Anchorage, AK, and Alutiiq Museum and Archaeological Chief Cove, Kodiak Island. Repatriated to 7 Repository, Kodiak, AK 10/9/2008 1 1 0 0 4/6/2010 Native Village of Larsen Bay. Notice of Inventory Completion: U.S. US Dept. of Interior, Department of the Interior, FWS, Alaska Region U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 7, Carlisle Island. Not claimed. Stored at 7 Anchorage, AK 10/29/2008 1 0 0 0 University of Alaska Museum of the North. Notice of Inventory Completion: U.S. US Dept. of Interior, Department of the Interior, FWS, Alaska Region U.S. Fish and Wildlife Krugloi Point, Agattu Island. Not claimed. Service, Region 7, Stored at University of Alaska Museum of 7 Anchorage, AK 11/25/2008 1 0 0 0 the North. Notice of Inventory Completion: U.S. Fish and US Dept. of Interior, Wildlife Service, Southwest FWS, Alaska Region Regional Office, 7 Albuquerque, NM 3/16/2012 1 0 0 0

Notice of Inventory Completion: U.S. Department of the Interior, Turner River. Claimed by Native Village of US Dept. of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Kaktovik. Coordinating physical transfer FWS, Alaska Region Alaska Region, Anchorage, and reburial of collection within Arctic NWR. AK, and the University of Alaska Museum of the 7 North, Fairbanks, AK 8/31/2015 21 0 4903 0 Not Federal Register. Notice US Dept. of Interior, of Intended Disposition Inadvertent Discovery. Custody transferred FWS, Alaska Region published in local 9/30/2016 and to Kenaitze Indian Tribe. 7 newspapers 10/09/2016 1 1 0 0 2/17/2017 Notice of Inventory US Dept. of Interior, Completion: U.S. Fish and Rat Island. Repatriated to The Aleut FWS, Alaska Region Wildlife Service, Alaska Corporation. 7 Region, Anchorage, AK 10/12/2016 1 1 0 0 2/10/2017 Notice of Inventory US Dept. of Interior, Completion: U.S. Fish and Mikisagmiut Bay, Nunivak Island. FWS, Alaska Region Wildlife Service, Alaska Repatriated to Native Village of Mekoryuk. 7 Region, Anchorage, AK 2/24/2017 1 1 7 7 9/19/2017 Notice of Inventory US Dept. of Interior, Completion: U.S. Fish and

FWS, Alaska Region Wildlife Service, Southeast 7 Region, Hardeeville, SC 3/13/2017 16 0 21 0 Notice of Inventory US Dept. of Interior, Completion: U.S. Fish and Chirikof Island. Repatriated to Sun'aq Tribe FWS, Alaska Region Wildlife Service, Alaska of Kodiak. 7 Region, Anchorage, AK 3/27/2017 109 109 47 47 5/1/2017 Notice of Intent to Repatriate Cultural Items: Nash Harbor and Cape Etolin, Nunivak US Dept. of Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Island. 44 Unassociated Funerary Objects FWS, Alaska Region Service, Alaska Region, repatriated to Native Village of Mekoryuk. 7 Anchorage, AK 5/3/2017 0 0 0 0 9/19/2017 Notice of Inventory Younger Kiavik and Older Kiavik Sites, US Dept. of Interior, Completion: U.S. Fish and Kodiak Island. Not claimed. Stored at FWS FWS, Alaska Region Wildlife Service, Alaska Alaska Region. 7 Region, Anchorage, AK 9/5/2017 15 0 30 0 Notice of Inventory US Dept. of Interior, Completion: U.S. Fish and Three Saints Bay, Kodiak Island. Stored at FWS, Alaska Region Wildlife Service, Alaska FWS Alaska Region. Notice closes 12/8/17. 7 Region, Anchorage, AK 11/8/2017 23 0 23 0 Notice of Intended US Dept. of Interior, Disposition: U.S. Fish and Amook Island, Kodiak Island. Stored at FWS, Alaska Region Wildlife Service, Alaska FWS Alaska Region. 7 Region, Anchorage, AK 4/20/2018 1 0 0 0 Notice of Inventory Various Kodiak Island. Stored at University US Dept. of Interior, Completion: U.S. Fish and of Alaska Museum of the North, Fairbanks, FWS, Alaska Region Wildlife Service, Alaska AK 7 Region, Anchorage, AK 2/22/2018 25 0 1 0

Notice of Inventory US Dept. of Interior, Completion: U.S. Fish and Adak Island. Stored at FWS Alaska Region. FWS, Alaska Region Wildlife Service, Alaska 7 Region, Anchorage, AK 2/22/2018 1 0 0 0 529 237 5792 498

Regions note the following with respect to NAGPRA related activities:

Alaska— four cases were processed under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). All tribes that are culturally affiliated with these have expressed their desires for the collections to be repatriated, but none of these tribes have determined a schedule or location for the repatriations.

Training, Education, Youth and the Visitor Experience In addition to responding to active NHPA undertakings and maintaining National Register designation data, the RHPO is also responsible for maintaining, when possible, opportunities for training and volunteering related to cultural resources. Table 10 shows all such outreach and volunteer activities reported in the FY with respect to Service cultural resources.

Table 10. Cultural Resources outreach and volunteer activities CR Outreach R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 Totals Number of volunteer hours this FY 663 0 0 646 60 250 0 0 1619 Number of presentations to/for Youth this FY 0 0 2 1 0 2 0 0 5 Number of projects involving Youth this FY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

In FY18 the Service continued offering its online Section 106 Introduction course and its Google sites for cultural resources training updates. The program had two new offerings launched this FY: (1) an online Museum Property course that is aimed at introducing FWS staff to museum property categories and reporting, (2) the first episode in a new Digging Deeper podcast series. The first episode (aired in May 2018) focused on consultation as part of the Section 106 process. It was developed in conjunction with the Service Tribal Liaison program.

The Service Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) offers law enforcement training programs government wide for compliance with the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA). Several offerings of this course are made during the year. They are attended primarily by archaeologists and federal law enforcement officers. FLETC works with the Service cultural resources program to update this course and to market it to Federal cultural resource staff.

II. Museum Property

As of 2018, the Service is responsible for about 4.7 million objects that include: archaeology, art, ethnography, history, archives, biology, paleontology and geology (Table 1). Approximately 27% of the total number of objects is maintained by Service units, while the remaining materials (73%) are curated in non-Federal repositories. The number and size of collections continue to grow as a result of cultural resource studies completed in response to the requirements of the NHPA.

141 FWS units are responsible for managing museum property with most collections housed in 130 non-federal institutions. Responsibility for museum property collections has been reported at all administrative levels (e.g., the FWS Headquarters, Regional Offices, field stations and administrative sites such as the National Conservation Training Center [NCTC]).

Table 1. Discipline totals for FWS Museum Collections

Region Archaeology Art Ethnography History Archives Biology Paleontology Geology Fed Non-Fed

1 72,184 5 2 1,555 25 480 806 0 12,964 62,088 2 15,000 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 15,000 3 1,514,185 128 0 396 1,894 320 2 0 579,750 937,175 4 395,401 36 5 208 1,260,000 1,266 71 0 41,764 1,615,223 5 115,316 418 4 1,434 37,880 6,171 63 0 52,688 108,598 6 1,000,100 25 0 15,897 73,423 0 14,380 0 89,444 1,014,381 7 64,890 0 0 93 1,500 0 38 0 0 66,521 8 15,227 23 2 67 4 210 64 0 1,011 14,586 9 0 0 82 100,000 33,400 0 0 0 133,482 0 Totals 3,192,303 635 95 119,650 1,408,126 8,449 15,424 0 911,105 3,833,572

Funding In FY 2018, $330,000 from the Service’s Refuge Operations and Maintenance Activity has been allocated to Regions as Arts and Artifacts funding. Art and Artifacts funding has been used for program oversight and coordination, compiling inventory information, providing technical assistance and purchasing equipment and supplies for field stations. Funding for museum property from Arts and Artifacts is woefully inadequate, both for new collections and legacy collections and does not reflect recent review of agency museum property needs.

Table 2 notes general funding and staffing needs for FWS museum property management. The information mainly reflects work on FWS Legacy (older than 15 years) collections.

Table 2. Estimate of deferred maintenance funding needs for museum property Action Need Funding Outcome Amount Increase the Our workload $271,832 ( for 8 The addition will allow for dedicated current number of analysis recommends GS 7s) staff and time that can be allocated FTE for the cultural an additional 8 FTE for other program components such resource program (GS 7, 9, 11) Service- as NAGPRA compliance wide to meet museum property responsibilities for FWS

Create a National This addition of 1 FTE $50,287 1. Standardization of FWS Curator/NAGPRA (GS 11) will more organization against that coordinator position effectively address seen in other Bureaus at the Washington FWS museum 2. Enhance the FWS ability to level property consult with Tribes on NAGPRA 3. Improve FWS ability to meet the needs of its programs (e.g. OLE NAGPRA needs)

Raise the current The current level that $662,000 1. Augment current ability to level of base has been in effect (doubling of actively manage collections funding available since 1992 should be current amount) 2. Fund current agreements for museum doubled and added to with non-federal repositories property base funding for housing collections management 2014. It should be revisited annually beginning in 2015.

Set aside 2 year Special funding: $2,213,652 Enable of review of FWS legacy money in FY 2014 should be used for a (Fed) collections for a review of FWS contract to examine $26,482,025 legacy collections all FWS legacy (non-Fed) collections Set aside 2 year Special funding: $39,776 (Fed) Enable of accessioning of FWS money in FY 2014 should be used for a $107,536 (non- legacy collections for a accessioning contract to accession Fed) of FWS legacy all FWS legacy collections collections. Total Funding $28,842,989 Required *Funding here is based on a 2011 Workload Analysis for the FWS Cultural Resources program that called for 1 additional FTE per Region to handle the agency’s museum property needs and a FY16 museum collections backlog data call from DOI PAM. The report also noted a need for a doubling of the current FWS Arts and Artifacts budget.

Special Funding • DOI Grants o The Service has completed all outstanding DOI grants. For FY2019, the Service has submitted 3 projects: o Metals Conservation at DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge--$50,000 o Archives conservation at the DC Booth National Historic Fish Hatchery-- $40,000 o Collections Rehabilitation at the University of Wisconsin La Crosse-- $31,585

• Federal Repository Checklist Project o In June of 2018, the Service contracted with Bennett Museum Services, Denver Colorado to complete DOI building checklists for 109 of its federal repository (this number excludes the Midwest Region which already completed this work).

o To date, the vendor has updated building information for 14 repositories; almost the entirety of 3 Service Regions.

Museum Program Timeline 2018— October—FWS online museum property training course launched, November— the updated FWS Museum Property policy (FW 126) was released to staff

2016—Draft FWS Museum Property Policy (FW 126) ready for FWS Directorate review. This will occur in early 2018.

2015—Draft FWS museum property policy (FW 126) out for Subject Matter Expert review

2014—update the FWS backlog collection funding plan for DOI, draft Museum Property policy (in progress). Development of a GIS layer for FWS museum collection locations

2013—issuance of an updated Museum Property Policy (in progress); collection of Facility Condition Index (FCI) for federal repositories (complete)

2012—accession any collections that meet the definition of museum property and that have not already been accessioned

2012—issuance of a Workload Study for the FWS Cultural Resources program— includes a component on museum property management.

2011—Service archaeologist named National Curator for FWS

2010—the FWS began to re-certify its museum property to only those that meet the definition of museum property as per DM 411 (on-going).

2009—GAO audit of NAGPRA compliance

2009—an online training course that includes museum property management was developed in conjunction with our National Conservation Training Center. The course is available through DOI Learn

2008—a second OIG audit for museum collections

2007—a follow on to the 1991 survey was initiated wherein 80 units reported meeting standards with 32 reporting that they did not.

1997—museum property policy and scope of collections guidance issued.

1996—NAGPRA assessment released to comply with that Act.

1991—in response to the IG audit of 1990, the FWS initiated a survey to identify specific weaknesses and deficiencies in how collections were being managed. Information submitted by approximately 180 FWS units cited 14,932 deficiencies related to the management of museum property. Cited deficiencies include the lack of documentation and plans to account for and protect museum property, improper environmental conditions, and lack of staff expertise. The review did indicate, however, that many units meet Departmental standards in terms of certain requirements addressing physical storage space and fire security.

Program Oversight Oversight responsibility for the program resides with the Assistant Director for Refuges. The FWS Headquarters Division of Refuges, has been delegated lead responsibility for providing overall direction and coordinating activities related to the program. Policy development and day-to-day program coordination fall to the National Curator, a collateral duty of the Service’s Federal Preservation Officer. Each Region of FWS has designated one individuals to coordinate museum management and liaison with the National Curator. The Service also participates in the Department’s Interior Museum Program Committee and is a member of the Executive Program Committee for Museum Property.

Long-Term Objectives Given the breadth of its collections and number of units involved in managing museum property, the FWS efforts to meet Federal and Departmental standards will require work to be phased in over a long-term basis. The exact timetable for completing this work is largely dependent upon available funding and FTEs. While work to identify and assess the condition of FWS collections located in non-FWS facilities continues, priority is being placed on meeting legal mandates and protecting collections in the possession of offices. The program's major objectives are to:

1. establish a stand-alone National Curator position 2. re-certify that FWS museum property collections meet the definition of museum property as per DM 411; 3. input museum collection information into the FRED museum property module; 4. assess the condition of collections, identify deficiencies and initiate necessary corrective actions; 5. provide for necessary conservation of museum property and ensure its adequate use and storage; 6. link the protection and use of museum property within the FWS mission and various program objectives, specifically for interpretation, research, and education; and, develop a network of individuals and offices that are available to provide subject expertise and technical assistance to FWS units managing museum property.

FWS Repositories

NCTC The National Conservation Training Center (NCTC) in Shepherdstown West Virginia is the “home” of the US Fish and Wildlife Service and serves as the National training center for all FWS training. The Fish and Wildlife Service Museum, located within the NCTC, tells the story of the Service within the context of the American conservation movement. The NCTC archives contain an extraordinary collection of about 2600 catalog files comprised of more than 100,000 objects, photographs, books, and documents. The museum also contains materials from the broader conservation community, including an extensive collection of materials and artwork from the National Wildlife Federation. The museum collection contains an extensive collection of

36 important and sometimes rare conservation books, and the NCTC museum houses an additional collection of un-accessioned, "important" conservation books. The center has one FTE devoted to museum collections and also houses the office of the Service Historian.

In FY18 long time curator Jeanne Harold retired. NCTC is planning to fill this position in FY19. There were no other changes or updates from FY13 when the controlled property (firearms) inventory was updated, and a 100% inventory of controlled property was completed as was a random 5% inventory of the entire collection and an inventory of loan objects. All new accessions and catalog records were entered in the newest version of the ICMS database. The cataloging and conservation of the collection is on- going. Key entry and sign-in security measures were maintained. IPM and environmental monitoring was strictly adhered to according to 411 DM standards. Preventive conservation procedures were carried out on all incoming materials to the museum storage facility. NCTC completed an Internal Control Review (ICR) for the museum in FY16. The review involves an analysis, inspection, report, and test to determine risks faced by the museum in its day to day activities and duties. This review assists the museum in determining deficits in its procedures and risks to museum objects. Ways to mitigate these risks and deficits are then determined, and procedures are put into place to remove or minimize these adverse elements. The entire process of the ICR was illuminating, and a valuable tool for ensuring that the history of the Service represented by the museum objects is preserved in perpetuity.

DC Booth National Historic Fish Hatchery In 1983 the Spearfish National Fish Hatchery was closed by the Service. The City of Spearfish, under a Memorandum of Understanding with the Service, began to operate the Spearfish hatchery. It was renamed the D.C. Booth Historic National Fish Hatchery (DCB). In 1989 discussion among the Directorate of the Service resulted in the reestablishment of a position at DCB. This was in recognition of the potential public information and interpretation benefits to the Service. An administrative person followed in 1991 and a museum curator was hired in 1992. Current Service employees stationed at and responsible for DCB are the Director, Museum Curator, Administrative Officer, and Maintenance Worker. Three additional Service employees are stationed at DCB. Full control and responsibility for the hatchery operations reverted from the City to the Service on 1 Jan 1993.

The potential public information and interpretation benefits to the Service at DCB were recognized in 1989 by the Deputy Director, after discussion among the Directorate. This is accomplished through the preservation of the historic site and through the museum collection. As the National site to collect, preserve, protect, make accessible to researchers, and interpret the history of fisheries management, the site has ample resources available. The facility also serves as a collection site and provides technical assistance on museum property management for other service programs. D.C. Booth serves Region 6 (Mountain-Prairie Region) as an outreach and education facility to improve effectiveness in communicating the Service’s roles and responsibilities for fish and wildlife resources.

DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge, located in Missouri Valley, Iowa, is home to a premier archeological collection of over 250,000 artifacts excavated from the buried hold of the Steamboat Bertrand. On April 1, 1865, the sternwheeler hit a sawyer, or submerged log, twenty miles north of Omaha, Nebraska. Bound for the newly discovered goldfields of Montana from St. Louis, Missouri, the Bertrand sank into the depths of the Missouri River; her cargo was a complete loss. Local folklore indicated the ship carried whiskey, gold and flasks of mercury for use in the mining process, a treasure trove worth hundreds of thousands of dollars!

Using historical documents and a flux gate magnetometer, modern salvers, Sam Corbino and Jesse Pursell discovered the wreck on DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge in 1968. Since the boat was on government property, the salvers agreed under the requirements of the American Antiquities Preservation Act of 1906, to hand all man- made artifacts over to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for permanent exhibition and preservation in a public museum. By 1969, the vessel's extant hull was completely excavated from its thirty feet deep, mud tomb under the auspices of National Park Service archeologists. Unfortunately for the salvers, the treasure they sought had eluded them. Insurance Company divers had removed most of the mercury and other valuables in 1865. In spite of this fact, a diversity of tools, clothing, food, and equipment remained in the hold.

A Visitor Center, built by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1981, accommodates the artifacts from the Bertrand. An environmentally-controlled collection storage area protects the cargo of the boat. The Visitor Center also contains a conservation laboratory for Bertrand artifact preservation, research library, and theater and exhibition galleries. Permanent exhibits discuss the impact steamboat cargoes and passengers brought to the frontier through the building of towns, farming, logging and mining. Each of these pursuits, while assuring prosperity and growth, initially produced a long term adverse effect upon the environment and wildlife habitats. Displays address the history of wildlife refuges, which were created to alleviate these problems. Temporary exhibits include a variety of topics from art shows to interpretive programs.

In addition, staff also continued cataloging efforts as well as working towards improving storage of the collection. DeSoto also continues its data input into ICMS and the Bertrand collection is now fully re-opened for visitors and researchers.

National Eagle and Wildlife Property Repository The Repository, a one of a kind facility, is operated and managed by the Office of Law Enforcement, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and is located at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge northeast of Denver, Colorado. Its purpose is to provide a central location for the receipt, storage and distribution of bald and golden eagles found dead and their parts throughout the United States. The eagles, and their parts, are shipped to Native Americans and Alaskan Natives enrolled in federally recognized tribes

38 for use in Indian religious ceremonies. The new curator is working to determine if any of the collections fall into the category of museum property.

FWS Collections Administration FY18 saw some strong advance for internal FWS museum collections controls. Headway was made along major fronts that include:

Inventory The majority of FWS collections have inventories older than 5 years. Use of interns to help address museum collection needs has been on-going (and reported in this report) for the last several years. FY18 saw this continue in our Northeast Region.

Cataloging FWS offices report that approximately 902,599* objects (20% of total items*) have been cataloged and accessioned (item level).

FRED The FWS Cultural Resource database is currently being used by 6 Regions (Midwest Northeast, Mountain-Prairie, the Pacific Northwest, California-Nevada, and Alaska—for collections only) of the FWS.

ICMS ICMS is currently on used by the FWS stand-alone repositories. Items in ICMS include those at NCTC (n=133400), DeSoto (n=250000) and DCB (not yet updated by new curator). All repositories are also using the latest version of ICMS.

Collection Movement (FWS Additions and Withdrawals information) Each year, museum collections ‘move’ from place to place. They are generated and reach a final storage location, they are removed from the system and are disposed of at another location. For FY18 Table 3 lists the Collection ‘Movement” that occurred. FWS retains control of all materials noted below.

Table 3. Collection Movement for FY18 Region Materials from: Materials sent to: 3 Arrow Rock State Park UM-Columbia 3 Luther College OSA-Iowa Idaho Museum of Natural 7 UAMN History University of Oregon, Condon 7 UAMN Museum of Geology 7 Burke Museum UAMN

Condition For FY18 a total of 271 facilities hold FWS collections. 141 are FWS repositories and the remaining 130 are non-federal repositories. Data on the condition of non-federal repositories is currently being updated.

For our remaining federal repositories (field stations) condition information is available in the form of FCI. An FCI of 0-0.14 indicates a good to fair condition while an FCI of 0.15 or over indicates poor condition. If a facility has a poor FCI and holds museum property, the field station will be advised to move those materials to a location with a better FCI. Though FCI does not speak to museum standards, FWS believes this is a good first step and can have application to other management needs. For FY18, 44% of federal facilities have an acceptable FCI, 28% have an unacceptable FCI and 28% currently have no available FCI value.

For non-federal repositories, FWS relies on date from the DOI Museum Facility Checklist (as noted in Directive 14 https://www.doi.gov/museum/policy/Museum- Directives). FWS has, where and when possible, been updating its checklist information. For non-federal repositories in FY18, 38% are in good condition, and 62% are in fair condition.

Consolidation In FY18, no consolidations were noted.

Interns For FY18 FWS was fortunate to have an intern available for work on museum collections. The intern was engaged in a variety of activities that included updating content for FWS online courses, updating content for our HQ museum displays (in our Welcome Center), and inputting museum collection updates from the Regions.

Collection Location Tables 4 and 5 show more detailed information for both federal and non-federal repositories.

Table 4. FY18 FWS Federal Repositories

Region Repository Custodial Official 1 Dungeness NWR Jennifer Scott-Brown 1 Kauai NWR Complex Shannon Smith 1 Midway Atoll NWR MaryAnn Amann 1 Quilence NFH Ron Wong Regional Office (Tualatin River 1 NWR) Robyn Thorson 1 Turnbull NWR Dan Matiatos 1 William L. Finley NWR Doug Spencer 3 Agassiz NWR Craig Mowry 3 Big Muddy NF&WR Tom Bell 3 Big Oaks NWR Joe Robb 3 Big Stone NWR Scott Simmons 3 Clarence Cannon NWR Jason Wilson 3 Crab Orchard NWR Rick Speer

3 Crane Meadow NWR Paul Soler I 3 Cypress Creek NWR Mike Brown 3 DeSoto NWR Tom Cox 3 Detroit Lakes WMD Ryan Frohling 3 Fergus Falls WMD Larry Martin 3 Genoa NFH Doug Aloisi 3 Horicon NWR Steven Lenz Illinois River Wildlife and Fish 3 Refuge HQ Robert Barry 3 Iron River NFH Nick Starzl 3 Jordan River NFH Roger Gordon 3 La Crosse District Tim Miller 3 Litchfield WMD Scott Glup 3 McGregor District Brandon Jones 3 Middle Miss. River NWR Jason Wilson 3 Mingo NWR Ben Mense 3 Minnesota Valley NWR Tim Bodeen 3 Morris WMD Bruce Freske 3 Muscatatuck NWR Alejandro Galvan 3 Neal Smith NWR Lance Koch 3 Necedah NWR Doug Staller 3 Neosho NFH Rodney May 3 Ottawa NWR Jason Lewis 3 Patoka River NWR Bill McCoy 3 Pendill's Creek NFH Curt Friez 3 Port Louisa NWR Sally Flatland 3 Regional Office James Myster 3 Rice Lake NWR Walt Ford 3 Rydell NWR Ryan Frohling 3 Saint Croix WMD Thomas Kerr I 3 Savanna District Ed Britton 3 Seney NWR Sara Siekierski 3 Sherburne NWR Steve Karel 3 Shiawassee NWR Pam Repp 3 Loess Bluffs NWR Lindsey Landowski 3 Swan Lake NWR Steve Whitson 3 Tamarac NWR Neil Powers 3 Trempealeau NWR Victoria Hirschboeck 3 Two Rivers NWR Justin Sexton 3 Union Slough NWR Ed Meendering Upper Mississippi River Wildlife 3 and Fish Refuge HQ Sabrina Chandler 3 Whittlesey Creek NWR Cathy Nigg 3 Windom WMD Todd Luke

4 Big Lake NWR Aaron Mize Savanah Coastal Refuges (RKs 4 office) Rick Kanaski 4 St. Mark's NWR Terry Peacock 4 Wheeler NWR Dwight Cooley 5 Back Bay NWR Jared Brandwein 5 Blackwater NWR Acting 5 Bombay Hook NWR Oscar Reed 5 Canaan Valley NWR 5 Chincoteague NWR Kevin Sloan 5 Craig Brook NFH 5 Eastern Neck NWR Acting 5 Eastern Shore of Virginia NWR Acting Edwin B. Forsythe NWR 5 (Barnegat Division) Virginia Rettig 5 Erie NWR Thomas Roster 5 FWS Regional Office Amy Wood 5 Martin NWR Acting 5 Great Dismal Swamp NWR Chris Lowie 5 Great Meadows NWR Elizabeth Herland 5 Great Swamp NWR Mike Horne 5 Iroquois NWR Thomas Roster 5 James River NWR Andy Hofmann 5 John Heinz NWR at Tinicum Lamar Gore 5 Maine Coastal Islands NWR Beth Goettel 5 Mason Neck NWR Dafny Pitchford 5 Missisquoi NWR Ken Sturm 5 Montezuma NWR Tom Jasikoff 5 Moosehorn NWR William Kolodnicki 5 Ninigret NWR Charles Vandemoer 5 Occoquon Bay NWR Dafny Pitchford 5 Ohio River Islands NWR Rebecca Young 5 Parker River NWR Bill Peterson 5 Patuxent Research Refuge Brad Knudsen 5 Rachel Carson NWR Ward Feurt 5 Rappahannock River NWR Andy Hoffman 5 Sachuest Point NWR Charlie Vademoer Silvio O. Conte National Fish and 5 Wildlife Refuge Andrew French 5 Stewart B. McKinney NWR Richard Potvin 5 Trustom Pond Charlie Vandemoer 5 Wertheim NWR Michelle Williams 5 West Virginia Field Office Thomas Chapman 6 Browns Park NWR Chris Dippel

6 Charles M Russell NWR Rick Potts 6 Chase Lake NWR Neil Shook 6 D.C. Booth NHFH April Gregory 6 Fish Springs NFH Brian Allen 6 Fort Niobrara NWR Steve Hicks 6 Lake Ilo NWR Todd Gallion 6 National Elk Refuge NWR Steven Kallin 6 Rocky Mountain Arsenal NWR David Lucas 6 Tewaukon NWR Kent Sundseth 6 Upper Souris Thomas Pabrian 6 Waubay NWR Connie Mueller 6 Bear River Bob Barrett 6 J.Clark Salyer Gary Williams 6 Devil's Lake Matt Sprenger 6 Medicine Lake Sean Lofgren 6 Leadville Fish Hatchery Ed Stege 6 Red Rock Lakes NWR Bill West 6 Bowdoin NWR Bridget Nielsen 6 Jackson Fish Hatchery Kerry Grande 7 Alaska Maritime NWR Marc Webber 7 Alaska Peninsula/Becharof NWR Susan Alexander 7 Arctic NWR Roger Kaye/Brian Glaspell 7 Izembek NWR Leticia Melindez 7 Kenai NWR Steve Miller 7 Kodiak NWR AnneMarie LaRosa 7 Koyukuk/Nowitna/Innoko NWR Kenton Moos 7 Selawik NWR David Zabriskie 7 Tetlin NWR Shawn Bayless 7 Yukon Delta NWR Brian McCaffery 7 Regional Office (Lab) Ed DeCleva 7 Regional Office (Warehouse) Ed DeCleva Don Edwards San Francisco Bay 8 NWR Ann Morkill 8 Desert NWR Amy Sprunger 8 Modoc NWR Tom Clay 8 San Luis NWR Complex Kim Forrest 8 Stillwater NWR Complex Carl Lunderstadt 8 Tule Lake NWR Greg Austin 8 San Luis NWR Karl Stromayer 8 Regional Office Anan Raymond 9 NCTC Jeanne Harold

Table 5. FY18 FWS Non-Federal Repositories

Region State Repository Contact(s) Bernice P. Bishop Museum 1 Hawaii (Honolulu) Janet Ness U. of Idaho, Alfred W. Bowers 1 Idaho Lab of Anthropology (Moscow) Leah Evan Jenke Benton County Historical Society (assumed portion of OSU Horner 1 Oregon Museum collection) Mary Gallagher Harney County Historical Society 1 Oregon (Burns) Sharon Jones 1 Oregon Lake County Museum (Lakeview) 1 Oregon Fort Vancouer National Park Thersesa Langford 1 South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Sally Shelton Eastern WA U, Arch and 1 Washington Historical Services (Cheney) Stan Gough U of Arizona, Arizona State 2 Arizona Museum, (Tucson) Museum of New Mexico, Museum of Indian Arts and 2 New Mexico Culture (Santa Fe) U of New Mexico, Dept of 2 New Mexico Anthropology (Albuquerque) U of New Mexico, Maxwell Museum of Anthropology 2 New Mexico (Albuq.) U of OK, Sam Noble Museum of 2 Oklahoma Natural History (Norman) 2 Texas Rio Grande Valley Museum U of Texas, Arch Research Lab 2 Texas (Austin) U of Texas, Ctr for Archaeological Research (San 2 Texas Antonio) S Illinois U, Ctr for Arch 3 Illinois Investigations (Carbondale) Mark Wagner Indiana U, Glenn A. Black Lab of 3 Indiana Anthro (Bloomington) April Siefert University of Iowa, Iowa State 3 Iowa Archaeologist (Iowa City) John Cordell Historical Society of Saginaw 3 Michigan County (Saginaw) Jeffrey Sommer 3 Minnesota Hamline University (St. Paul) Susan Myster Minnesota Historical Society, Minnesota History Center (St. 3 Minnesota Paul) Dan Cagley U of Missouri, Museum of 3 Missouri Anthropology (Columbia) Jessica Boldt UW-La Crosse, Mississippi Valley Archaeological Center (La 3 Wisconsin Crosse) Michael Bednarchuk

University of Wisconsin Archaeological Research 3 Wisconsin Laboratories (Milwaukee) Liz Leith University of Wisconsin, Dept of Anthro. Laboratory of 3 Wisconsin Archaeology (Madison) Danielle Benden Illinois State Museum 3 Illinois (Springfield) Dee Ann Watt 4 Alabama Auburn University (Auburn) Eugene Futato U of Alabama, Erskine Ramsay Archaeological Repository 4 Alabama (Moundville) Eugene Futato 4 Arkansas Arch Survey Station (Fayetteville) Juliet Morrow Arkansas State U, Arch Survey 4 Arkansas Station (Jonesboro) Frank Schambach Southern Arkansas U, Arch 4 Arkansas Survey Station (Magnolia) Marvin D Jeter University of Arkansas, Arch 4 Arkansas Survey Station (Monticello) John House University of Arkansas, Arch 4 Arkansas Survey Station (Pinebluff) Lela Donat U of Arkansas Archaeological 4 Arkansas Collection Facility (Fayetteville) U of Arkansas, University 4 Arkansas Museum (Fayetteville) 4 Delaware Delaware Archaeology Museum Florida Atlanta University (Boca 4 Florida Raton) David Dickel/Marie Prentice Bureau for Archaelogical 4 Florida Research (Tallahassee) William Marquardt/Donna Ruhl University of Florida, Florida Museum of Natural History 4 Florida (Gainesville) Rochelle Marrinan Florida State University 4 Florida (Tallahassee) University of Florida, Laboratory 4 Florida of Southeastern Archaeology Kenneth Sassaman Natural History Museum of the 4 Florida Florida Keys (Marathon) 4 Florida University of Miami William Pestle 4 Florida U of West Florida (Pensacola) Columbus Museum of Arts and 4 Georgia Science (Columbus) Sue Moore Georgia Southern University 4 Georgia Museum (Statesboro) 4 Georgia South Georgia College (Douglas) Mark Williams 4 Georgia University of Georgia (Athens) University of West Georgia 4 Georgia (Carrolton) Valdosta State University 4 Georgia (Valdosta) Waycross Junior College 4 Georgia (Waycross)

Southern Illinois University, 4 Illinois Carbondale Louisiana Division of 4 Louisiana Archaeology (Baton Rouge) Louisiana State University 4 Louisiana Museum (Baton Rouge) Jeffrey Girard Northeast Louisiana University 4 Louisiana (Monroe) William P Athens R. Christopher Goodwin & Assoc 4 Louisiana (New Orleans) Temporary University of Southwestern 4 Louisiana Louisiana (Lafayette) Evan Peacock/Janet Rafferty Cobb Institute of Archaeology, Mississippi State University, 4 Mississippi Starkville Mississippi Department of 4 Mississippi Archives and History (Jackson) Mississippi Department of 4 Mississippi Transportation H Edward Jackson University of Southern 4 Mississippi Mississippi (Hattiesburg) East Carolina University 4 North Carolina (Greensville) North Carolina Dept of 4 North Carolina Transportation (Raleigh) Paul Thacker Wake Forest University (Winston 4 North Carolina Salem) 4 South Carolina Charleston Museum (Charleston) Sharon Pekrul South Carolina Inst of 4 South Carolina Archeology and Anth (Columbia) Gena Horton Charles H. Nash Museum of 4 Tennessee Archaeology (Memphis) Mark Norton Tenn Division of Archaeology, 4 Tennessee Pinson Mounds Museum Suzanne Hoyal Tenn Div of Archaeology, Dept of 4 Tennessee Conservation (Nashville) Virgin Islands SHPO (St. 4 Virgin Islands Thomas) Michael Raber U of Connecticut, Dept of 5 Connecticut Anthropology (Storrs) Kevin McBride Delaware Archaeologcial 5 Delaware Museum Charles Fithian 5 Maine Maine State Museum (Augusta) Bruce Bourque Northeast Archaeological 5 Maine Research Center (Farmington) Ellen Cowie 5 Maryland Havre de Grace Decoy Museum Pat Vincenti, President Maryland Archaeological Conservation Lab at Jefferson 5 Maryland Patterson Park and Museum Sara Rivers Coffield 5 Massachusetts Peabody Essex Museum (Salem) Karen Kramer-Russell University of Massachusetts Department of Anthropology 5 Massachusetts (Boston) Melody Henkel

University of Massachusetts, 5 Massachusetts Amherst Archaeological Services Eric Johnson 5 New Jersey New Jersey State Museum Greg Lattanzi Alabama Historical Society 5 New York (Basom) Ellen Bachorski New York State Museum 5 New York (Albany) Penelope Drucker State U of New York (Buffalo) Marian White Anthropology 5 New York Research Museum Kyle Sommerville 5 Rhode Island Public Archaeology Lab Deborah Cox Rhode Island College 5 Rhode Island (Providence) Pierre Morenon University of Vermont Consulting 5 Vermont Archaeology Program John Crock Vermont Archaeology Heritage 5 Vermont Center Jess Robinson Fairfax County Heritage 5 Virginia Resources (Falls Church) Mike Johnson 5 Virginia Mariners' Museum Prince William County Historic 5 Virginia Preservation Division Brendon Hanafin 5 Virginia Chincoteague Museum William Spann Virginia Department of Historic 5 Virginia Resources (Richmond) Dee DeRoche 5 West Virginia Shepherd University Chuck Hulse West Virginia Division of Culture and History, State Historic 5 West Virginia Preservation Office Heather Cline State Historical Society of North Dakota, North Dakota Heritage 6 North Dakota Center (Bismarck) Wendi Field Murray South Dakota State Historical Society, South Dakota Archeological Research Center 6 South Dakota (Rapid City) Katie Lamie University of Alaska Museum of 7 Alaska the North Josh Reuther,Scott Shirar Alutiiq Museum and 7 Alaska Archaeological Repository Patrick Saltonstall 7 Alaska Kenai Peninsula College Alan Boraas 7 Alaska Museum of the Aleutians Virginia Hatfield 7 Alaska Pratt Museum Savanna Bradley University of California, Los Angeles Fowler Museum of 7 California Culture History Unknown 7 Ohio Dayton Society of Natural History Unknown 7 Rhode Island Brown/Haffenreffer Unknown 7 Washington Washington State unknown Nevada State Museum & 8 Nevada Historical Society (Las Vegas) Lisa Deitz

U of California, Dept of Anthro. 8 California (Davis) Paul Buck DRI, Quaternary Sciences 8 Nevada Center (Las Vegas) Maggie Brown Nevada State Museum (Carson 8 Nevada City) Herb Maschner

Partnerships and Public Use Several cultural resources authorities direct federal agencies to educate the public on its historic resources. Museum collections often take a central role in these education efforts, either in the form of museum exhibits at FWS Visitor Centers or as traveling exhibits used by field or regional staff to take the message of protection of historic resources to various audiences. In FY18, 50 FWS Visitor Center’s include exhibits pertaining to history or prehistory. Materials in these exhibits are often from the field station’s museum property.

FWS collections that are available for exhibition and research are those housed in our Federal repositories (NCTC, DCB, and DeSoto) and specific collections administered by our Regions. Table 6 notes their access request and viewing data for FY18.

Table 6. Public Use for FWS Museum Collections Repository Number of research Number of Visitors to Number of research requests the collection access NCTC 152 2,000 120 DeSoto 12 1,000 10 DCB* 29 68 3