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Project Research “Application of Information and Communication Technology in Developing Countries”

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Project Research “Application of Information and Communication Technology in Developing Countries” Project Research “Application of Information and Communication Technology in Developing Countries” Final Report October 2015 Infrastructure and Peacebuilding Department Japan International Cooperation Agency Entrusted to International Development Center of Japan Foreword Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has been assisting policy-making, human resource development, infrastructure development and utilization promotion in the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), including broadcasting, in developing countries around the world. Rapid change in the communication environment, represented by the explosive spread of mobile phones in Africa, is positively influencing the traditional assistance approach and bringing forth unique, innovative problem-solving methods across the globe. Academics report that these methods often contribute to the effective and efficient maximization of the development assistance effect, and the international development assistance organizations, such as the World Bank, are accelerating the utilization of ICT in assistance projects in various sectors. Concurrently many of the goals in “The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” (commonly known as SDGs), officially adopted in September 2015, specified the importance of promoting the utilization of ICT from different perspectives. Therefore, JICA conducted this research with the aim to sort out and analyze its numerous past surveys and projects, collect and analyze cases of other organizations, and to organize basic information for the planning of strategies on mid- and long-term utilization of ICT. The research team of International Development Center of Japan (IDCJ), led by Dr. Joji Terahara, collected and analyzed enormous domestic and international resources for this research. Related departments at JICA, as well as domestic and international ICT-related companies and organizations, were also interviewed. Hypotheses were formed based on the result, and the team at our department (Hiroshi Takeuchi, Masayuki Furukawa, Jotaro Tateyama, Tomoyuki Naito) went through several months of intense discussions and correction of drafts, which resulted in this report. We wish that this report contributes to the promotion and further progress of development assistance related to the utilization of ICT in various sectors. Lastly, we would like to express our sincere gratitude for everyone who cooperated for and assisted in the research. October 2015 Akira Nakamura Director General Infrastructure and Peacebuilding Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Project Research “Application of Information and Communication Technology in Developing Countries” Final Report October 2015 Contents Abbreviations ………………………………………………………………………. iv Executive Summary……………………………………..…………………………… ix Chapter 1 Prologue…………………………………………..……………….. 1 1.1. The background of this research……………………………………. 1 1.2. The purpose of this research………………………………………... 3 1.3. The composition of this report……………………………..………. 3 Chapter 2 Current state and trend of ICT………………………..………… 4 2.1. The current state of ICT and trends………………………..………. 4 2.1.1. History and current state………………………………..………… 4 2.1.2. Future trends………………………………………………………. 6 2.2. Utilization of ICT in projects by Japan’s assistance………….……. 14 2.2.1. Technical cooperation……………………………………………... 14 2.2.2. Grant aid capital assistance…...…………………………………… 32 2.2.3. Loan assistance………………………………………………..….. 37 2.3. Actual performance of ICT utilization in the assistance by international institutions and bilateral assistance institutions……… 38 2.3.1. The World Bank…………………………………….………………. 38 2.3.2. Asian Development Bank (ADB)………………….……………….. 46 2.3.3. Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)……………………..….. 48 2.3.4 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)……………..…. 49 2.3.5. Department For International Development (DFID)………………. 51 - i - 2.3.6. U.S. Agency For International Development (USAID)………….… 53 2.3.7. International Telecommunication Union Development (ITU-D)….. 56 Chapter 3 Challenges to and prospects for ICT utilization…………………. 59 3.1. Tendency of ICT utilization in the projects………………………. 59 3.1.1. Trend analysis of JICA’s ICT utilization………………………… 59 3.1.2. Analysis of ICT utilization trends of international institutions and bilateral assistance institutions…………………………………….. 71 3.2. Priority issues………………………………..……………………... 77 3.2.1. Issues for each job process………………………………………… 77 3.2.2. Issues on project implementation………………………………….. 88 3.3. Outlook……………………………………...……………………… 92 3.3.1. World of 2025………………………………...…………………… 93 3.3.2. Individual trend and application…………...……………………… 98 3.4. Adoptable examples of ICT as a new trend utilization tool………… 104 3.4.1. Sediment disaster prevention……………………………………… 105 3.4.2. Deterioration detection of transport infrastructure….…………….. 105 3.4.3. Transportation planning/traffic control solutions…………………. 105 3.4.4. Security system for railways and airports…………………………. 105 3.4.5. Development of smart city……………………..………………….. 105 3.4.6. ICT utilization for further application of distance education and inclusive education………………………………………………… 106 3.4.7. Utilizing ICT in healthcare sector………………………………… 107 3.4.8. Monitoring and livelihood improvement for poverty reduction…………………………………………………………. 109 Chapter 4 Amending JICA’s ICT Thematic Guidelines and Development Strategic Targets…………………………………………………… 111 4.1. Overview of ICT thematic guidelines……………………………… 111 4.2. Intermediate goals and cooperation cases……………………….…. 112 4.3. Review of thematic guidelines…………………………………….. 113 4.3.1. Development strategy goal 1. Improvement of ICT policy-making - ii - capacity……………………………………………………………. 113 4.3.2. Development strategy goal 2. Development of human resources in ICT sector………………………………………………………….. 114 4.3.3. Development strategy goal 3. Development of ICT infrastructure 115 4.3.4. Development strategy goal 4. Promotion of utilization and application of ICT…………………………………..…….……….. 116 4.4. Review of thematic guidelines (draft)……………….……………... 117 Chapter 5 Internal and External Cooperation Enhancement…… 120 5.1. Cooperation among domestic organizations…………….………….. 120 5.1.1. Cooperation within JICA…………………………………..……... 120 5.1.2. Collaboration with domestic research institutions…………..……. 128 5.1.3. Collaboration with private enterprises……………………….……. 129 5.2. Cooperation with international institutions and bilateral assistance institutions………………………………………………………….. 132 5.2.1. Multilateral Development Banks………………………………….. 132 5.2.2. ITU-D……………………………………………………………… 132 5.2.3. Bilateral assistance institutions…………………………………… 133 Appendix Appendix 1 Examples of JICA Technical Cooperation Projects utilization and application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)... 133 Appendix 2 Aid Programs by International institutions/Bilateral assistance institutions……………………………………………….………….. 241 - iii - Abbreviations 3G 3rd Generation ADB Asian Development Bank ADePT Automated DEC Poverty Tables ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line AHA Center ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on disaster management Ajax Asynchronous JavaScripts + XML ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations ASYCUDA Automated System for Customs Data BBL Brown Bag Lunch BEMS Building Energy Management System BHN Basic Human Needs BOP Base of the Economic Pyramid BOT Build, Operate and Transfer BS Broadcasting Satellite C/P Counterpart CAD Computer Aided Design CAESAR Center for Advanced Engineering Structural Assessment and Research CAREC Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation ccTLD Country code Top Level Domain CEO Chief Executive Officer CEP Complex Event Processing CIRT Cyber Incident Response Team CIS Customs Intelligence System CS Communication Satellite CSIRT Computer Security Incident Response Team CSV Comma-Separated Values DAISY Digital Accessible Information System DB Database DFID Department for International Development - iv - DOD Detailed Outline Design DRM Disaster Risk Management EKG Electrocardiogram EO Earth Observation ERP Enterprise Resource Planning ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific EU European Union F/S Feasibility Study GDA Global Development Alliance GDLN Global Development Learning Network GIS Geographic Information System GMS Greater Mekong Subregion GPS Global Positioning System HIS Health Information System HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HP Home Page HS Harmonized Commodity Description Coding System HTML Hyper Text Markup Language IaaS Infrastructure as a Service IATA International Air Transport Association IC Integrated Circuit ICB International Competitive Bidding ICHARM International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk Management under the auspices of UNESCO ICT Information and Communication Technology ICT4D Information and Communication Technology for Development IDB Inter-American Development Bank IDRC International Development Research Centre IFC International Finance Corporation IHP International Humanitarian Partnership IoT Internet of Things - v - IP Internet Protocol ISO International Organization for Standardization IT Information Technology ITS Intelligent Transportation System ITS Intelligent Transport System ITU International Telecommunication Union ITU-D ITU Telecommunication Development Sector JAIF Japan-ASEAN Integration Fund JAXA Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency JCAP JICA Country Analysis Paper JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JST Japan Science and Technology Agency LTE Long Term Evolution
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