S O C I E T Y F O R A M E R I C A N A R C H A E O L O G Y

V O L U M E 1 1 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1 9 9 3 N O . 5

...just because a person happens to “ live adjacent to a world-class site does not automatically insure that he/she will appreciate the importance of the site. See Page 7 ” 2 Society for American Archaeology November/December

In This Issue Editor's Corner Letters to the Editor As many of you who attended the Annual Meeting in St. Louis may recall, one of my goals as editor of the Bulletin is to Government Relations - More than explore various electronic means of disseminating information Congress and data to the members of the Society. The recent announce- ment in the Bulletin [11(4):8] of the suspension of publication of Current Research in American Antiquity for two years provides Working Together - Cooperation in a useful place to begin explore these electronic avenues of information technology. Just after the publication of the an- Montana nouncement, there were a number of postings to ARCH-L, an archaeology listserver run out of Texas A&M University, in general support of the change with specific interest in the use of Software Review - HRAF on CD- the National Archaeological Data Base (NADB) organized by ROM the Park Service and run out of the University of Arkansas. This may well be a useful solution to the problem, as are others that have been discussed. I am convinced that it is necessary for the The Death of the South Sixth Ridge Society to begin exploring these technologies; it is not so much at Poverty Point a question of “why” but “when”. Other societies and profes- sional organizations in archaeology are beginning this explora- tion as well. The editor of the SOPA Newsletter [17(8):6 ] has Ancient DNA Conference recently asked its membership to provide her with some feedback on the use of gophers (one form of electronic data base). News and Notes I too have questions of the membership, and I will hope you will take a few moments to answer them: 1) do you (or can you) have access to the Internet from Positions Open your home/office? If you are unsure of the answer, tell me what network (Bitnet, Compuserve, MCI Mail, America Online, FidoNet, or other) you think you may have. Be as specific as you Calendar can. 2) how much interest would you have in seeing a) Current Research, b) the Bulletin, and c) other Society information The Bulletin of the Society for American (membership rosters, organization structure, other informa- Archaeology (ISSN 0741-5672) is published tion, etc.) made accessible in an electronic form, more specifi- five times a year (January, March, June, Sep- cally, on the Internet? Please note: this question in no way implies that traditional, paper copies of the information will not tember, and November) and is edited by Mark also be available. Aldenderfer, with editorial assistance by Karen 3) do you have any specific suggestions on what form these Doehner and Dirk Brandts. Please send all electronic means of information dissemination should take (i.e. articles, announcements, letters to the editor, gopher, listserver, ftp site, WWW, WAIS, or other)? or other information for inclusion to the Bul- Please send your responses to me via email letin to the Department of Anthropology, ([email protected]), fax (805-893-8707), or regular University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa mail (snail mail) at the address listed on this page. I will Barbara, CA 93106-3210. For further infor- periodically ask new questions and provide you with updates on mation, please call (805)-893-8604 or (805)- what I’ve received. Thanks. 893-8152, fax (805)-893-8707, or electronic mail at [email protected]. Contribu- tors are strongly encouraged to submit manu- scripts of one page or greater in length via Corrections email or by disk using any word processing In the past two issues of the software. All advertising and placement ads Bulletin, I have made the same mis- should be sent to the SAA Executive Office, take twice: his name is Philip De 900 2nd Street, NE, Suite 12, Washington, Barros, not Philip De Barrios. Phil DC 20002, (202)-789-8200, by the tenth of contributed a column on Native American and archaeolo- the month prior to the month of issue. The gist relations in the Bulletin 11(3):6-7, and his name was Bulletin is provided free to members and repeated in a letter to the editor in the Bulletin 11(4):4. Phil institutional subscribers to American Antiq- called the error to my attention, and I am glad to accept uity in the United States and Canada. Items responsibility for the mistake and to point out the correct published reflect the views of the authors and spelling of his name. • their publication does not imply SAA en- dorsement of those views. 1993 Volume 11, Number 5 3

appropriate changes to the criminal provisions of our State Act. Only by working together will we accomplish our goal. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR When we are successful, our next step will be to educate and involve Arizona judges.

Brian W. Kenny Phoenix, Arizona I read the recent proposal to remove “Current Research” from American Antiquity and to make it accessible through the NADB with great interest. I believe that any plans to increase the accessibility of Roger Echo-Hawk’s article in the SAA Bulletin, 11:4 is weakened current information should be applauded. With the increasing availabil- by sweeping generalizations (“The entire academic community displays ity of Internet connections, and the improvements in ease of use, it would little regard for the historicity of oral traditions as a class, whether told by be foolish not to take advantage of such an opportunity. Indians, Norse chroniclers, or any other group of people.” Three There are, however, certain drawbacks that must be considered. colleagues come immediately to my mind as researchers who have made The first, and most important of these is that not everyone does have extensive use of Indian oral literature and, in fact, Echo-Hawk contradicts access to the NADB over the Internet (at least not yet). For others, access himself ten lines previously.) and by the reckless claims made for Indian is restricted (either by equipment or account availability). For these oral literature in his piece "Ancient Worlds". individuals, the loss of “Current Research” as it is now published will be But he is right to point out that North American Indian oral a great loss. literature is a valuable and badly underused source of data for both historic In order to make the information in “Current Research” more and prehistoric research. Scholars on this continent, Indian and white, useful to those who do not regularly use the Internet, some sort of index might well consider the analyses of European oral literature, particularly of articles should still be made available in print. This could either appear those involved in the ongoing debate about the historicity of Homer. as a short section in American Antiquity, or as an addition to the SAA ‘Conservative’ opinion (e.g. Early Greece by Oswyn Murray, 1980) Bulletin. holds that the Homeric poems, set down in writing between 750 and 700 The addition of the electronic medium to our collection of tools B.C., describe, for the most part, a society only about two centuries older; for research will be extremely valuable. As the technology progresses, and ‘liberal’ opinion (e.g. Homer and the Heroic Age by John Luce, 1975) amount of data available electronically increases, we may find that maintains that they contain valid information about the distinctly older electronic publishing will come to dominate over the currently available Late Bronze Age Aegean culture of ca. 1400 - 1200 B.C. journal formats. Until that time though, we need to keep information The European debate, unlike, as far as I know, that in North equally accessible to everyone. America, has focused on the mechanics of oral literature...how and for whom are stories composed?...how much change is allowed in a re- Richard W. Lindstrom telling?...how are changes incorporated into existing stories? Such University of Chicago questions have informed several ethnographic studies of oral literature, notably those of Milman Parry (The Making of Homeric Verse, 1971) on Serbo-Croat practices in the 1930’s. As a source of data about the past oral literature, like written The first six pages of the September 1993 SAA Bulletin deal with documents and the archaeological record, must be used critically if it is issues of cooperation between archaeologists and Native Americans, and to be of any help. Skepticism is appropriate in the face of claims that Indian the GE Mound ARPA case. oral literature has preserved unchanged descriptions of the Late Pleis- As a former land manager, I had difficulty convincing certain tocene across 450 human generations. Likewise the dismissal of oral Arizona prosecutors and judges that destruction of historic properties literature out of hand is inappropriate, whether it be that of the Early Iron warranted their consideration under the Arizona Antiquities Act. I Age Greeks or modern North American Indians. handled a number of cases for the State. In one, the defendants admitted The assembly of an evaluation of Indian oral literature has begun guilt; but the judge released them. They were “two old, retired GIs with here and there in Canada and the United States. Echo-Hawk is surely metal detectors”, and the judge couldn’t quite see what harm they were right to argue that it should stand at the head of the agenda of 21st-century doing. In another, a defense attorney won dismissal arguing the merits, research, in which, hopefully, Indians and whites will co-operate as or lack thereof, of the word ‘knowingly’ in the statute. colleagues. I found it a challenge to catch vandals in the act. Yet once caught, my prosecutors created roadblocks because of their workload, lack of Peter Reid personal interest, misinformation regarding the law, or lack of glamour University of Windsor, Ontario surrounding cases. Grand juries understood the issues and regularly handed down indictments. However, judges sometimes dismissed cases for personal preferences that had little to do with the merits of the case, or the wording and legislative intent of the law. It seems to me vandalism prevention is another arena where Native Roger Echo-Hawk’s (SAA Bulletin 11[4]:5-6) interesting es- Americans, archaeologists and others might work together more closely. says raised some compelling issues that we archaeologists must look As a result, I have organized a panel of archaeologists, natural resource law squarely in the face. There can be no disputing that American enforcement personnel, prosecutors and State legislators to revise word- archaeology is rooted in European colonialism, nor that elements of ing of the Arizona Antiquities Act. Our goal will be to rewrite the criminal racism survive as its legacy. Outright rejection of native oral tradi- provisions of the Act, making it more enforceable and prosecutable. Nine tions, when oral histories are valued components of research into percent of the panel members are Native American, eleven percent are Euro-American sites, clearly is one example of the prevailing dispar- women. The panel also contains a large percentage of Mormons; ate treatment. Further, our failure to recruit archaeology students through innuendo, this group often is accused of much of the archaeo- among Native Americans — or any other visible minority, for that logical vandalism in the Southwest. We plan to make significant, matter — is both a symptom and a cause of our incapacity to 4 Society for American Archaeology November/December

appreciate the benefits of cultural diversity. I believe, however, that inquiry is also in conflict with non-western concepts of propriety. the separation between Indians and archaeologists is not so much a Even the devout of our own culture find many common investigative product of racism as it is the result of differences in cultural practices repugnant. We perform autopsies to find cause of death; perspectives and, in some respects, conflicts between science and we keep cadavers on hand to teach medical students; we exhume religion. bodies when we suspect foul play or atrocities of war. We do such As I read Echo-Hawk’s first essay, I could not help but think things to ourselves, as though they are perfectly natural, without of the parallels between this dispute and that between creationists thinking how they might be viewed by others not of our company. and paleontologists over the subject of evolution. Even his effort to It is ironic that almost all American archaeologists should be reconcile current archaeological interpretations with native origin trained in anthropology, yet so many seem to lack a sensitivity to “myths” was reminiscent of the many attempts to make modern issues of race and culture. Further, it is unlikely that we will be able science square with the Bible. Discord may be accentuated in the to raise our own consciousness without the counsel of others. It is present case, of course, by an ignorant view of non-western beliefs heartening, therefore, that the SAA Bulletin has taken the lead with and, perhaps, the arrogant and fallacious assumption that Indian its ‘Working Together” series. • challenges to the ruling scientific convention are nothing more than political maneuvers. Vergil E. Noble Much of what Western forensic science considers legitimate Lincoln, Nebraska

Government Relations — More than Congress Kathleen Schamel One thing we do often in Washington is attend meetings. For two days in October, SAA Governmental Affairs Committee Chairman Dean Snow got to experience this first hand. The first day, he and SAA President Bruce Smith and Executive Director Ralph Johnson met with members of the broad-based National Preservation Coordinating Council and National Park Service Director Roger Kennedy. They urged Director Kennedy to take the lead role in supporting the entire national preservation program and not just focus on national parks. Director Kennedy pledged to appoint a special liaison to link the preservation community with him. At the close of the meeting, Kennedy assured the SAA of the Park Service’s support for the SAA’s anti-looting and public education efforts. The second day proved to be as successful and exhausting. Director of the Bureau of Land Management Jim Baca was our first stop, where we discussed the BLM budged and support for archaeological personnel, improving career tracks, and cultural resources law enforcement, and range reform. BLM is planning a reorganization along “ecosystem management” lines. We urged that cultural resources be given special attention and not merely be subsumed under environmental management, where it too often gets short changed in agency budgets and priorities. Director Baca expressed his concern for getting as many resources to the field level as possible. He asked for the SAA’s continued help on the appropriations for the agency as well as for the BLM’s reauthorization. The SAA is the only preservation organization which continually works on behalf of the BLM’s cultural resources budgets and programs. Our next stop was to meet with Bob Marriott of the National Park Service Ranger Division who expressed his appreciation tothe SAA for its long support of increased law enforcement funding. The SAA has managed to secure between $500,000 - $800,000 extra each year for the last four years. This funding has gone directly to the field for surveillance, sting operations, special agents, equipment and training. NPS has established special task forces to investigate cultural resources crimes and works closely with the Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, US Customs Service, FBI and BLM. In the Southeast United States, Native American groups are becoming involved in the investigations. At lunch, we attended the Conservation Roundtable where the Assistant Secretary of Agriculture for Natural Resources and Environment, Jim Lyons spoke. He offered support for programs which would increase partnerships, public education, and stewardship — all integral parts of cultural resources programs at the Forest Service and Soil Conservation Service, two agencies under his jurisdiction. Afterwards, Dean had the chance to talk to him about gaining support in Agriculture for cultural resources programs. Lyons stated he would make this a priority for his managers. It was then back to the Department of Interior to meet with Assistant Secretary of Interior for Policy, Management and Budget, Bonnie Cohen. Ms. Cohen has responsibility for all DOI agencies including NPS, BLM, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Reclamation, and Minerals Management Service, all of which the SAA has worked closely with in the past. Discussion focused on funding for cultural resources programs, improving cultural resources statute implementation and elevating archaeology as a priority at Interior agencies. The final stop was the National Trust for Historic Preservation to meet with President Richard Moe. This meeting centered on building bridges between constituency groups with similar missions. The National Trust is establishing an archaeology task force to examine whether the Trust should become more involved in archaeological issues. Moe said he would like to create ongoing linkages between the National Trust and the SAA. Government relations involves more than working with Congress. Getting laws enacted is one step in the continuing process of federal cultural resource protection. SAA has been successful because it works closely with the federal agencies to implement the laws. The SAA has developed valuable alliances with federal archaeologists and preservationists, national organizations, and program managers enabling the Society to be an effective voice in Washington. • Kathleen Schamel works for CEHP Inc., and handles lobby efforts on behalf of the SAA. 1993 Volume 11, Number 5 5

Working Together -- CONTINUING COOPERATION BETWEEN ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND NATIVE AMERICANS IN MONTANA Dave Schwab Much has been said about the clash between American tural programs have been enhanced to deal with issues of Indians and archaeologists. Some archaeologists even con- cultural resource protection. Some tribes have seen the value tend that the increasing involvement of Native Americans will of working with archaeologists to heighten their understand- mark the end of archaeology as we know it. I believe that much ing of their cultural past. Archaeologists have benefited from of the controversy is stirred by individuals in both camps who increased cooperation and information sharing with tribes seek to focus on problems and differences without offering which contributes directly to their studies. much in the way of workable solutions. While bitter debates We have by no means solved all of the problems or and differences of opinion tend to steal headlines, in many bridged all the differences which confront us, but we have places archaeologists and Native Americans are quietly work- developed an atmosphere conducive to communication and ing together to bridge the gap of cultural differences and mutual respect. In so doing we have been fortunate to avoid misunderstanding. the bitter legal and political clashes between archaeologists The Montana Historical Society Preservation Office, and Native Americans that have been experienced in other for example, has been working for eight years to bring archae- parts of the country. As we have come to know and work with ologists and Native Americans together to discuss cultural one another on a regular basis, it has also opened the door to resource protection and preservation issues. We began our new opportunities for cooperation and increased understand- program in 1985 by traveling to Montana’s reservation com- ing. One such opportunity presented itself in 1992. munities to meet with tribal cultural and political leaders to That year, the Montana Historical Society implemented learn from them first hand about issues of primary concern. a regional archaeological study of the 130,000 acre Flying D We then interviewed archaeologists in Montana about Ranch under the direction of myself and Mark P. Bamler. their past interaction with American Indians and we heard Funded by the Turner Foundation, the goal of the study was their thoughts about greater involvement of Indian tribes in to understand the adaptation of prehistoric Montanans to the archaeological projects. We followed up with an anonymous foothills/mountain environment between the Madison and questionnaire that was mailed to all members of the state’s Gallatin rivers of southwestern Montana. In considering this professional organization. Our outreach effort demonstrated research project, we seized the opportunity to develop a close a need for increased communication and interaction between partnership with tribal representatives in planning and ex- archaeologists and Native Americans. ecuting a major archaeological study. In response we organized our first statewide conference Working closely with cultural representatives from the between Native Americans and archaeologists which we called Salish, Crow, and Blackfeet tribes, we developed a research the Camp Maiden Conference (see Schwab, 1991: NPS CRM design which addresses our objectives with minimal impact to Magazine V14 #5:25-27) in 1986. We met in a rustic, outdoor the archaeological resources in the area. In our first two years, setting and asked everyone attending the conference to leave we isolated our excavation activities to existing cutbanks and their egos, stereotypes and weapons at the door. Over the limited our surface collection activities. When surface collec- course of the discussion, many of the differences between the tions were made, we followed tribal recommendations by two groups which seemed so glaring at the outset began to leaving small offerings of tobacco at the sites. We are negoti- fade. Indian representatives and archaeologists began to listen ating with the landowner to return much of the collected to one another and broaden their mutual understanding. Both surface materials to the exact locations where they were groups recognize the need to preserve and learn from the recovered after analysis, and making the remaining materials prehistoric record of the past. The inherent differences lie in available for educational purposes. the values which we identify with archaeological resources and The Turner Foundation and the National Park Service the ways that we put those values into practice. funded the active participation of tribal cultural representa- Since that first meeting, the gathering (renamed the tives in all facets of the archaeological field work. Through the “Cultural Bridge Conference” in 1988) has become a biennial Salish-Kootenai Tribal college, we also hired two Indian event in Montana. Over the years the conference has been student interns to work with us, providing them their first hosted by tribes, federal agencies, and academic institutions. opportunity to participate in archaeology. During the course These meetings provide a continuing opportunity for discus- of our study we hosted regular visits from tribal representa- sion of important issues and current problems. Interaction tives, including elders, showing them the project area and sites between archaeologists and tribal representatives has in- so as to help them better understand the methods and reason- creased at the local level and tribes have become more actively ing behind archaeological research. involved in archaeological activities in the state. Tribal cul- One of the most informative and rewarding aspects of Continued on page 6 6 Society for American Archaeology November/December

Continued from page 5 the Flying D Archaeological Project was the ethnobotanical Native Americans ask that we work with equal vigor in study which we coordinated with Indian plant specialists. the arena of site preservation and protection as we do in the Working with the project paleoethnobotanist, Steve Aaberg, domain of high impact research. They ask that we be more we brought tribal plant specialists to the study area for a series prudent about disturbing sites and that we be more account- of seasonal visits. Through this effort we identified almost 300 able for completing research reports, and managing and plants used traditionally by local tribes for food, medicine and curating archaeological collections. They ask that archaeo- ritual. This effort provides important comparative data for logical research projects and reports be more comprehensible future paleoenvironmental and paleoethnobotanical research. and accessible to them and the non-professional public rather The ethnobotany study provided an opportunity for than the closed domain of academics and professionals. They traditional Indian representatives to get involved in the study suggest that we spend more time working with existing in a way that was interesting and enjoyable for them. Tribal collections rather than initiating new excavations. Finally, experts provided information on seasonality and oral history they ask that we attempt to understand their feelings of useful for developing models of prehistoric use in the area. As identification with archaeological sites and respect their rela- a sidelight, several tribal representatives were able to locate tionship with their ancestral past that these places represent. and harvest food, medicinal and ritual plants known in their To me, these are not unreasonable requests. Archaeo- tribal lore but unavailable in their modern plant gathering logical sites contain a range of values. Clearly their scientific areas. By reestablishing their relationship with an area of value is important for our understanding of the prehistoric historic use they received contemporary benefits and unan- past. But they also hold cultural and spiritual values to certain ticipated opportunities for the future. Native American groups, as well as educational, emotional The Flying D Archaeological Project is only in its and even monetary values for a diverse public. In my opinion, infancy but we have already learned some valuable lessons. We the future trend in archaeology will be to consider a wider discovered that archaeological research can be conducted in a range of values when considering the treatment of archaeo- way that is sensitive to the needs and concerns of both logical resources. Some may wish to fight this trend, but it scientific investigators and Native Americans. We recognized surely cannot be ignored. Therefore it is our responsibility as that both groups have different ways of understanding and professionals to create opportunities for communication, shar- approaching the study of the past, based on distinct traditions, ing and compromise with those who have different perspec- but these approaches are not entirely incompatible if people tives about the archaeological record. are committed to bridging differences and finding common So is the active involvement of Native Americans in ground. archaeology the “end of archaeology as we know it”? Perhaps Over the years I have come to realize that many of the it is. But it may also be the beginning of a new responsibility tribes’ ethical concerns about archaeology are very consistent and ethic in archaeology that ultimately improves our ability with the conservation philosophy deeply embedded in our to manage, understand and interpret our common past. • discipline. In many ways Native American concerns and values offer much needed checks and balances for archaeo- logical study. At the risk of generalizing Native American Dave Schwab was the State Archaeologist in Montana until perspectives too broadly, I would relate some recurring re- October of this year. He is currently a private consulting quests made by tribal representatives. archaeologist residing in Helena, Montana.

Software Review: HRAF on CD-ROM Alex Barker

The Cross-Cultural CD, from Silver Platter International, contains a subset of the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) dealing with eight broad topics: 1) human sexuality; 2) marriage; 3) family; 4) crime and social problems; 5) old age; 6) death and dying; 7) childhood and adolescence; and 8) socialization and education. All eight databases are combined on four CDs. At the outset, it might be well to dispel a common misconception regarding HRAF data. HRAF does not provide codes for various organizational or social traits. Instead, it provides an index to passages in the original ethnography containing information regarding these traits, then reprints the passages themselves. A given passage may reappear several times, as it may contain pertinent information on a number of different topics. In essence, the Cross-Cultural CD provides eight topical indexes to the 500 or so ethnographies of the 60 societies in the sample. Each record in a database contains standard fields for the bibliographic particulars for an entry, as well as temporal, spatial and social identifiers and a unique control number for each record. Also included are the Outline of Cultural Materials (OCM) index numbers, which were used in the paper and microfiche HRAF so that indexes could be recorded in the margins of the original pages, and the descriptor terms to which these numbers refer. A full text version of the original ethnographic passage forms the bulk of each record. Users may search for a given topic by specifying specific values or strings in any field of the database, using logical and Continued on page 14 1993 Volume 11, Number 5 7

THE DEATH OF THE SOUTH SIXTH RIDGE AT POVERTY POINT: WHAT CAN WE DO?

Jon L. Gibson and Joe Saunders

The big diesel motors roared to life, and the land-levelers headed straight for the south sixth ridge (S6) of the Poverty Point earthen enclosure, the one that ran outside the state commemorative area fence onto private property. Relentlessly, ominously, the machines advanced, belching plumes of black smoke into the azure of the midday sky. They scraped up the dark anthropic soil into their insatiable guts, swallowing clay cooking balls like whales feeding on krill. The earth seemed to scream in agony, its anguish rising as dust before falling back to the ground and spreading a thin incredibly sad film over everything nearby. The death cry of S6 was a faint echo when Dennis LaBatt, Carl Kuttruff, John Calhoun, and Jon Gibson arrived to inspect the destruction. We stood in shock. Waves of disbelief, anger, and helplessness swept over us, before finally giving way to intense sadness—absolute, abject, abhorrent sadness. Clay balls littered the scalped ground. Here and there were black stains, the remains of old cooking pits and other features. Across the fence, the protected ridges on the state commemorative area were green under their grassy blanket — green and intact. Looking back at S6, the unthinkable had happened. S6 was gone. But the land-levelers were not through. There were heading back toward the stub of S6. The drivers of the monster machines seemed to have no countenances. They did not know what they were doing. Or didn’t care. We sprang into action, running from stain to stain, frantically scraping, digging, pitching whole clay balls toward the fence and out of harm’s way, occasionally checking to see if the beasts were going to run over us on their next go-around. The sun beat down, our bodies were tired; we wanted to go far away from this place. Chronology

On May 19th, at 2:27 P.M., Kent Milton of the USDA Soil Conservation (SCS) Service in Alexandria, Louisiana, called Regional Archaeologist, Joe Saunders. The SCS had received a request to assist a landowner to design cotton pads on his property near Poverty Point. During an initial inspection of the property by the SCS, a dense scatter of artifacts was identified. The field crew contacted Milton about a possibly significant site, and in turn Milton asked Saunders to meet with the SCS crew and landowner at the site on Monday, May 24, 1993. The purpose of the meeting was to 1) determine if the site was significant, and 2) if so, to see if an alternative plan could be devised so that the site area would not be impacted by the construction of the cotton pads. The SCS had been informed that leveling of the property would not begin before Monday. Friday afternoon, Saunders sent a note to Poverty Point, asking Dennis LaBatt, manager of the Poverty Point State Commemorative Area, and Jon Gibson, who was running his university field school at Poverty Point, to participate in the meeting on Monday if the property in question was the strip along the south side of Poverty Point, where Gibson had recently conducted a cultural resources survey. Saturday morning, May 22nd, LaBatt noticed leveling equipment parked along the paved road adjacent to the property, which contained the southern end of Ridge 6 (S6). He visited with Don Raley, the landowner, to see what he was planning to do. After finding out that land leveling was to occur, he returned to his office, called Northeast Louisiana University and left a message for Saunders. Gibson called Kathleen Byrd, State Archaeologist, but she was not at home. LaBatt and Carl Kuttruff, who was working with Gibson, returned to the area of S6 and watched as the land-levelers began removing S6. As masses of baked clay balls and suspected post holes began to show up, LaBatt asked for Raley’s permission to follow behind the tractors to salvage what information they could. They were granted permission as long as their activities did not stop the work in progress. At lunch time, LaBatt and Kuttruff reported the leveling scene to Gibson, who was digging on the opposite end of the site. They rushed back to S6 and frantically began to salvage and record exposed features. Leveling continued that day for approximately six hours. Raley gave Gibson and his crew permission to record the exposed features after work and on the next day, May 23rd, which was Sunday and an off-day for the land-levelers. Gibson’s crew identified 27 features, including fire pits, post molds, other pits, and various stains. Numerous charcoal and matrix samples were collected, and the features were mapped, profiled, described, and photographed. Monday morning, May 24th, at ca. 8:00 A.M. Saunders met Milton and the SCS field crew at the SCS office in Monroe. It was at this time that Saunders learned that the property in question was along the southern edge of Poverty Point. Possible alternative designs to prevent the continued destruction of S6 were discussed. When Saunders and the SCS contingent arrived at the site, they were shocked to find that S6 had already been destroyed. Saunders met with landowner Raley, who related that Gibson had examined the area over the weekend and had concluded that Continued on page 8 8 Society for American Archaeology November/December

Continued from page 7 “nothing significant” existed in the area. Raley had apparently misconstrued Gibson’s disappointment at not being able to recognize house patterns among the exposed features as indicating that the area was “not significant” and therefore would not be harmed by continued leveling. After the meeting with Raley, Saunders visited Gibson and LaBatt at the commemorative area and was informed about the weekend’s developments. Saunders returned to Monroe and called Byrd to inform her about what had taken place. She in turn made a number of telephone calls, including one to Raley, State Representative Francis Thompson, and others. Later, she returned a call to Saunders telling him that Raley had agreed to meet with Saunders and Gibson on Tuesday morning. Milton also was asked to participate. Saunders, Gibson, and Milton met with Raley on Tuesday morning, May 25th. Initially he said he would be willing to work out a compromise as long as it did not prevent him from completing the work. However, as the signifi- cance of the site to him was explained to him, he offered to remove the portion of property that had contained S6 from further work. He also agreed to cover the impacted area with dirt to prevent further damage to the exposed fea- tures. Finally, he agreed to alter the land leveling plans near the remnants of a Pov- erty Point mound on the west end of his property. That afternoon Gibson flagged the area where S6 once stood., as well as the area around the Poverty Point mound. Leveling continued near each area, but the degree of impact was reduced. Over the next five days (May 25-30) Saunders moni- tored the work and additional features were recorded in the exposed areas. At the end of the project, Raley had the impacted area of S6 covered with fill to protect the exposed features. It was during this operation that Raley offered to donate the area of S6 to the Louisiana office of State Parks. With Raley, Gibson and Saunders marked the area that was to be donated, approximately 2.7 acres. Later Raley expanded the area to an even three acres. Raley later told us that it was when he was told that the leveling was “...like knocking the corner off the Great Pyramid,” that he realized just how important Poverty Point was and that a mistake had been made. Raley’s admission is significant on two accounts: first, a businessman who gins cotton for a living recognized that a few cotton pads were not worth the destruction of something deemed so important to humankind; and second, just because a person happens to live adjacent to a world-class site does not automatically ensure that he/she will appreciate the importance of the site. Raley was raised and today lives within sight of Poverty Point, only a half mile away. As a child, he collected artifacts from the very spot that was leveled. When even the people who live right beside a site like Poverty Point do not appreciate its importance, how can we protect it? We can’t, unless... Protection

Poverty Point is a national monument, a national historical landmark, and a state commemorative area. The State of Louisiana owns some 400 acres of the site, and most of the central ridged enclosure and five of the six or more earthen mounds built by Poverty Point’s ancient inhabitants fall in this protected property. S6 did not. Neither did the Neal mounds, located immediately south of the leveled property, when they too were leveled back in the early 1960s. Neither did the west half of Poverty Point mound on the southwest side of Poverty Point, when it too was destroyed in the late 1960s. Neither did the Lower Jackson Mound one mile south of Poverty Point, when some of its fill was removed to fill low spots in a cotton field. Neither does the large Motley Mound, a 55 foot high “bird” mound, located north of the central ridged enclosure. As with S6, Motley is on property that is up for sale. It sits there, unprotected and vulnerable. It has been impacted too, some of its fill has been removed for highway construction. Will it too meet the same fate as S6? Must it become yet another victim of twentieth century progress? Can we afford the sacrifice? What will we get in return? A few more rows of cotton? This exchange is not equitable. In the swap, we lose forever another ancient monument, another segment of our history, another part of our humanity. Our children will not be able to share the image formed by ancient thoughts or touch the pulse of ancient laborers. There will be no conduit for them to experience firsthand the tangible and spiritual presence of those who preceded them. The price will be a future world without a real link to the past world. As Chief Seattle foretold, “It will be the end of living, and the beginning of survival.” Archaeologists nationwide acknowledge their stewardship of prehistoric remains. Federal and state agencies generally look after sites on public lands, and conservancies routinely acquire threatened sites on private properties. However, this is just not enough. Even if we could guarantee funding stability for the protecting agencies, which we can’t in this “cut spending and no more taxes” atmosphere, most sites are still on private property. Even if every landowner with a site on his/her property would guarantee that no harm would come to that site, the guarantee would die with that landowner. We suggest that just because sites happen to be on private property should not make them privately owned. We also maintain that archaeologists must challenge one of Americans’ most precious rights—the right to do as you please to your own land—if we are going to have any chance of preserving our diminishing heritage. We offer some suggestions as to how we might effect such a preservation program: Continued on page 9 1993 Volume 11, Number 5 9

Continued from page 8 First, we must press for legislation that places an archaeological lien on private property with significant archaeological sites. Existing legislation recognizes mineral rights as being separate from rights of surface ownership. Current legislation protects wetlands via the 404 permitting arrangement. Future legislation surely can protect cultural resources in a similar manner. Second, archaeologists must be the ones to choose which sites are to be protected. We can not entrust this selection to a governmental board or a legislated process, which would give landowners the final word on whether a site will be protected. This means that National Register status can not be the selection criterion, since inclusion on the Register requires the consent of the landowner. This obligates archaeologists to be highly selective in choosing sites for listing. Only sites of excep- tional national and world re- nown should be included. Third, properties bear-We suggest that just because sites ing these exceptional sites must have a certificate ap- pended to the deed so that the archaeological lien willhappen to be on private property should be in place when the prop- erty changes hands. Raley hasnot make them privately owned. suggested that this operation could be handled in the Par- ish/County Clerk of Courts Office. This would ensure buyers’ awareness of the site and their consent to protect the site. It is beyond the means of private and public institutions to buy and protect all significant cultural resources; nor can we expect new landowners to be aware of and appreciate these significant cultural resources. Archaeologists must be more than just stewards of the past. They must serve as the public conscience. They must act on society’s behalf even when society is insensitive or objects. They must actively protect as well as guard. They must ensure that the past, present, and future remain unbroken.•

Jon L. Gibson is a professor of Anthropology at the University of Southwestern Louisiana. Joe Saunders is with the Regional Archaeology Program at Northeast Louisiana University.

The Second International Ancient DNA Conference

Karen Wise

The 2nd International Ancient DNA conference was changes in archaeological excavation techniques. In spite of held at the Smithsonian Institution October 7 - 9, 1993. In this, many promising results are beginning to emerge from spite of recent popularization of the topic, this small confer- research projects on a variety of topics. ence, with its limited attendance, was quiet and productive. Of particular interest to archaeologists is the work that Presentations of what were often preliminary results were has been done extracting, sequencing, and analyzing material complemented by scheduled discussions of issues and prob- that comes from archaeological contexts. This includes work lems in ancient DNA studies, as well as a few reports of that is being done on human, floral, and faunal remains from successful extraction of DNA from very old samples, such as archaeological sites. While there is still relatively little of this insects preserved in amber. Topics tended toward evolution- type of work being done, several ongoing projects are fulfilling ary studies of animals and plants, and included some exciting the promise of DNA based methods to expand the kinds of studies of considerable interest to archaeologists, including research which can be conducted on organic materials from research on genetic distance among human populations and archaeological sites. studies of human migration including the peopling of the New The field of ancient DNA studies is dominated by World and of Polynesia. biologists who use molecular techniques to study evolution, Much of the work being done is still in preliminary systematics, and population dynamics of animals and plants. stages. Considerable advances are being made in methodol- There is also a group of population geneticists interested in ogy, and testing to determine the best source of samples is Native Americans, including the peopling of the New World. ongoing (teeth seem to be the current favorite, with bone a Of the 160 registrants at the conference, only a handful were close second, and preserved soft tissue proving to be very archaeologists, most of whom are collaborators with geneti- difficult to work with). The tone of the conference was set by cists and molecular biologists in research projects, but a few of the first morning session., which raised the specter of contami- whom have actually been trained in molecular techniques and nation and other problems working with ancient DNA. Work are doing the work themselves. on human samples is especially subject to worries of contami- Source materials for the research presented at the con- nation by modern DNA, and there were several calls for ference include many sources that archaeologists would not Continued on page 10 10 Society for American Archaeology November/December

Continued from page 9 consider ancient, such as DNA sequences from museum research questions (e.g. information on kinship from human collections. The methods being developed are used to deal remains, or genetic approaches to domestication). Archaeolo- with damaged DNA from a variety of sources, including gists need to learn more about ancient DNA, including the archaeological contexts. best way to collect samples to avoid contamination. In several Research on archaeological questions is in progress by cases it was evident that those who study ancient DNA could several individuals and teams. Keri Brown and Terry Brown, benefit from learning more about the archaeological context (University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technol- of their samples as well. ogy) who have coined the term Biomolecular Archaeology, The analysis of DNA from archaeological samples has are addressing a number of questions including mortuary the potential to address a wealth of archaeological problems studies and the origins of agriculture using molecular tech- and to open up new realms of research in archaeology. Unless niques. Sloan Williams, (University of Pennsylvania) is testing we find some magic source of funding, however, this potential whether one of several populations she studied represented a will remain essentially untapped, except in the few cases where Tiwanaku colony by comparing genetic variation within and heads of biological and medical labs can be interested in between archaeological sites in southern Peru. William archaeological questions. The British government has re- Ilauswirth (Florida) examines the question of whether skel- cently funded the “Ancient Biomolecules Initiative” which is etons represented at the Windover site in Florida represent a jointly administered by the Science and Engineering Re- single population. Prehistoric migrations and group affilia- search Council and the Natural Environment Research Coun- tions are being studied in a variety of regions of the world by cil. It is hoped that this initiative will lead to funding of Rebecca Cann (Hawaii), Erika Hagelberg (Cambridge), increasing numbers of innovative projects falling under the Frederika Kaestle and Joseph Lorenz (UC Davis), Ryan Parr heading of “biomolecular archaeology”. In this country, we and Shawn Carlyle (Utah). Scott Woodward and Ray Matheny will probably need to continue to try to integrate archaeology (BYU) presented a sequence obtained from an Early Archaic and ancient DNA studies by making more of an attempt to period skeleton from northern Chile. communicate with molecular biologists on the wealth of One of the most interesting events, at least to an material available and questions that can be addressed through archaeologist at the conference, was a discussion group on collaborative research between archaeologists and ancient issues in the study of Native Americans. Much of the work DNA specialists. It was evident from this conference that being done addresses the so-called Four Founding Lineages closer collaboration among archaeologists and DNA special- hypothesis (see Wallace and Turoni, American Indian Prehis- ists can lead to a richer field of Ancient DNA studies, as well tory as written in MtDNA: a review. Human Biology 64(3):403- as opening up whole new areas of research in archaeology. • 416 1992). The discussion supplemented papers presented by Connie Kolman (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute) Karen Wise is assistant curator of anthropology at the Los and Andy Merriwether (Pittsburgh) who had each reported Angeles County Museum of Natural History. on their work on samples from modern populations, much of which is informed by this hypothesis. Both of them are also analyzing samples from prehistoric populations, although this work is in it’s preliminary stages. Anne Stone’s (Pennsylvania State) work with samples from an Oneota cemetery follows New Staff at the Executive Offices these lines as well. The discussion group included about 30 people, a number of whom have begun or are about to begin Recently hired as Manager of Membership Services for to work with archaeological samples. This is an area in which the SAA, Brighid Brady-de Lambert is always on hand to collaboration between archaeologists and molecular geneti- handle members’ requests and inquiries. She is a native cists could be particularly productive, especially as new meth- Californian who studied literature in college and has a strong ods and techniques are being developed. background in arts administration. She was Coordinator of Several papers were given by biologists using samples Membership Services for The Music Center of Los Angeles from archaeological contexts to examine questions of plant County, then spent a year in Bologna, Italy, studying Italian and animal evolution and even domestication. Research on and art history and consuming quantities of good food and plants and animals from archaeological contexts was pre- wine. She is currently pleased to be living in Washington, sented by Terry Brown (University of Manchester Institute of D.C. and happily working with the wonderful staff and Science and Technology), Monique Monnerot (Centre Na- members of SAA. tional de la Recherche Scientifique), and James Purdue (Illi- nois State Museum), among others. This is an area with Sarah Canadine Bayne, the new Administrative Assis- tremendous potential for research of interest both to evolu- tant, graduated from Davidson College in North Carolina in tionary and population biologists and to archaeologists. 1990 with a degree in Literature. She is currently working on It is clear that archaeology is an important source of the final stages of a thesis on Toni Morrison which will materials of interest to molecular biologists. To date it ap- complete her master’s degree in Literature. Although she has pears, however, that we have simply provided samples for never studied archaeology, she knows people who have; she is analysis without informing ourselves about techniques, or looking forward to working with the SAA and getting to know pushing for development of methods which will produce the more archaeologists. kinds of data we need to address important archaeological 1993 Volume 11, Number 5 11

Animas District, New Mexico Cave Project seeks to validate early dates previously recorded from research at NEWS AND NOTES Pendejo Cave near Orogrande, New Mexico. We are turning our search to the Animas District of Southwest New Mexico where there is a high likelihood of locating a suitable cave around the ancient lake beds of the Playas Valley. Anyone wishing to assist for a two-week period and join us at our base Hudson Museum Exhibit Schedule 1993-1994 - camp at the historic Alamo-Hucco Ranch may do so by The following exhibits are scheduled for 1993-1994 at the contacting T.G. Futch, American Studies Foundation, P.O.B. Hudson Museum, University of Maine, Orono, Maine. Inuit 489, Alcalde, New Mexico 87511, or phone/fax (505) 852- Images: Their Life Through Their Art, an exhibit of contempo- 2691. As we have limited space available, we encourage your rary Inuit prints and carvings, provides a look at the changes immediate response. Placement for students needing field in traditional life and the political, social and economic issues techniques and lab methods credit is still available for two which face Inuit people today; Tuesday, October 19, 1993 additional students. through Sunday, March 13, 1994. Realms of Blood and Jade: Pre Hispanic Mesoamerica, an exhibit of pre-Columbian artifacts The Materials Research Society will hold a sympo- from the museum’s collection; ongoing. sium in Cancun, Mexico in May 1994, which will provide a multidisciplinary forum on scientific and technological issues The British Council, in conjunction with a number of in art, archaeology, and conservation. Important archaeologi- Northern Ireland institutions including the Queen’s Univer- cal excavations and conservation sites located close to Cancun sity of Belfast, University of Ulster, Ulster Museum, Ulster will be visited. A work session will take place at Palenque, Folk and Transport Museum, and the Ulster American Folk where the archaeological, architectural, art, conservation, and Park, is offering a series of six to twelve month Fellowships for environmental materials-related problems of this Maya site professional research in Northern Ireland. Applications for will be discussed. Abstracts should be typed a standard abstract research at other Northern Ireland institutions will also be form by November 1, 1993 and sent to both Mr. James R. considered. All applicants must be post doctoral level. Inquir- Druzik, The Getty Conservation Institute, 4503 Glencoe ies to Ms. Carmel McGill, Northern Ireland Cultural Ex- Avenue, Marina del Rey, California 90292-7913, USA, tel changes Officer, The British Council, 3100 Massachusetts (310) 822-2299, fax (310) 821-9409 and Dr. Jose Luis Galvan Avenue N.W., Washington D.C. 20008, tel. (202) 898-4277, Madrid, Escuela Nacional de Conservación, Restauración y fax (202) 898-4612. Museografóa (ENCRM), Exconvento de Churubusco, Xicotencatl y General Anaya, Col. San Diego Churubusco, The Eleventh Annual Visiting Scholar’s Confer- C.P. 04120, Mexico D.F., tel (905) 604-5188, fax (905) 688- ence, Integrating Archaeological Demography: 4519. Multidisciplinary Approaches to Prehistoric Population, spon- sored by the Center for Archaeological Investigations, South- The Pueblo Grande Museum is proud to announce ern Illinois University, will be held April 8-9, 1994, in the publication of the first volume of its new publication series. Carbondale, Illinois. Conference participants will explore The Pueblo Grande Museum Anthropological Papers No. 1 is a relationships between population, resources, and culture comprehensive study of the history of the archaeology of the change, and examine the explanatory potential of site of Pueblo Grande. Volume 1 of the series, Archaeology of multidisciplinary approaches to prehistoric demography. Two the Pueblo Grande Platform Mound and Surrounding Features, full-day paper sessions with time for both formal commentar- deals with the exciting and dynamic history of what noted ies and open discussion between speakers and conference archaeological historian Dr. David Wilcox has called the first attendees will be featured. The conference format will provide scientifically excavated site in the Southwest. The history of a forum for settlement archaeologists, biological anthropolo- archaeological research at Pueblo Grande begins in 1883 gists, and demographic anthropologists to consider the status when the legendary archaeological explorer Adolph Bandelier of population studies as a tool in anthropological explanation visited the site as part of a survey of major ruins of the Greater and to investigate and debate challenges inherent to the data, Southwest. The publication documents the more than one methods, and theoretical models of prehistoric demography. hundred year history of research at the site from Adolph Mark N. Cohen will deliver the keynote paper on changing Bandelier to the present. The volume is available for purchase views of the role of population in culture change. Jane E. for $25 by mail from the museum. The volume contains eight Buikstra, Mark N. Cohen, and William T. Sanders will serve chapters, 319 pages, 7 appendices, 60 photographs, 50 illustra- as discussants. Abstracts for contributed papers are needed by tions and 12 tables. Limited review copies are available by December 10, 1993. Abstracts will be peer reviewed and contacting Roger Lidman, Pueblo Grande Museum, 4619 authors will be notified of acceptance by early February. A East Washington Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85034-1909, tel. volume of selected conference papers will be published. For (602) 495-0901, fax (602) 496-5645. • further information please contact Richard R. Paine, Visiting Scholar, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, (618) 453- 5031, e-mail: [email protected]. 12 Society for American Archaeology November/December

perience. Send resume and names of three references to Dr. Ken Carstens, Archaeology Program, Murray State Univer- Positions Open sity, Murray, Kentucky 42071, fax (502) 762-4897. Application deadline is January 1, 1994. Murray State University is strongly Editor's note: To help keep accounting and production-re- committed to increasing its faculty diversity. Applications from lated tasks clear, please send all advertising copy -- both positions minorities and women are especially welcome. open and other materials -- to the executive offices in Washington. They in turn will forward it to the editor. Thanks for your coopera- tion. Geo-Marine, Inc. is seeking qualified historic and pre- Assistant Curator of Archaeology: A northern Michi- historic archaeologists to serve at the levels of Project Archae- gan Museum system seeks an experienced colonial and early ologist and Principal Investigator. The current market area American historical archaeologist for on-site supervision of includes the southeast, southwest, midwest, and mid-atlantic field excavation and laboratory processing, material culture regions and may expand to other areas. Requirements include analysis, statistical analysis, the writing of professional papers an M.A., or PH.D. in anthropology, history, or related field; and reports, and a willingness to participate in long-range strong communication and writing skills; a background in planning for archaeological and museum programs. MA cultural resource management; and a demonstrated ability to required, Ph.D. preferred in historical archaeology, with a conduct such studies to completion. Duties include the design minimum of three seasons experience at the supervisory level and execution of cultural resources studies ranging from back- on 18th and early 19th century French and British colonial and ground research to data recovery operations. Geo-Marine, early American sites in the Eastern United States. A successful Inc. is committed to high, professional standards of accuracy, candidate will have computer skills. Experience conducting clarity, efficiency, and integrity. The firm offers several ad- archaeology in a museum setting and the ability to communi- vanced computer technologies for cultural resources studies cate with the public are required. Salary in the high 20’s plus including GPS, and a Unix-based GIS equipped with ERDAS, benefits. This is an annual contract position. EOE. Write or GRASS, AUTOCAD, and INTERGRAPH software. Geo- telephone Dr. Donald P. Heldman, Curator of Archaeology, Marine, Inc. offers a cooperative and challenging working MSHP, Office of Archaeology, Mackinaw City, Michigan atmosphere where input is encouraged and salaries, benefits, 49701, tel. (616) 436-5115. and the retirement plan are competitive. Qualified applicants should send a current resume or vitae with cover letter and references to: Mr. Duane E. Peter, Senior Archaeologist, Geo- Marine, Inc., 550 East Fifteenth Street, Plano, Texas 75074. Northwestern University, Department of Anthropol- Geo-Marine, Inc. is an Equal Opportunity Employer. ogy announces a tenure-track position for an asst. professor in the archaeology of complex societies, beginning fall 1994. Geographical area and methodological focus are open, al- though some preference will be given to candidates with active Heritage Research Center, Ltd., is accepting applica- research programs in Mesoamerica, Andean South America, tions for Program Manager for Cultural Resources. Heritage or other areas which complement existing faculty specializa- Research Center offers consulting services in cultural re- tions. Ph.D. required. Send letter of application, vita, and sources, historical research, and information management and names of three referees to Chair, Archaeology Search Com- has offices in Missoula, Montana; Denver, Colorado; Wash- mittee, Anthropology Dept., Northwestern University, ington, D.C.; and Seattle, Washington. Position involves Evanston, Illinois 60208-1310. Application deadline is De- possible affiliation with the University of Montana Depart- cember 1. Early submissions encouraged. Women and mi- ment of Anthropology. Applicants must have a Ph.D. in norities are especially encouraged to apply. EOE/AAE. Hiring Anthropology/Archaeology with a strong emphasis in histori- contingent upon eligibility to work in the United States. cal archaeology, and previous supervisory experience in cul- tural resource management. Applicants also must have experi- ence with major cultural resource projects involving prehis- toric and historic resources, good writing skills, and facility Murray State University seeks Ph.D. or MA Staff with the application of state-of-the-art site detection and Archaeologist to serve as contract archaeologist for university mapping techniques. Experience in the Intermountain West, archaeology program. Must meet qualifications for PI estab- Pacific Northwest, Southwest preferred. Heritage Research lished for Kentucky including graduate degree in archaeology, Center, Ltd., is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Please send anthropology, or closely related fields, have at least one year letter of interest and resume to: Gary D. Williams, President, full-time professional experience in archaeological research, Heritage Research Center, Ltd., P.O. Box 9316, Missoula, including eight months in Kentucky or eastern North America, Montana 59807-9316. have at least four months of supervised field and analytical experience in North American archaeology, and have demon- strated the ability to carry research to completion. SOPA certification is recommended. Salary commensurate with ex- 1993 Volume 11, Number 5 13

The Louisiana Division of Archaeology seeks an ar- is required, as are excellent communication skills and extraor- chaeologist to serve as State Archaeologist and Director of the dinary organizational skills. Work experience in a CRM envi- Division of Archaeology. Responsibilities: direct statewide ronment is strongly preferred. An interest in anthropology/ program of archaeological resource identification, documen- archaeology and in Native American cultural preservation is a tation, and education; develop plans and policies; manage prerequisite for this position. personnel including division staff and archaeologists at re- BUSINESS MANAGER: BBA with concentration in gional offices; review, comment, and develop agreements finance, organizational development or marketing preferred; related to Section 106 reviews; advise university, State, and MBA strongly preferred. Two years experience in the service Federal archaeologists on laws, regulations, and policies gov- sector, information business, or environmental consulting erning archaeological investigations; and expand the archaeo- required. Five years experience preferred. Experience must be logical outreach and education programs. Qualifications: Ph.D.. in a supervisory capacity. Ability to work effectively with in anthropology plus four years of professional level experience clients, agencies, and a multicultural staff is required. Interest in New World archaeological research, administration or in archaeology/anthropology and in Native American cultural management. Applications can be obtained by contacting Mr. preservation is a prerequisite for this position. Eddy Martin, Office of Cultural Development, P.O. Box Native Americans, other minorities, and women are 44247, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70804, tel. (504) 342-8200. encouraged to apply. ACRE is an EOE. Native American Letters of intent, resumes, and requests for applications are due preference will apply. Please send a cover letter, vita, and names by December 15, 1993. of 3 references to ZCRE Hiring Committee, P.O. Box 339, Zuni, New Mexico 87327.

Oregon State University, Department of Anthropol- ogy invites applications for a full time tenure-track assistant The University of Florida, Department of Anthro- professor position in archaeology starting September 16, 1994 pology invites applications for a full-time tenure-track posi- pending funding. Qualifications required: Ph.D. in archaeol- tion in archaeology to start August 1994. The rank is open. ogy or anthropology and teaching experience; ability to teach Applicants must have the Ph.D. and teaching/research experi- a broad range of undergraduate courses in New World and Old ence in 1) Old World, 2) Latin American, or 3) African- World Prehistory, archaeological method and theory; ability American archaeology. Responsibilities include teaching un- to work with M.A. level graduate students; commitment/ dergraduate and graduate courses, mentoring graduate stu- demonstrated ability to work with Native Americans. Teach- dents, conducting a program of fundable research, and partici- ing includes a field school every other summer. Other qualifi- pating in university and departmental governance. Salary is cations desirable, for example: experience in Northwest U.S. commensurate with rank and experience. Minority and women Prehistory; one or more areas of the world outside North candidates are encouraged to apply. Applicants with requests America; ability to teach an area cultural anthropology and/or for special accommodations should contact the Search Com- physical anthropology course. Women and people of color are mittee Chair at (904) 392-4628. Please submit your vita, names strongly encouraged to apply. Send vita, statement of interest of three or more references and any supporting materials to outlining present and future research projects and names and Michael Moseley, Chair, Search Committee, Department of phone numbers of three references by Dec. 15, 1993 to John Anthropology, 1350 TUR, University of Florida, Gainesville, A. Young, Search Committee, Department of Anthropology, Florida 32611. Application deadline is January 1, 1994. Mem- OSU, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-6403. OSU is an AA/EOE bers of the Department will be available at the AAA Meeting. employer and is responsive to dual-career needs. EOE/AAE.

The Zuni Cultural Resource Enterprise seeks appli- University of Utah, Utah Museum of Natural His- cants for the positions of: tory and Department of Anthropology invite applications PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: M.A. in Anthropol- for a joint, tenure track position as Curator of North American ogy/Archaeology required, Ph.D. strongly preferred. Mini- Archaeology and Assistant or Associate Professor of Anthro- mally 2 years experience in a Principal Investigator position, or pology beginning July 1994. Review of applicants will begin 4 years demonstrated experience as a Project Director on large December 15, 1993 and continue until the position is filled. data recovery projects, is required. Southwest experience pre- Ph.D. required. Preference given to candidates with strong ferred. Experience coordinating multiple concurrent projects records of research and publication in Great Basin/Colorado is desirable. Ability to work effectively with clients, agencies, Plateau prehistory, active field programs, and curatorial expe- and a multicultural staff is required. Knowledge of historic rience. Duties will include maintaining a strong, ongoing field preservation laws and regulations is also required. program, curation and expansion of the Museum’s systematic PROJECTS MANAGER: M.A. in Anthropology/Ar- archaeological collections, and participation in exhibit design chaeology, management/administration, or related field is and public outreach programs. The appointee will also teach preferred. A minimum of 5 years demonstrated experience in one formal course per year in the Department of Anthropol- a supervisory capacity managing multiple concurrent projects ogy, and provide field and laboratory training for undergradu- Continued on page 14 14 Society for American Archaeology November/December

Continued from page 13 ate and graduate students. The position is a twelve month appoint- dards, budget and personnel administration. Requirements ment at competitive salary level. Applicants should submit a letter include: Graduate degree in anthropology, history or closely of interest, vita, and names of three references to: Archaeology related field (BA acceptable with significant compensating Search Committee Chair, Utah Museum of Natural History, experience), maritime emphasis preferred; minimum 5 years University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112. Applications from professional archaeology experience that includes 3 years women and minorities are strongly encouraged. The University of supervisory field experience, 1 year field supervisory in under- Utah is an equal opportunity, affirmative action employer and water archaeology, and 1 year as Principal Investigator/Project provides reasonable accommodation to the known disabilities of Director; thorough knowledge of historical period material applicants and employees. culture and ship technology, demonstrated ability to adminis- ter complex programs; thorough knowledge of CRM law/ regs.; highly experienced certified diver. Salary range $35,113 - $46,124, depending on experience. Permanent position, full National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian state benefits package. By December 31, 1993, submit a letter Institution, Repatriation Office, invites applications to fill up of application, vitae, names of three references to Richard to 2 Anthropologist, GS-11/12 4 year TERM positions to Hughes, Chief-Office of Archaeology, Maryland Historical conduct documentation of biological and archaeological speci- Trust 100 Community Place, Crownsville, Maryland 21032- mens held by the Department of Anthropology as part of 2023; tel (410) 514-7660. EOE. Federally mandated program in repatriation. Applicants must have demonstrated skill and experience in North American archaeology and/or ethnohistory and experience in the con- duct of documentary research (preferably with publications) Louisiana State University (LSU) Museum of Natural using either archival materials, object collections, or library Sciences anticipates a tenure-track opening for an Assistant Cura- material. Ph.D. desired. Salary: $33,623.00/$40,298.00. Send tor (Curator of Anthropology). Position will also hold title of vita, SF171, letter of application and three references to SI, Adjunct Assistant Professor. Applicants must have a Ph.D. in Office of Human Resources, Branch 1, P.O. Box 23762, anthropology or archaeology (with a specialization in prehistoric Washington, D.C. 20026-3762. For further information please North American archaeology, Southeast preferred) plus experi- call (202) 287-3102 (our 24-Hour/Touchtone Activated/Au- ence in an archaeological/ethnological collection. Duties include tomated Request Center), press 9, and request vacancy An- research, curation of the large LSU Collection of Anthropology nouncement No. 93-114211 and a full application package. (world-wide in scope but especially strong in material from the Applications must be received by December 15, 1993. The Southeast), teaching archaeology courses in the Department of Smithsonian Institution is an equal opportunity employer. Geography and Anthropology, and graduate training. The fiscal- year appointment is expected to begin 1 July 1994. Applicants should submit curriculum vitae, a statement of research and curatorial interests, and names of at least three references to: Dr. Battelle’s, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, a national Douglas A. Rossman, Museum of Natural Science, 119 Foster Hall, leader in research and development, has an immediate opening Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-4105. for a senior research scientist to serve as Program Manager of Review of applications will begin 1 February 1994 and continue the Hanford Cultural Resources Laboratory. Ph.D. is re- until a suitable candidate is found. An Equal Opportunity - Affirma- quired, plus demonstrated managerial experience, a substan- tive Action Employer. • tive research background, and recognized CRM experience. Specialization in North American prehistory or historic sites archaeology is required. If you are interested in joining the Continued from page 6 diverse Battelle team, please forward your resume to: Battelle, Boolean operators. It is also possible to capture terms or Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Dept. LMcK, P.O. Box 999, phrases from one search and use them as input for another. Mail Stop K6-21, Richland, Washington 99352. fax (509) 376- Fairly fine control over searches is possible. For instance, a 9099. We are an equal opportunity employer. Legal right to user can specify the a series of terms must appear somewhere work in the U.S. required. Women, minorities and disabled in a record (“and”), within the same field of the database persons are encouraged to apply. (“with”), within the same sentence (“near”), or within a specified number of words of one another (“near3”) in a single sentence. Wildcard characters (?) and wildcard trun- cations (*) are supported. Users may also exclude records in The State of Maryland, Office of Archaeology, is several different ways, ranging from “not” statements ex- seeking applicants for the position of State Underwater Ar- cluding terms, strings or even specific records (using the chaeologist. Duties include direction of state underwater ar- record control number) to logical operators excluding records chaeological survey and excavation research activities, public published before a certain date or referring to fieldwork after education and training programs, CRM regulatory review, a given decade. A separate search window records the terms oversight of underwater archaeology research grant program, used and number of “hits” for each search, with each num- collaborative programs with academic institutions, develop- bered sequentially. These numbers can be used in construct- ment and implementation of professional performance stan- ing complex, nested searches. Results of any search can be Continued on page 15 1993 Volume 11, Number 5 15

Continued from page 14 tagged and either printed or copied to ence of commonly used terms and libraries, and single users would prob- disk as an ASCII file. Users can toggle their OCM subject equivalents, but ably with so use custom options for between various levels of brevity in otherwise the printed documentation greater flexibility in printing and the field labels, but the individual text is generic and refers to all Silver Plat- downloading. passages are tagged, printed and ter CD products. The online help, Minimal hardware consists of a downloaded as units. however, is quite adequate and spe- PC-compatible computer (a Mac ver- For many fields, the Cross-Cul- cific, and includes both descriptions sion is also available) with 640 k RAM tural CD will accept alternate forms and examples of search strategies. (500k free conventional memory), a of the same command, such as The main weakness of the pack- hard disk with 650k free for the access “OCM=622” or “622 in OCM.” age for archaeology involves concep- software and 2.5 mB free for tempo- Within searches certain stopwords tion, not execution. While archae- rary storage of search results, MS- such as “a”, “an” and “the” are ig- ologists may be interested in the full DOS 3.1 or later, MS-DOS CD- nored, but may be included in range of human behavior, the topics ROM extensions 2.0 or later, and an searches. In practice the program sim- covered by the Cross-Cultural CD ISO-9660 compatible CD-ROM. ply ignores them if present. are probably not those of greatest Silver Platter recommends a 386 or Each database is separate, but utility to many archaeologists. Data- better with 4MB RAM, expanded searches can be performed across da- bases focusing on subsistence, settle- memory emulator, and DOS 5.0 or tabases using the Xchange command. ment, political organization, etc., are later. Running on a 486DX-66 with The search window retains the re- not currently in the works, although 16mB RAM, even complex searches sults of previous searches, and com- might be added later. These topics took less than a second. plex searches can be extended across can be searched in the Cross-Cul- The price of the Cross-Cultural multiple databases or CDs. Switch- tural CD, and the flexibility of search CD places it beyond the means of ing between databases or CDs is strategies makes it possible to pursue most individuals, but as a research simple, but at one point my system almost any topic within any database, and teaching tool for the small insti- hung while switching between data- but the databases are not specifically tution or library unable to afford full bases on a single CD during a com- geared to the kinds of questions many HRAF membership, it is well worth plex search. I was unable to recreate archaeologists might pose. Long pas- the price. the problem in later searches. sages dealing exclusively with crop- Cross-Cultural CD The Cross-Cultural CD comes ping strategies, etc., might not be Silver Platter International with extensive documentation of included in any of the current data- 1-800-343-0064 SPIRS access software, although the bases. 100 River Ridge Drive information sometimes refers to prod- Installation of the package was Norwood, MA - 02062-5026 ucts other than the Cross-Cultural simple and straightforward. The de- Price: $1271 each volume, $5083 CD. There is a 21 page cross-refer- fault installation is clearly aimed at full set. Purchase orders accepted •. Alex Barker is a doctoral candidate at the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology.

Continued from page 16 May 30 - June 3, 1994 UCLA, Los Angeles. The theme will be fax: (416) 586-5863. THE 1994 INTERNATIONAL ROCK Contact, Crossover, Continuity. This broad ART CONGRESS will be held in Flag- theme encompasses all textiles that have November 1994 staff, Arizona. The Congress will be an been subjected to external influence and INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM opportunity to bring together people inter- exist subsequently in an altered form. Dead- “THE PLEISTOCENE/HOLOCENE ested in all aspects of rock art research, BOUNDARY AND HUMAN OCCU- education, preservation, and conservation. PATIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA, The meetings will be held on the campus of Mendoza, Argentina. The meeting, spon- Northern Arizona University in the Dubois sored by SUDAMQUA and organized by Conference Center. There will be five days the Facultad de Filosofia y Letras, of academic sessions, covering a wide range Universidad Nacional de Cuyo will provide of relevant topics. The Congress Program a forum for scientists working in South Committee will consider submissions for America to discuss the state of the art on symposia, papers, and posters. A variety of paleoenvironmental conditions and human commercial tours and ARARA-led one day occupations around the Pleistocene/Ho- field trips are also planned, visiting a num- locene boundary. For Further information ber of rock art sites, prehistoric ruins, and contact: Marcelo Zarate, International Sym- historic places. posium The Pleistocene/Holocene Bound- line for abstracts is December 1, 1993. For ary, Centro de Geologia de Costas y del September 22-24, 1994 information contact Louise W. Mackie, Cuarternario - UNMP, Casilla de Correo TEXTILE SOCIETY OF AMERICA will Textile Dept., Royal Ontario Museum, 722 - Correo Central, 7600 Mar del Plata, hold its fourth biennial symposium at the 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario, Argentina. • Fowler Museum of Cultural History, M5S 2C6, Canada; tel: (416) 586-8055, Society for American Archaeology Non-profit Org. Railway Express Building U.S. Postage PAID 900 Second Street, NE, Suite 12 Washington, DC Washington, DC 20002 Permit No. 4832

March 4-6, 1994 11th CAI Visiting Scholar’s Conference, Africa. Abstract deadlines are January 7, ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE HUDSON Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 1994 for symposia, and January 21, 1994 for VALLEY CONFERENCE, New York Illinois. Papers by settlement archaeolo- papers and poster sessions. Contact: Kathy State Museum, Albany. Papers are invited gists, human osteologists, and demographic Schick or Nicholas Toth, SAfA 1994, An- on all aspects of Hudson River Valley ar- anthropologists that explore the role of thropology Dept., Student Bldg. 130, Indi- chaeology. Abstracts of 200 words for 20 population in anthropological explanation ana University, Bloomington, Indiana minute papers are due December 10 to or consider the data, methods, or theoreti- 47405, tel. (812) 855-7536 or 855-7568, Cheryl Claassen, Anthropology, ASU, cal models of prehistoric demography are fax (812) 855-7574, Boone, North Carolina 28608, (704) 262- invited. A volume of selected conference e-mail [email protected]. 2295. Friday night keynote speakers; bring papers will be published. Abstracts are sherds. Housing within walking distance: needed by December 10. Contact Richard May 16-20, 1994 Econolodge Downtown $55.00 Single, R. Paine, Center for Archaeological Inves- MATERIALS ISSUES IN ART AND AR- $66.00 Double. tigations, Southern Illinois University, CHAEOLOGY IV, Cancun, Mexico. This Carbondale, Illinois 62901, tel. (618) 549- symposium will provide a multidisciplinary April 7-9, 1994 4009, fax (618) 453-5037, e-mail forum on scientific and technological issues THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CON- RPAINE@SIUCVMB. BITNET in art, archaeology, and conservation. Of FERENCE ON PEDO-ARCHAEOL- particular interest will be papers which ex- OGY will meet at the Ramada-Townhouse plore the interface and overlap between Hotel in Columbia, South Carolina. This traditional materials science, the history of event is hosted by the S.C. Institute of technology, and the archaeological and con- Archaeology and Anthropology, Univer- servation sciences. Special, but not exclu- sity of South Carolina. A wide variety of sive attention, will be given to common paper topics are sought including soils- concerns in North America — Mexico, stratigraphy, role of bioturbation, soils and Canada, and the United States. agriculture, anthrosols, landscape recon- struction, Pleistocene-Holocene boundary, May 17-21, 1994 trace element analysis and others as pro- INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE posed. The three-day conference includes ON TREE-RINGS, ENVIRONMENT, a field trip to varied geoarchaeological sites. AND HUMANITY: RELATIONSHIPS Title, abstract and $75 registration fee must AND PROCESSES, Hotel Park Tucson, be received before March 1, 1994. Contact April 20-24, 1994 Tucson, Arizona, USA. Contact: Interna- A.C. Goodyear, SCIAA-USC, 1321 59th ANNUAL MEETING OF THE Pendleton street, Columbia, South Caro- SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAE- tional Tree-Ring Conference, Laboratory lina 29208, tel. (803) 777-8172, fax (803) OLOGY. Disneyland Hotel, Anaheim, of Tree-Ring Research, Building 58, Uni- 254-1338. California. versity of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA; tel. (602) 621-2191, fax (602) 621- April 8-9, 1994 April 28 - May 1, 1994 8229. INTEGRATING ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AFRICANIST ARCHAE- DEMOGRAPHY: OLOGISTS, 12th Biennial Conference, at MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, TO PREHISTORIC POPULATION, on all aspects of archaeological research in Continued on page 15