Outline of the 2020 White Paper on Information and Communications in [Unofficial Translation]

～Digital transformation and new lifestyles prompted by 5G～

August 2020 Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan Introduction 2

● Spurred by the novel coronavirus pandemic, ICT technologies have become indispensable for maintaining people’s lives and economic activities, with digitalization waves coming to domains where digitalization had failed to make progress. ● On the premise of the protection of human lives, our society and economy will irreversibly evolve into a new phase due to the pandemic. Digitalization and remote service expansion will be fully exploited to produce innovations at personal, industrial and social levels, leading to the creation of new values. ● While integration between cyber and real spaces has made progress through digital infrastructure development and digital technology utilization, it is pointed out that the pandemic will lead cyber and real spaces to be synchronized in society. In the run-up to an end to the pandemic, digital infrastructure including the fifth generation (5G) mobile communications system: as well as IoT, big data, AI and other digital technologies, will become even more important. Life before COVID-19 Life with COVID-19 Our society promoted digital transformation through digital On the premise of the protection of human lives, our society will infrastructure development and digital technology utilization with the irreversibly evolve into a new phase to completely synchronize aim of increasing industrial efficiency and enhancing added value. cyber and real spaces and create new values. technologies AI People Digital Novel coronavirus Penetration of new lifestyles and Creation of new Big data diversified workstyles pandemic

Industry values IoT Flexible, resilient business operations

infrastructure based on the maximum utilization of data 4G → 5G and online systems Digital Society 4K・8K A distributed society based on digital infrastructure and digital technology Optical fibers utilization Chapter 1 (1) Advancement of Mobile Communications Systems 3

● Japan’s mobile communications systems have greatly improved their functions through generation changes every 10 years since their introduction in 1979, and with the number of users increasing dramatically. Mobile communications infrastructure has evolved into life infrastructure. ● 5G systems put into commercial operations this year in Japan are expected to bring about an even greater social impact, as infrastructure for the IoT age, through their use in various sectors and industries. ● After the United States and South Korea initiated commercial 5G operations in April 2019, other countries have followed suit one after another.

Mobile communications system evolution 5G Field Trials

1G 2G 3G 4G 5G Drone and 4K Year for camera introduction 1979- 1993- 2001- 2010- 2020- (Japan)

Communications Analog Digital system Checking status of lost climbers Maximum speed (download) 2.4-10kbps 11.2-28.8kbps 0.06-14Mbps 0.04-1Gbps 10Gbps Automobile Individual identification Terminals telephones Feature phones Monitoring climbers Shoulder phones for cattle farming Industrial/social infrastructure Position Life infrastructure Communications infrastructure

Functional Information/goods Information conveyance Information processing values control

Contents/applications providers Digital platformers Major players carriers Securing crane safety Truck platooning Communications equipment maker Chapter 1 (2) Structural Telecommunications Market Changes 4

● The number of IoT devices for industries and consumers is forecast to sharply increase in line with the diffusion of IoT/AI, and the launch of commercial 5G operations (①). On the other hand, the number of mobile service contracts is coming close to saturation and is forecast to only moderately increase (②). ● Global mobile terminal market players have dramatically changed in the past decade. While Chinese enterprises have expanded their share of the market, the presence of Japanese enterprises in the market has declined (③).

(100 million units) ① Trends in the number of global IoT devices 400 ③ Global smartphone market share Forecast 348.3 309.8 300 280.4 253.5 92.7 227.8 77.3 Auto & aerospace 208.7 64.8 187.3 53.9 22.9 Healthcare 200 22.3 165.6 44.0 22.3 2009 37.6 22.3 Industrial use 32.0 22.4 219 million 26.4 22.2 22.4 61.5 72.4 87.0 21.3 33.6 40.9 51.3 Computers units 22.1 27.0 100 Consumers

107.9 110.9 113.7 116.4 120.6 89.2 97.7 104.6 Communications

0 (Source) Informa 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 ② Trends in the number of global mobile service contracts (100 million contracts) 100 Forecast

80.5 77.5 79.1 80 75.7 72.4 73.6 5.9 Latin America 70.4 5.8 5.9 5.8 1.94 1.98 5.8 5.8 1.88 6.0 1.76 1.82 1.64 1.68 60 Japan

43.6 44.5 41.2 42.5 Asia Pacific (excluding 2019 37.7 39.6 39.9 40 Japan) 1,387

Europe and others million units

20 20.7 20.8 21.5 21.9 22.3 22.7 23.0 North America

5.0 5.1 5.1 0 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.9 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 (Source) Informa (Source) Informa Chapter 2 (1) ICT as Means to Solve Problems/(2) Initiatives for 2020s 5

● Japan is known as a developed country plagued with new problems, such as a declining population and birthrate, which is also rapidly aging. (①) Therefore, Japan needs to introduce and use ICT to proactively improve the quality of employment and life, and raise labor productivity. ● Japan’s 5G mobile technology for the 2020s, which will feature cashless payment services, multilingual voice translation (②), facial recognition, workstyle reform through telework, disaster prevention, and other initiatives, will provide an opportunity to showcase Japan’s ICT to the world, and innovate the whole of Japanese society. ① Japan as a developed country plagued with new ② problems as indicated by elderly population rates Use of multilingual voice translation services

50% Japan Forecast China Cases for using emergency voice South Korea translation services 40% Singapore (Top 3 languages) India (Cases) 1200 Germany English 1071 U.K. Chinese 30% 980 U.S. Indonesian

772 800 700 20%

408 386 10% 400 364

0% 12 24 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2017 2018 2019

(Sources) Use by local fire departments as of January 1, 2020 ① Prepared from the “World Population Prospects 2019” by the United Nations ② Fire and Disaster Management Agency, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Chapter 2 (3) Social Impact of the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic 6

● The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic requires people to transition to new lifestyles. ● Contactless lifestyle initiatives using ICT technologies have rapidly expanded, including telework, the administration sector’s cooperation with civic tech and private enterprises in visualizing personal contacts (①), remote teaching (②) and the relaxation of requirements for remote medical care. ● On the other hand, initiatives must be promoted to resolve new challenges, including an increase in telecommunications traffic through frequent ICT use, lack of security risk responses, a transition to electronic contracts and other business practice reforms, and balancing between public health and personal data utilization.

① Population changes from before* state of emergency declaration in the Tokyo Station area ② Future remote teaching plans at universities and technical colleges (%) 0

-20 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% State of emergency declaration period -40 Implementi Considering ng remote remote teaching teaching -60 67.7% 31.2% No plan to implement remote teaching -80 1.1%

(Source) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, -100 Science and Technology (as of May 12, 2020) 2020/5/1 2020/5/8 2020/5/15 2020/5/22 2020/5/29

(* 15:00, April 7, 2020) (Source) NTT Docomo Chapter 2 (4) 5G to Drive Industrial Operations ① 7

● 5G implementation in a wide range of industries and sectors is expected to improve business efficiency and create new values (①-④). ● Apart from nationwide mobile services undertaken by mobile operators, local 5G networks have been created for various entities as flexible mobile systems to meet regional and industrial needs, and there are plans to promote demonstrations from this year to develop problem-solving models using local 5G networks. Major assumed 5G use cases ① Farming (e.g., remote monitoring of cows) ③ Security & safety (e.g., monitoring of mountain climbers)

Ear tag reading system 5G drone Loudspeaker : Voice data Speaking Lost person (Voice): via LTE (long-term evolution) [Cow barn] 4K video Video transmission : High-definition video data transmission 4K camera 5G relay station (4K): via 5G network 5G terminal (28 GHz) Drone launch pad Video server PC [Cattle barn] Locating Mountain rescue office display LPWA cows G Core terminal ５ 5G relay Ear tag station reading app 4K camera & 5G server 5G relay station terminal Rescue team (28 GHz) Speaking 5G member Checking video at a [Office] Monitoring cows terminal mountain rescue office Plural 4K cameras take video of ear tags on cattle at barns and transmit video 4K video data from a drone is transmitted via a 5G network on a real-time data through the 5G network to reduce human labor for locating cows and basis at a mountain rescue office, allowing them to promptly check conditions monitoring their milk output. of the location and climber.

② Infrastructure construction (e.g., securing crane operation safety) ④ Mobility (e.g., advanced vehicle control) Operation based on high-definition video to secure worker safety Crane control platform Taking high-definition video of areas blind to the crane operator. Platooning 5G vehicle- Platooning 5G vehicle- Platooning 5G vehicle- control mounted control mounted control mounted terminal terminal terminal system Inter-vehicle system Inter-vehicle system 5G communications communications 5G

About 80km/h About 80km/h Target distance About 80km/h Target distance between trucks between trucks Core 5G system at 10 m at 10 m

The system transmits 4K high-definition video data of areas blind to the crane In the demonstration test for truck platooning on an expressway, the ultra-low operator, allowing the operator to safely operate the crane while checking latency of the 5G network makes it possible to control the distance between video. trucks at 10 meters. Chapter 2 (4) 5G to Drive Wireless Industrial Operations ② 8

● A survey of enterprises’ interests in 5G networks found that most companies in all industries are interested in 5G networks. Particularly, manufacturers were highly interested. Large enterprises indicated greater interest than others (①). ● Like Japan, some other countries have created local 5G systems for industrial use, and launched relevant licensing procedures.

① Enterprises’ interests in 5G

100% 6.0% 12.0% 10.1% 9.1% 12.5% 13.6% 15.2% 7.6% 16.8% 80% 15.1% 16.4% 21.2% 24.1% 22.4% 27.5% 32.1% 45.9% 60% 42.6% 44.4% 42.5% 40% 39.7% 43.0% 42.4% 39.8%

20% 40.5% 32.2% 30.1% 24.2% 22.7% 20.4% 16.4% 11.3% 0%

Don’t know Not interested Interested (yet to implement or consider the 5G) Interested (implementing or considering the 5G)

(Source) Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2020) “Survey on Current Status of Measurement and Utilization of Economic Values of Digital Data” Chapter 3 (1) Current Digital Data Utilization Status and Challenge 9

● An increase in data flow through the expansion of content capacity and the diffusion of IoT devices is expected to further accelerate in line with the diffusion of 5G. ● While the percentage of IoT devices has increased by four to seven times in the past five years in Japan (①), the most ideal situation would be for Japanese enterprises to utilize digital data as frequently as their U.S. and German counterparts (②). ● The utilization of open data is promoted mainly for civic technologies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and is expected to help to resolve many social challenges in the future.

① Data used by enterprises for analysis ② Enterprises’ utilization of digital data 0% 10% 20% 30%

POS data 2015 2020 e-commerce sales data 100% Utilizing e-mail Considering CTI (computer telephony integration) voice data Fixed phone data 80% data Access logs 60% Video download logs Blog, SNS and other report data GPS (global positioning system) data 40% RFID (radio frequency identifier) data Sensor data 20% Traffic and congestion data Weather data IoT devices grew Security/telemonitoring camera data 0% by four to Electronic medical record data Japan (n=600) U.S. (n=100) Germany (n=100) Diagnostic imaging data seven times Electronic receipt data *Survey conducted in March 2020.

(Source) Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2020) “Survey on Current (Source) Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2020) “Survey on Status of Measurement and Utilization of Economic Values of Digital Data” Consumers’ Consciousness of Data Utilization Environment” Chapter 3 (2) Future Personal Data Utilization / (3) Cybersecurity in 5G Age 10

● As Japan has launched personal data trust bank certification and other initiatives, the number of consumers feeling insecure about the provision of personal data has declined from three years earlier, reversing an upward trend (①). ● In the future, personal data trust banks, personal data stores (PDS) (②) and anonymously processed data are expected to be utilized further. ● It is also important to respond to new cybersecurity risks, including those accompanying 5G networks and supply chains.

① Insecurity about providing personal data when using ② Consumers’ intentions to utilize personal data trust services or applications banks or personal data stores

100% 100% 既に利用している（利用したことがある）Have already been utilizing (have utilized) Feeling insecure 利用したいWant to utilize

50% 50% 83% 78% 73% 74% 61% 67% 61% 65%

0% 2017 2020 2017 2020 2017 2020 2017 2020 0% 2017 2020 2017 2020 2017 2020 2017 2020 Japan U.S. Germany China Japan日本 アメリカU.S. Germanyドイツ China中国

2017: n=1030, 2020: n=1000 2017: n=1030, 2020: n=1000

(Source) Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2020) “Survey on (Source) Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2020) “Survey on Consumers’ Consciousness of Data Utilization Environment” Consumers’ Consciousness of Data Utilization Environment” Chapter 4 Beyond 5G 11

● Developed countries have already launched “Beyond 5G” initiatives towards the 2030s. ● As government and private sectors should be united to strategically tackle Beyond 5G initiatives under international cooperation, the government formulated a Beyond 5G Promotion Strategy during the summer of 2020(①). ● Japan should enhance research and development capabilities primarily for technologies related to its strengths or proactive initiatives (including terahertz waves, all-Photonics networks, quantum cryptography, sensing technology, and low-power consumption ) to secure its international competitiveness. ① Beyond 5G Promotion Strategy – Overview --