Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Historical Background

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Historical Background Notes CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Said, Edward, Culture and Imperialism (Chatto & Windus, 1993) xxiii. 2. Perera, Suvendrini, Reaches of Empire (Columbia University Press, 1991) 10. 3. Reaches of Empire, 11. 4. Said, Edward, Orientalism (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978) 12. 5. Teltscher, Kate, India Inscribed (Oxford University Press, 1995) 5. 6. Suleri, Sara, The Rhetoric of English India (University of Chicago Press, 1992) 3. 7. Orientalism, 1. 8. Orientalism, 67. 9. Bhabha, H. K., 'The other question, difference, discrimination and the discourse of colonialism', in Literature, Politics and Theory, eds Francis Barker et al. (Metheun, 1986) 156. 10. Bearce, George D., British Attitudes Towards India, 1784-1858 (Oxford University Press, 1961) 81. 11. Singh, Jyotsna G., Colonial Narratives/Cultural Dialogues (Routledge, 1996) 71. 12. Cohn, Bernard S., An Anthropologist among the Historians and Other Essays (Oxford University Press, 1990) 146. CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1. Roberts, P. E., History of British India, 2nd edn (Oxford University Press, 1958) 21. 2. Mukherjee, R., The Rise and the Fall of the East India Company (Monthly University Press, 1974) 86. 3. Dutt, R., Economic History of India Under Early British Rule (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1956) 2. 4. The Rise and the Fall of the East India Company, 86. 5. Quoted in M. E. Chamberlain, Britain and India: The Interaction of Two Peoples (Newton Abbott: David & Charles, 1974) 26. 6. Grant to Sir W. Courten, December 12, 1635, quoted in History of British India, 39. 7. India Office Records, Letter book No. 9, dispatch to Bombay, 11 September 1689, quoted in History of British India, 43-4. 8. Edwardes, M., British India 1772-1942 (Sidgwick & Jackson, 1967) 6-7. 9. History of British India, 71. 10. History of British India, 107. 11. History of British India, 110-11. 203 204 Notes 12. The Economic History of India Under Early British Rule, 9. 13. British India 1772-1942, 26. 14. British India 1772-1942, 26-7. 15. History of British India, 279. 16. Charter Act 1833, cited in History of British India, 307. 17. History of British India, 308. 18. The Rise and the Fall of the East India Company, 69. 19. Marshall, P. J., 'The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries', in The Raj, India and the British 1600-1947, ed. C. A. Bayly (London: National Portrait Gallery, 1990) 18. 20. Britain and India: The Interaction of Two Peoples, 31. 21. 'The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries', in The Raj, India and the British 1600-1947, 18. 22. History of British India, 41. 23. Wilbur, M. E., The East India Company (Stanford University Press, 1945) 120. 24. Morton, A. L., A People's History of England (Lawrence & Wishart, 1961) 161-2. 25. Green, M., Dreams of Adventure, Deeds of Empire (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) 79. 26. History of British India, 41. 27. History of British India, 130. 28. Smith, Adam, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1937) (orig. publ. 1776) 602. 29. Hill, S.C., The Indian Record Series, Bengal in 1756- 7, 1895, quoted in History of British India, 132. 30. History of British India, 140. 31. The Economic History of India Under Early British Rule, 39. 32. History of British India, 181. 33. Based on table and figures in The Economic History of India Under Early British Rule, 46. 34. The Economic History of India Under Early British Rule, 293. 35. The Economic History of India Under Early British Rule, 293. 36. For detailed trade figures see The Economic History of India Under Early British Rule, Chapter XVI. 37. History of British India. 329. 38. British India 1772-1942, 7. 39. British India 1772-1942, 7. 40. Quoted in British India 1772-1942, 8. 41. The Economic History of India Under Early British Rule, 14. 42. British India 1772-1942, 8. 43. British India 1772-1942, 8. 44. British India 1772-1942, 7. 45. British India 1772-1942, 54. 46. British India 1772-1942, 55. 47. British India 1772-1942, 32-3. 48. Graham, Maria, Journal of a Residence in India 1809-11, 1813, 139, quoted in British India 1772-1942, 33. 49. Quoted in British India 1772-1942, 51. Notes 205 50. Malcolm, J., The Political History of India from 1784 to 1823, quoted in British India 1772-1942, 52. 51. Speech on Charter Debate in the House of Commons on 10 July 1833, quoted in British India 1772-1942, 57. 52. British India 1772-1942, 96. 53. Pegg, J., India's Cries to British Humanity (London, 1830) 14, quoted in British India 1772-1942, 101. CHAPTER 3 TRADERS 1. Gorton, John, General Biographical Dictionary (London, 1828) II, 655--{i. 2. General Biographical Dictionary, II, 656. 3. Dictionary of National Biography (London, 1896) 348. 4. Correspondence of Thomas Gray, eds P. Toynbee and L. Whibley (Oxford University Press, 1935) II, 758. 5. Anonymous, The Lildy's Drawing Room (London, 1744) 18. 6. The Lildy's Drawing Room, 16. 7. The Lildy's Drawing Room, 16. 8. The Lildy's Drawing Room, 17. 9. The Lildy's Drawing Room, 17. 10. The Lildy's Drawing Room, 18. 11. The Lildy's Drawing Room, 18. 12. 'Banyan' is a misspelling of 'banian', the English corruption of 'Bania', the money-lending caste who often advanced money to recently arrived Englishmen. As spelled, 'Banyan', it is the name of a species of tree. 13. The Lildy's Drawing Room, 19. 14. The Lildy's Drawing Room, 21. 15. The Lildy's Drawing Room, 22. 16. The Lildy's Drawing Room, 22. 17. 'Monthly Catalogue, for April 1770. East Indies. Art. 12. The True Alarm.' Monthly Review, XLII (1770) 4. 18. Verelst, H. A View of the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the English Government in Bengal (Nourse, 1772) 8. 19. Mercier, Sebastian, Memoirs of the Year Two Thousand Five Hundred, trans. W. Hooper (London, 1772; repr. New York: Garland, 1974) 185. 20. Foote, Samuel, The Nabob (London, 1778) act I, scene. I, line 7. 21. Scott, Helenus, Adventures of a Rupee (London, 1782) 59--{)0. 22. Adventures of a Rupee, 59--{)0. 23. Adventures of a Rupee, 76-7. 24. Touchstone, Timothy, Tea and Sugar, or the Nabob and the Creole (London, 1792) 1-2. 25. Tea and Sugar, or the Nabob and the Creole, 10 26. 'John Homespun' (Henry Mackenzie) in The Lounger, 17 (collected in 3 vols London, 1804) I, 147. 27. 'John Homespun' (Henry Mackenzie) in The Lounger, 17, I, 147. 28. 'John Homespun' (Henry Mackenzie) in The Lounger, 17, I, 147. 206 Notes 29. 'John Homespun' (Henry Mackenzie) in The Lounger, 17, I, 147-8. 30. 'John Homespun' (Henry Mackenzie) in The Lounger, 17, I, 149. 31. 'John Homespun' (Henry Mackenzie) in The Lounger, 17, I, 151. 32. 'Marjory Mushroom' (Henry Mackenzie) in The Lounger, 36, II, 1-3. 33. 'Marjory Mushroom' (Henry Mackenzie) in The Lounger, 36, II, 6. 34. 'John Truman' (Fraser Tytler) in The Lounger, 36, II, 73. 35. Mackenzie in The Lounger, 36, II, 80. 36. Anonymous, Anna, or Memoirs of a Welch Heiress (London, 1786) I, 94-5. 37. Starke, Mariana, The Widow of Malabar (London, 1791) 12. 38. Anonymous, The Disinterested Nabob (London, 1787) II, 156-8. 39. The Disinterested Nabob, I, 87. 40. C[olin] B[annantyne], [William Dunlop], 'Calcutta, Chapter II. Wri­ ters and Writerism', Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, XI (1822) 433. 41. Anonymous, Life in India 1, Six Sketches Illustrative of Life in India (London, 1826) 2. 42. Six Sketches, 2. 43. Six Sketches, 1. 44. Six Sketches, 1. 45. Anonymous, The Cadet, A poem in six parts (London, 1814) I, xii. 46. Hockley, William Brown, The English in India, A novel (London, 1828) II, 287-8. 47. The English in India, A novel, I, 128. 48. The English in India, A novel, II, 290. 49. The English in India, A novel, I, 237. 50. The English in India, A novel, I, 238. 51. The English in India, A novel, I, 259. 52. The English in India, A novel, III, 147. 53. The English in India, A novel, III, 147. 54. The English in India, A novel, III, 161. 55. The English in India, A novel, III, 236. 56. The English in India, A novel, III, 237. 57. The English in India, A novel, III, 233. 58. Anonymous, Life in India, or, the English at Calcutta (London, 1828) I, 175. 59. Life in India, or, the English at Calcutta, I, 175. 60. The Surgeon's Daughter, 270. 61. Anna, or Memoirs of a Welch Heiress, I, 75-7. 62. Anna, or Memoirs of a Welch Heiress, I, 88-9. 63. Tea and Sugar, or the Nabob and the Creole, 4. 64. Newnham, H., East India Question (London, 1833) 5. 65. Anonymous, India, A poem in three cantos (London, 1834) 79. CHAPTER 4 SOLDIERS 1. Woodruff, Philip, The Men Who Ruled India, The Founders Oonathan Cape, 1953) 379-80. Notes 207 2. 'Historical Chronicle, December 1752', The Gentleman's Magazine, XXII (1752) 582. 3. 'Historical Chronicle, January 1753, Extract of a letter from Major Lawrence, at Trichinopoli in the East Indies, dated June 12, 1752', The Gentleman's Magazine, XXIII (1753) 48. 4. Orme, Robert, History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan from the year 1745, 2nd edn, (London, 1775) 167. 5. Robert Clive, quoted in The Men Who Ruled India, The Founders, 88. 6. History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation, 194-6. 7. History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation, 219. 8. Scott, Walter, The Surgeon's Daughter (London & Edinburgh, 1834) (orig. publ. 1827) 176. 9. 'The Indian Army', Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, XXI (1827) 563.
Recommended publications
  • Colonial Indian Architecture:A Historical Overview
    Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 Colonial Indian Architecture:A Historical Overview Debobrat Doley Research Scholar, Dept of History Dibrugarh University Abstract: The British era is a part of the subcontinent’s long history and their influence is and will be seen on many societal, cultural and structural aspects. India as a nation has always been warmly and enthusiastically acceptable of other cultures and ideas and this is also another reason why many changes and features during the colonial rule have not been discarded or shunned away on the pretense of false pride or nationalism. As with the Mughals, under European colonial rule, architecture became an emblem of power, designed to endorse the occupying power. Numerous European countries invaded India and created architectural styles reflective of their ancestral and adopted homes. The European colonizers created architecture that symbolized their mission of conquest, dedicated to the state or religion. The British, French, Dutch and the Portuguese were the main European powers that colonized parts of India.So the paper therefore aims to highlight the growth and development Colonial Indian Architecture with historical perspective. Keywords: Architecture, British, Colony, European, Modernism, India etc. INTRODUCTION: India has a long history of being ruled by different empires, however, the British rule stands out for more than one reason. The British governed over the subcontinent for more than three hundred years. Their rule eventually ended with the Indian Independence in 1947, but the impact that the British Raj left over the country is in many ways still hard to shake off.
    [Show full text]
  • The Keys to British Success in South Asia COLIN WATTERSON
    The Keys to British Success in South Asia COLIN WATTERSON “God is on everyone’s side…and in the last analysis he is on the side with plenty of money and large armies” -Jean Anouilh For a period of a period of over one hundred years, the British directly controlled the subcontinent of India. How did a small island nation come on the Edge of the North Atlantic come to dominate a much larger landmass and population located almost 4000 miles away? Historian Sir John Robert Seeley wrote that the British Empire was acquired in “a fit of absence of mind” to show that the Empire was acquired gradually, piece-by-piece. This will paper will try to examine some of the most important reasons which allowed the British to successfully acquire and hold each “piece” of India. This paper will examine the conditions that were present in India before the British arrived—a crumbling central political power, fierce competition from European rivals, and Mughal neglect towards certain portions of Indian society—were important factors in British control. Economic superiority was an also important control used by the British—this paper will emphasize the way trade agreements made between the British and Indians worked to favor the British. Military force was also an important factor but this paper will show that overwhelming British force was not the reason the British military was successful—Britain’s powerful navy, ability to play Indian factions against one another, and its use of native soldiers were keys to military success. Political Agendas and Indian Historical Approaches The historiography of India has gone through four major phases—three of which have been driven by the prevailing world politics of the time.
    [Show full text]
  • Secondary Indian Culture and Heritage
    Culture: An Introduction MODULE - I Understanding Culture Notes 1 CULTURE: AN INTRODUCTION he English word ‘Culture’ is derived from the Latin term ‘cult or cultus’ meaning tilling, or cultivating or refining and worship. In sum it means cultivating and refining Ta thing to such an extent that its end product evokes our admiration and respect. This is practically the same as ‘Sanskriti’ of the Sanskrit language. The term ‘Sanskriti’ has been derived from the root ‘Kri (to do) of Sanskrit language. Three words came from this root ‘Kri; prakriti’ (basic matter or condition), ‘Sanskriti’ (refined matter or condition) and ‘vikriti’ (modified or decayed matter or condition) when ‘prakriti’ or a raw material is refined it becomes ‘Sanskriti’ and when broken or damaged it becomes ‘vikriti’. OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson you will be able to: understand the concept and meaning of culture; establish the relationship between culture and civilization; Establish the link between culture and heritage; discuss the role and impact of culture in human life. 1.1 CONCEPT OF CULTURE Culture is a way of life. The food you eat, the clothes you wear, the language you speak in and the God you worship all are aspects of culture. In very simple terms, we can say that culture is the embodiment of the way in which we think and do things. It is also the things Indian Culture and Heritage Secondary Course 1 MODULE - I Culture: An Introduction Understanding Culture that we have inherited as members of society. All the achievements of human beings as members of social groups can be called culture.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Zamindari, Raiyatwari and Mahalwari Land Revenue Settlements: the Colonial Mechanisms of Surplus Extraction in 19Th Century British India
    IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (JHSS) ISSN: 2279-0837, ISBN: 2279-0845. Volume 2, Issue 4 (Sep-Oct. 2012), PP 16-26 www.iosrjournals.org A Comparative Study of Zamindari, Raiyatwari and Mahalwari Land Revenue Settlements: The Colonial Mechanisms of Surplus Extraction in 19th Century British India Dr. Md Hamid Husain Guest Faculty, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, India Firoj High Sarwar Research Scholar, Department of History (CAS), AMU, Aligarh, India Abstract: As a colonial mechanism of exploitation the British under East India Company invented and experimented different land revenue settlements in colonized India. Historically, this becomes a major issue of discussion among the scholars in the context of exploitation versus progressive mission in British India. Here, in this paper an attempt has been made to analyze and to interpret the prototype, methods, magnitudes, and far- reaching effects of the three major (Zamindari, Raiytwari and Mahalwari) land revenue settlements in a comparative way. And eventually this paper has tried to show the cause-effects relationship of different modes of revenue assessments, which in turn, how it facilitated Englishmen to provide huge economic vertebrae to the Imperial Home Country, and how it succors in altering Indian traditional society and economic set up. Keywords: Diwani (revenue collection right), Mahal (estate), Potta (lease), Raiyat (peasant), Zamindar (land lord) I. Introduction As agriculture has been the most important economic activity of the Indian people for many centuries and it is the main source of income. Naturally, land revenue management and administration needs a proper care to handle because it was the most important source of income for the state too.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Hist of India Under Early British Rule
    The Economic History of India Under Early British Rule FROM THE RISE OF THE BRITISH POWER IN 1757 TO THE ACCESSION OF QUEEN VICTORIA IN 1837 ROMESH DUTT, C.I.E. VOLUME 1 First published in Great Britain by Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner, 1902 CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE . r . vii CHAP. I. GROWTH OF THE EMPIRE I I e ocI 111. LORD CLlVE AND RIS SUCCESSORS IN BEXGAL, 1765-72 . 35 V. LORD CORNWALLIS AND THE ZEMINDARI SETTLEMENT IN BENGAL, 1785-93 . 81 VI. FARMING OF REVESUES IN MADRAS, 1763-85 . VJI. OLD AND NEW POSSESSIONS IN MADRAS, I 785-1807 VIII. VILLAGE COMMUNITIES OR INDIVIDUAL TENANTS? A DEBATE IN MADRAS, 1807-20. IX. MUNRO AND THE RYOTWARI SETTLEMENT IN MADRAS, 1820-27 . X. LORD WELLESLEY AND CONQUESTS IN NORTHERN INDIA, 1795-1815 . XI. LORD HASTINGS AND THE MAHALWARI SETTLEMENT IN NORTHERN INDIA, 1815-22 . XII. ECONOMIC CONDITIOR OF SOUTHERN INDIA, 1800 . X~II. ECONOMlC CONDITION OF KORTHERN INDIA, 1808-15 Printed in Great Britain XIv. DECLINE OF INDUSTRIES, 1793-1813 . xv. STATE OF INDUSTRIE~, 1813-35 . • ~VI.EXTERNAL TRADE, 1813-35 a . vi CONTENTS PAGE CHAP. XVII. INTERNAL TRADE, CANALS AND RAILROADS, 1813-35 . 303 XVIII. ADMINISTRATIVE FAILURES,I 793-18 15 . 313 XIX. ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS AND LORD WILLIAM DENTINCK, 1815-35 . 326 PREFACE XX. ELPHINSTONE IN BOMBAT, 1817-27 344 EXCELLENTworks on the military and political transac- XXI. WINGATE AXD THE RYOTIVARI SETTLEMENT IN tions of the British in India have been written by BOMBAY,1827-35 368 . eminent hi~t~orians.No history of the people of India, XXII.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting the History of Ancient India: the Need for a New Vision – G
    Gérard FUSSMAN revisiting the history ofthe ancientneed for a new india vision seventeenth gonda lecture royal netherlands academy of arts and sciences revisiting the history of ancient india: the need for a new vision – g. fussman Ladies and gentlemen, dear colleagues, I consider it a great – and unexpected – honour to have been asked to deliver the 17th Gonda Lecture, funded by one of the main 20th c. Indian scholars, a great specialist of Vedic and Sanskrit literature, which I am not, a very good exponent of Hindu religions, which are not my preferred subject, the more so in a country which has trained so many first-class young scholars that it is forced to export them abroad for the great benefit of those countries wise enough to give them a position. In these circumstances, the safest for me is to avoid the intricacies of Sanskrit philology and literature and talk mainly about what I feel ablest to teach, i-e Indian history. It is exactly what I tried to do 25 years ago, when I was elected at a chair in College de France which up to that time was called ‘langues et littératures sanskrites’, a name which I changed, as it was my privilege, into ‘Histoire du monde indien’, i.e. in Anglo- Indian ‘History of India and Greater India.’ The innovation was mainly in the name and in the limitations, if I dare say so, I pretended to respect, which of course I did not do. Indeed, I was trying to follow the example of Sylvain Lévi and Jean Filliozat who, in the same institution, did not hesitate to behave as true and good historians and who taught, like Hendriks Kern and Jan Gonda, that India extends much farther than the frontiers of British India and much beyond the areas where Sanskrit had been an indigenous language.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Indian Architecture' and the Production of a Postcolonial
    ‘Indian Architecture’ and the Production of a Postcolonial Discourse: A Study of Architecture + Design (1984-1992) Shaji K. Panicker B. Arch (Baroda, India), M. Arch (Newcastle, Australia) A Thesis Submitted to the University of Adelaide in fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Urban Design Centre for Asian and Middle Eastern Architecture 2008 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................................................iv Declaration ............................................................................................................................................................................................vi Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................................................................................vii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................................................................ ix 1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 1.1: Overview..................................................................................................................................................................1 1.2: Background...........................................................................................................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural History of Indian Subcontinent; with Special Reference to Arts and Music
    1 Cultural History of Indian subcontinent; with special reference to Arts and Music Author Raazia Hassan Naqvi Lecturer Department of Social Work (DSW) University of the Punjab, www.pu.edu.pk Lahore, Pakistan. Co-Author Muhammad Ibrar Mohmand Lecturer Department of Social Work (DSW) Institute of Social Work, Sociology and Gender Studies (ISSG) University of Peshawar, www.upesh.edu.pk Peshawar, Pakistan. 2 Introduction Before partition in 1947, the Indian subcontinent includes Pakistan, India and Bangladesh; today, the three independent countries and nations. This Indian Subcontinent has a history of some five millennium years and was spread over the area of one and a half millions of square miles (Swarup, 1968). The region is rich in natural as well as physical beauty. It has mountains, plains, forests, deserts, lakes, hills, and rivers with different climate and seasons throughout the year. This natural beauty has deep influence on the culture and life style of the people of the region. This land has been an object of invasion either from the route of mountains or the sea, bringing with it the new masses and ideas and assimilating and changing the culture of the people. The invaders were the Aryans, the Dravidians, the Parthians, the Greeks, the Sakas, the Kushans, the Huns, the Turks, the Afghans, and the Mongols (Singh, 2008) who all brought their unique cultures with them and the amalgamation gave rise to a new Indian Cilvilization. Indus Valley Civilization or Pre-Vedic Period The history of Indian subcontinent starts with the Indus Valley Civilization and the coming of Aryans both are known as Pre-Vedic and Vedic periods.
    [Show full text]
  • Early India: from the Origins to AD 1300
    RESOURCES ESSAY BOOK REVIEW tial in the understanding of Early India Indian society. All are repre- sented by scholars of great From the Origins to AD 1300 learning, who were dedicated to the modern historical BY ROMILA THAPAR method that had become part BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, of the world of scholarship in 2002 India as elsewhere, and they are given judicious examina- 556 PAGES PLUS PREFACE tion in a chapter Thapar calls ILLUSTRATIONS, FIGURES, MAPS, CHRONOLOGY, GLOSSARY, “perceptions of the past.” BIBLIOGRAPHIES, AND INDEX The first of these trends is ISBN 0-520-23899-CLOTH often referred to as “imperial- ist.” It was largely the product of writers connected with British rule in India and was he importance of Romila Thapar’s achievement in Early also basically concerned with India: From the Origins to 1300 AD, in relation to the work the fate of empires in the Indi- T of her predecessors, lies in her access to new archaeological an subcontinent. One of the and literary sources, which she herself did not have when she wrote a earliest and probably the most influential of such historians was shorter version forty years ago, as well as in her understanding of the Vincent Smith, whose Early History of India was first published in nature of the enterprise of writing history. Spelled out in an introduc- 1904, was republished as late as 1957, and was widely used as a text tion, this understanding is the essential background for following in both India and the West. For Smith, the key to understanding Indi- Thapar’s approach.
    [Show full text]
  • 'L'he HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT of DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE in INDIA LYDIA ETTA SONDHI MASTER of SCIENCE
    'l'HE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA By LYDIA ETTA SONDHI II Bach~lor of Science University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri 1970 Submitted to the Faculty o.i the Graduate College of th.e Olt.l'ahoma State University ;i.ri :Partial fulfillment of the reqtiiremertts · · for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 1972 ·,. r r~ \q1~ ~to~i~ c._~·~ QKI.AFIOMA ITATE UNWERI '1Q~APV NOV I :1 i~H2 THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA Thesis Approved: C'~J\,Ju~ Thesis Adviser · Dean of the Graduate College 830915 ii PREFACE This thesis is concerned with the historical development of the domestic architecture of India. Much research relating to India at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. and the library here on the Oklahoma State University campus revealed the fact that domestic architecture in India has never been fully covered. Therefore, this thesis at some points is sketchy. However, a sequel to this study is expected after an anticipated field study in India. I would like to take this opportunity to express my thanks for assistance and guidance given by my thesis adviser, Mrs. Christine Salmon, Associate Professor, Housing and Interior Design. I would also like to thank Miss Leevera Pepin, Assis-tarJt Professor, Housing and Interior Design, and Dr. Florence McKinney, Chairman, Housing and Interior Design, for the time they gave me to be on my committee. The knowledge and interest of my typist, Mrs. Anna Gleason, is indeed greatly appreciated. Deep appreciation is extended to my husband, Vijay, for his willingness, understanding and help in the preparation of this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • India's Wars: the Indo-Pakistani Wars and the India-China Border Conflict
    India’s Wars: The Indo-Pakistani Wars and the India-China Border Conflict Takenori Horimoto Since India gained its independence in 1947, it has waged four wars intermittently by the 1970s against Pakistan (Indo-Pakistani Wars) and China (the India-China War). While all of these wars were caused by territorial disputes, the termination of the wars was largely influenced by internal factors as well as the contemporary international situation on each occasion. I. Indo-Pakistani Wars 1. The Kashmir dispute as a root cause of the Indo-Pakistani Wars The Kashmir dispute was the root cause of the Indo-Pakistani Wars. The map below shows all of South Asia (inset) and Kashmir. Pakistan and India in the maps were formerly integrated and made up British India. Kashmir was also a part of British India, and a “princely state” ruled by the Maharaja. Although the Maharaja was Hindu, about three-fifths of the population of the princely state was Muslim (followers of Islam). The difference in religion between the Maharaja and the population was the starting point of the Kashmir dispute, and remains so to the present.1 India and Pakistan were respectively founded by being partitioned and gaining independence from British India in August 1947. When being partitioned and gaining their independence, the territory was divided into India, which was predominantly Hindu, and Pakistan, which was predominantly Muslim. As a result, Pakistan consisted of East and West Pakistan, where many Muslims lived. In the case of Kashmir, the Maharaja was granted a degree of authority to decide whether to belong to India or Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • POST INDEPENDENCE ARCHITECTURE in INDIA : a Search for Identity in Modernism
    © 2018 JETIR July 2018, Volume 5, Issue 7 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) POST INDEPENDENCE ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA : A Search For Identity in Modernism Ms. Sofia Sebastian, Mr. Ravishankar K.R. University of Nizwa Sultanate of Oman ABSTRACT-India had a glorious history in terms of its rich art and architecture, starting from 3000 B.C.During the British period from 1615- 1947, the major cities of Delhi, Calcutta, Mumbai and Chennai were highlighted with rich colonial styles of Indo-Sarcenic architecture. After Independence, there was a boom of building activities and there were confusions and debates on the style of architecture to be followed– modernism or historicism. Different styles of Modernism evolved raising the question of Identityin Post Independent architecture. KEYWORDS-Modernism, Post-Independence, Revivalism, geometric forms, Expressionist style, biomimicry architecture, contemporary modernism, chattris, progressive architecture, Brutalism, Regionalism, Tradition, Vastu Purusha Mandala, metamorphosis, identity, climate responsive, vernacular ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF INDIA India has a rich history dating from 3000 B.C. Indus Valley Civilization to 1947 AD Indo-Sarcenic Architecture. The main historical period and styles are as follows. The Indus Valley Civilization 3000-1700 BC The Indus Valley Civilization dates to 3000-1700 BC with towns of Mohenjodaroand Harappa with a good town planning system and an elaborate drainage system (brick lined drainage on all the street sides). Post MahaJanapada Period 600 BC-200AD This period architecture ranges from Buddhist stupa, Viharas, temples (brick and wood), rock cut architecture, Ajanta and Ellora, step wells, etc Figure 1: Sanchi Stupa Middle ages 200 -1500 AD The Middle Ages architecture speaks of sculptured temples both South India temples and North India temples.
    [Show full text]