111TH CONGRESS " ! 2d Session HOUSE COMMITTEE PRINT A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS DECEMBER 2010 VerDate Mar 15 2010 00:40 Dec 22, 2010 Jkt 061874 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6012 Sfmt 6012 E:\HR\OC\C874C1.XXX C874C1 jbell on DSKDVH8Z91PROD with REPORTS E:\SEALS\congress.#13 A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE, 1865–PRESENT VerDate Mar 15 2010 23:12 Dec 21, 2010 Jkt 061874 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 6019 Sfmt 6019 E:\HR\OC\C874C1.XXX C874C1 jbell on DSKDVH8Z91PROD with REPORTS with DSKDVH8Z91PROD on jbell 1 111TH CONGRESS " ! 2d Session HOUSE COMMITTEE PRINT A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS DECEMBER 2010 Printed for the use of the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 61–874 WASHINGTON : 2010 VerDate Mar 15 2010 00:47 Dec 22, 2010 Jkt 061874 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 4012 Sfmt 4012 E:\HR\OC\C874C1.XXX C874C1 jbell on DSKDVH8Z91PROD with REPORTS E:\SEALS\congress.#13 Appropriations Committee 111th Congress (2009–Present) David R. Obey, D–WI, Chairman John P. Murtha, PA 1 Jerry Lewis, CA Norman D. Dicks, WA C.W. Bill Young, FL Alan B. Mollohan, WV Harold Rogers, KY Marcy Kaptur, OH Frank R. Wolf, VA Peter J. Visclosky, IN Jack Kingston, GA Nita M. Lowey, NY Rodney P. Frelinghuysen, Jose E. Serrano, NY NJ Rosa L. DeLauro, CT Todd Tiahrt, KS James P. Moran, VA Zach Wamp, TN John W. Olver, MA Tom Latham, IA Ed Pastor, AZ Robert B. Aderholt, AL David E. Price, NC Jo Ann Emerson, MO Chet Edwards, TX Kay Granger, TX Patrick J. Kennedy, RI Michael K. Simpson, ID Maurice D. Hinchey, NY John Abney Culberson, TX Lucille Roybal-Allard, CA Mark Steven Kirk, IL 2 Sam Farr, CA Ander Crenshaw, FL Jesse L. Jackson, Jr., IL Dennis R. Rehberg, MT Carolyn C. Kilpatrick, MI John R. Carter, TX Allen Boyd, FL Rodney Alexander, LA Chaka Fattah, PA Ken Calvert, CA Steven R. Rothman, NJ Jo Bonner, AL Sanford D. Bishop, Jr., GA Steven C. LaTourette, OH Marion Berry, AR Tom Cole, OK Barbara Lee, CA Adam Schiff, CA Michael Honda, CA Betty McCollum, MN Steve Israel, NY Tim Ryan, OH C.A. ‘‘Dutch’’ Ruppersberger, MD Ben Chandler, KY Debbie Wasserman Schultz, FL Ciro Rodriguez, TX Lincoln Davis, TN John T. Salazar, CO Patrick J. Murphy, PA 3 1 Passed away, 8 February 2010. 2 Elected to the Senate, 29 November 2010. 3 Replaced John P. Murtha on committee. (II) VerDate Mar 15 2010 23:12 Dec 21, 2010 Jkt 061874 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 E:\HR\OC\C874C1.XXX C874C1 jbell on DSKDVH8Z91PROD with REPORTS I. FOREWORD There have been several studies on the Committee on Appropria- tions. Edward T. Taylor of Colorado published the first, A History of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, as a House document in the 77th Congress (1941–1943). Taylor chaired the committee from 1937 to 1941. Richard Fenno’s The Power of the Purse: Appropriations Politics in Congress (Little, Brown and Co., 1966), is a landmark study of the committee. Fenno analyzed the House and Senate appropriations process in the 1950s and 1960s, relying on six years of extensive interviews and more than 575 sep- arate appropriations case histories. Charles Stewart, III’s Budget Reform Politics: The Design of the Appropriations Process in the House of Representatives, 1865–1921 (Cambridge, 1989), provides the definitive account of the committee from its creation to the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921. Robert Munson’s The Car- dinals of Capitol Hill: The Men and Women Who Control Govern- ment Spending (Grove Press, 1993) focuses on one subcommittee, VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies during the 1993 budget cycle. Finally, the U.S. Capitol Historical Society published a short work on the committee, featuring an address by American Enterprise In- stitute scholar Norm Ornstein. This publication provides Members, congressional staff, and scholars new resource material for studying the committee. Most notably, it contains subcommittee rosters back to the 46th Con- gress (1879–1881). It also provides charts delineating both annual appropriations by subcommittee and deficiency and supplemental appropriations by bill and public law numbers. The House Appro- priations Committee produced A Concise History of the House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations with assistance from the House Historian’s Office. (III) VerDate Mar 15 2010 23:12 Dec 21, 2010 Jkt 061874 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 7633 Sfmt 7633 E:\HR\OC\C874C1.XXX C874C1 jbell on DSKDVH8Z91PROD with REPORTS VerDate Mar 15 2010 23:12 Dec 21, 2010 Jkt 061874 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 7633 Sfmt 7633 E:\HR\OC\C874C1.XXX C874C1 jbell on DSKDVH8Z91PROD with REPORTS C O N T E N T S Page I. A Concise History of the Appropriations Committee, 1865–Present 1 II. Jurisdictional History of the House Committee on Appropriations, 1947–Present .............................................................................................. 27 III. Biographies of Chairmen of the House Committee on Appropriations 31 IV. List of Ranking Members of the House Committee on Appropriations 71 V. Membership of the House Committee on Appropriations Section 1: Committee and Subcommittee Rosters, 39th–111th Con- gresses ................................................................................................. 77 Section 2: Members of the Committee, 39th–111th Congresses ........ 247 Section 3: Members’ Service in Other Offices ..................................... 268 VI. Appendices: I. Chart of Subcommittee Chairs, 80th–111th Congresses ......................... 276 II. Chart of Annual Appropriations by Subcommittee Jurisdiction, 80th– 111th Congresses ..................................................................................... 280 III. Chart of Deficiency and Supplemental Appropriations, 80th–111th Congresses ................................................................................................ 283 IV. Further Reading and Other Sources ......................................................... 289 (V) VerDate Mar 15 2010 23:12 Dec 21, 2010 Jkt 061874 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 0483 E:\HR\OC\C874C1.XXX C874C1 jbell on DSKDVH8Z91PROD with REPORTS VerDate Mar 15 2010 23:12 Dec 21, 2010 Jkt 061874 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 0483 E:\HR\OC\C874C1.XXX C874C1 jbell on DSKDVH8Z91PROD with REPORTS I. A Concise History of the Appropriations Committee, 1865–Present (1) VerDate Mar 15 2010 23:12 Dec 21, 2010 Jkt 061874 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 E:\HR\OC\C874C1.XXX C874C1 jbell on DSKDVH8Z91PROD with REPORTS VerDate Mar 15 2010 23:12 Dec 21, 2010 Jkt 061874 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 E:\HR\OC\C874C1.XXX C874C1 jbell on DSKDVH8Z91PROD with REPORTS A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS I. The Power of the Purse, 1789–1865 The U.S. Constitution gives Congress the power of the purse, both to raise revenue and to appropriate funds. Article 1, Section 9, declares that: ‘‘No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law . .’’ Heirs to al- most two centuries of struggle over this authority between the English monarch and Parliament, the Founders had experienced similar tensions between colonial governors and colonial assem- blies. Essential to the liberties of the people was control over taxing and spending. Federalist 58 argued, ‘‘This power over the purse may, in fact, be regarded as the most complete and effectual weap- on with which any constitution can arm the immediate representa- tives of the people, for obtaining a redress of every grievance, and for carrying into effect every just and salutary measure.’’ The Constitution does not expressly tell Congress how to exercise this power, but it does give the legislative branch the authority ‘‘to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States.’’ Other than a two-year limitation on appropria- tions to support armies, it is up to Congress to decide how to raise and spend money. Since the Civil War, both houses have developed similar ways of exercising this power, separating authorizations of policy from appropriations, as well as separating the raising of rev- enue from spending. Both houses have gone through cycles of cen- tralized and decentralized control over appropriations. In the last 40 years, federal spending has shifted dramatically, increasing the areas of mandatory spending over that controlled by the appropria- tions committees, so that now more than 60 percent of federal out- lays are mandatory. Still, whether it is through mandatory pro- grams or discretionary spending, it is ultimately Congress’s respon- sibility to decide how to spend the people’s money. The historical development of this power reflects the development of representa- tive powers in Congress. The American Revolution was fought in some measure over the English efforts to disproportionally tax the colonies. And the Arti- cles of Confederation, the country’s first national charter, had prov- en ineffective because Congress could not raise revenue and pay debts. One of the main purposes of the new federal Constitution was to remedy this deficiency. When the new Federal Congress convened in New York in the spring of 1789, one of the first resolu- tions provided for the new government’s finances. The House of Representatives devoted much of June and July to the problem of raising revenue. On July 24, Representative Thomas Fitzsimons of Pennsylvania recommended that the House appoint a Committee (3) VerDate Mar 15 2010 23:12 Dec 21, 2010 Jkt 061874 PO 00000 Frm 00011 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6601 E:\HR\OC\C874C1.XXX C874C1 jbell on DSKDVH8Z91PROD with REPORTS 4 on Ways and Means if it wished to receive specific estimates and recommendations on government finances.1 The committee, how- ever, was discharged less than a month after its creation, and the House instead relied upon Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton to report on the government’s finances.2 Hamilton pre- ferred executive discretion, and encouraged Congress to grant lump-sum payments.