The Case of Britis Colonial Codification of "Customary" Irrigation Practices in Kangra, India
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Colonial Indian Architecture:A Historical Overview
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 Colonial Indian Architecture:A Historical Overview Debobrat Doley Research Scholar, Dept of History Dibrugarh University Abstract: The British era is a part of the subcontinent’s long history and their influence is and will be seen on many societal, cultural and structural aspects. India as a nation has always been warmly and enthusiastically acceptable of other cultures and ideas and this is also another reason why many changes and features during the colonial rule have not been discarded or shunned away on the pretense of false pride or nationalism. As with the Mughals, under European colonial rule, architecture became an emblem of power, designed to endorse the occupying power. Numerous European countries invaded India and created architectural styles reflective of their ancestral and adopted homes. The European colonizers created architecture that symbolized their mission of conquest, dedicated to the state or religion. The British, French, Dutch and the Portuguese were the main European powers that colonized parts of India.So the paper therefore aims to highlight the growth and development Colonial Indian Architecture with historical perspective. Keywords: Architecture, British, Colony, European, Modernism, India etc. INTRODUCTION: India has a long history of being ruled by different empires, however, the British rule stands out for more than one reason. The British governed over the subcontinent for more than three hundred years. Their rule eventually ended with the Indian Independence in 1947, but the impact that the British Raj left over the country is in many ways still hard to shake off. -
The Keys to British Success in South Asia COLIN WATTERSON
The Keys to British Success in South Asia COLIN WATTERSON “God is on everyone’s side…and in the last analysis he is on the side with plenty of money and large armies” -Jean Anouilh For a period of a period of over one hundred years, the British directly controlled the subcontinent of India. How did a small island nation come on the Edge of the North Atlantic come to dominate a much larger landmass and population located almost 4000 miles away? Historian Sir John Robert Seeley wrote that the British Empire was acquired in “a fit of absence of mind” to show that the Empire was acquired gradually, piece-by-piece. This will paper will try to examine some of the most important reasons which allowed the British to successfully acquire and hold each “piece” of India. This paper will examine the conditions that were present in India before the British arrived—a crumbling central political power, fierce competition from European rivals, and Mughal neglect towards certain portions of Indian society—were important factors in British control. Economic superiority was an also important control used by the British—this paper will emphasize the way trade agreements made between the British and Indians worked to favor the British. Military force was also an important factor but this paper will show that overwhelming British force was not the reason the British military was successful—Britain’s powerful navy, ability to play Indian factions against one another, and its use of native soldiers were keys to military success. Political Agendas and Indian Historical Approaches The historiography of India has gone through four major phases—three of which have been driven by the prevailing world politics of the time. -
Secondary Indian Culture and Heritage
Culture: An Introduction MODULE - I Understanding Culture Notes 1 CULTURE: AN INTRODUCTION he English word ‘Culture’ is derived from the Latin term ‘cult or cultus’ meaning tilling, or cultivating or refining and worship. In sum it means cultivating and refining Ta thing to such an extent that its end product evokes our admiration and respect. This is practically the same as ‘Sanskriti’ of the Sanskrit language. The term ‘Sanskriti’ has been derived from the root ‘Kri (to do) of Sanskrit language. Three words came from this root ‘Kri; prakriti’ (basic matter or condition), ‘Sanskriti’ (refined matter or condition) and ‘vikriti’ (modified or decayed matter or condition) when ‘prakriti’ or a raw material is refined it becomes ‘Sanskriti’ and when broken or damaged it becomes ‘vikriti’. OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson you will be able to: understand the concept and meaning of culture; establish the relationship between culture and civilization; Establish the link between culture and heritage; discuss the role and impact of culture in human life. 1.1 CONCEPT OF CULTURE Culture is a way of life. The food you eat, the clothes you wear, the language you speak in and the God you worship all are aspects of culture. In very simple terms, we can say that culture is the embodiment of the way in which we think and do things. It is also the things Indian Culture and Heritage Secondary Course 1 MODULE - I Culture: An Introduction Understanding Culture that we have inherited as members of society. All the achievements of human beings as members of social groups can be called culture. -
LOKAY KTA HARYANA ANN AL REPORT for the PERIOD from 01.04.2013 to 31.03.2014. the Ha Yana Lokayukta Act, 2002 (He Einafte
LOKAY KTA HARYANA ANN AL REPORT FOR THE PERIOD FROM 01.04.2013 TO 31.03.2014. The Ha yana Lokayukta Act, 2002 (he einafte efe eed as the Act) has come into fo ce w.e.f. 1.8.2004. The Lokayukta o ganization has been b ought into existence in Janua y, 2006 with avowed commitment on the pa t of State Gove nment to p ovide with the people of State an efficient t anspa ent and co uption f ee gove nance. The Lokayukta o ganization comes unde the ambit of the Ha yana Lokayukta Act, 2002 and Ha yana Lokayukta (Functions, Powe s, Inqui y and Investigation) Rules, 2008 (he einafte efe eed as the Rules) f amed the e unde . On 31.03.2013, 1023 Complaints we e pending. Du ing the pe iod f om 01.04.2013 to 31.03.2014, as many as 692 complaints have been eceived which have been listed at Annexure-I. Thus, a total No. of 807 complaints we e disposed of du ing the said Financial Yea , which have been listed at Annexure-II. A list of complaints/ g ievances in which action has been taken against the e ing officials by the depa tment conce ned du ing the cou se of p oceedings f om 01.04.2013 to 31.03.2014 is placed at Annexure-III. Besides, a list of cases/complaints in which ecommendations have been made to Ha yana Gove nment fo taking action against the delinquents du ing the pe iod f om 01.04.2013 to 31.03.2014, is appended at Annexure-IV while the Annexure-V deals with the cases pe taining f om 01.04.2013 to 31.03.2014 in which epo ts in te ms of Sec. -
A Comparative Study of Zamindari, Raiyatwari and Mahalwari Land Revenue Settlements: the Colonial Mechanisms of Surplus Extraction in 19Th Century British India
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (JHSS) ISSN: 2279-0837, ISBN: 2279-0845. Volume 2, Issue 4 (Sep-Oct. 2012), PP 16-26 www.iosrjournals.org A Comparative Study of Zamindari, Raiyatwari and Mahalwari Land Revenue Settlements: The Colonial Mechanisms of Surplus Extraction in 19th Century British India Dr. Md Hamid Husain Guest Faculty, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, India Firoj High Sarwar Research Scholar, Department of History (CAS), AMU, Aligarh, India Abstract: As a colonial mechanism of exploitation the British under East India Company invented and experimented different land revenue settlements in colonized India. Historically, this becomes a major issue of discussion among the scholars in the context of exploitation versus progressive mission in British India. Here, in this paper an attempt has been made to analyze and to interpret the prototype, methods, magnitudes, and far- reaching effects of the three major (Zamindari, Raiytwari and Mahalwari) land revenue settlements in a comparative way. And eventually this paper has tried to show the cause-effects relationship of different modes of revenue assessments, which in turn, how it facilitated Englishmen to provide huge economic vertebrae to the Imperial Home Country, and how it succors in altering Indian traditional society and economic set up. Keywords: Diwani (revenue collection right), Mahal (estate), Potta (lease), Raiyat (peasant), Zamindar (land lord) I. Introduction As agriculture has been the most important economic activity of the Indian people for many centuries and it is the main source of income. Naturally, land revenue management and administration needs a proper care to handle because it was the most important source of income for the state too. -
Economic Hist of India Under Early British Rule
The Economic History of India Under Early British Rule FROM THE RISE OF THE BRITISH POWER IN 1757 TO THE ACCESSION OF QUEEN VICTORIA IN 1837 ROMESH DUTT, C.I.E. VOLUME 1 First published in Great Britain by Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner, 1902 CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE . r . vii CHAP. I. GROWTH OF THE EMPIRE I I e ocI 111. LORD CLlVE AND RIS SUCCESSORS IN BEXGAL, 1765-72 . 35 V. LORD CORNWALLIS AND THE ZEMINDARI SETTLEMENT IN BENGAL, 1785-93 . 81 VI. FARMING OF REVESUES IN MADRAS, 1763-85 . VJI. OLD AND NEW POSSESSIONS IN MADRAS, I 785-1807 VIII. VILLAGE COMMUNITIES OR INDIVIDUAL TENANTS? A DEBATE IN MADRAS, 1807-20. IX. MUNRO AND THE RYOTWARI SETTLEMENT IN MADRAS, 1820-27 . X. LORD WELLESLEY AND CONQUESTS IN NORTHERN INDIA, 1795-1815 . XI. LORD HASTINGS AND THE MAHALWARI SETTLEMENT IN NORTHERN INDIA, 1815-22 . XII. ECONOMIC CONDITIOR OF SOUTHERN INDIA, 1800 . X~II. ECONOMlC CONDITION OF KORTHERN INDIA, 1808-15 Printed in Great Britain XIv. DECLINE OF INDUSTRIES, 1793-1813 . xv. STATE OF INDUSTRIE~, 1813-35 . • ~VI.EXTERNAL TRADE, 1813-35 a . vi CONTENTS PAGE CHAP. XVII. INTERNAL TRADE, CANALS AND RAILROADS, 1813-35 . 303 XVIII. ADMINISTRATIVE FAILURES,I 793-18 15 . 313 XIX. ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS AND LORD WILLIAM DENTINCK, 1815-35 . 326 PREFACE XX. ELPHINSTONE IN BOMBAT, 1817-27 344 EXCELLENTworks on the military and political transac- XXI. WINGATE AXD THE RYOTIVARI SETTLEMENT IN tions of the British in India have been written by BOMBAY,1827-35 368 . eminent hi~t~orians.No history of the people of India, XXII. -
Revisiting the History of Ancient India: the Need for a New Vision – G
Gérard FUSSMAN revisiting the history ofthe ancientneed for a new india vision seventeenth gonda lecture royal netherlands academy of arts and sciences revisiting the history of ancient india: the need for a new vision – g. fussman Ladies and gentlemen, dear colleagues, I consider it a great – and unexpected – honour to have been asked to deliver the 17th Gonda Lecture, funded by one of the main 20th c. Indian scholars, a great specialist of Vedic and Sanskrit literature, which I am not, a very good exponent of Hindu religions, which are not my preferred subject, the more so in a country which has trained so many first-class young scholars that it is forced to export them abroad for the great benefit of those countries wise enough to give them a position. In these circumstances, the safest for me is to avoid the intricacies of Sanskrit philology and literature and talk mainly about what I feel ablest to teach, i-e Indian history. It is exactly what I tried to do 25 years ago, when I was elected at a chair in College de France which up to that time was called ‘langues et littératures sanskrites’, a name which I changed, as it was my privilege, into ‘Histoire du monde indien’, i.e. in Anglo- Indian ‘History of India and Greater India.’ The innovation was mainly in the name and in the limitations, if I dare say so, I pretended to respect, which of course I did not do. Indeed, I was trying to follow the example of Sylvain Lévi and Jean Filliozat who, in the same institution, did not hesitate to behave as true and good historians and who taught, like Hendriks Kern and Jan Gonda, that India extends much farther than the frontiers of British India and much beyond the areas where Sanskrit had been an indigenous language. -
Land and Property Rights in Pakistan (English)
LAND AND PROPERTY R I G H T S I N PA K I S TA N TRAINING MANUAL March 2012, Islamabad This document has been printed in Islamabad in March, 2012. The document has been produced by UN-Habitat Pakistan. The content of this document can be reproduced, reprinted, and referred to for public awareness if the source is properly credited. Contents Abbreviations i Preface ii Chapter 1: Introduction to Land Administration System 1 Chapter 2: Land Administration System 9 Chapter 3: Basic Record-of-Rights 19 Chapter 4: Sale and Purchase of Property 31 Chapter 5: Inheritance Matters 39 Chapter 6: Making Gifts 49 Chapter 7: Making a Will 61 Chapter 8: How are Property Rights Transferred? 67 Chapter 9: Preemption 79 Chapter 10: Rights and Duties of the Tenants 83 Chapter 11: Easement Rights 99 Chapter 12: Leases 109 Chapter 13: Licenses 119 Chapter 14: Land Reforms 125 Chapter 15: Acquisition of Land by State 133 Chapter 16: Property Rights of Women 145 Chapter 17: Glossary 159 Training Manual: Land and Property Rights in Pakistan Detailed Contents Abbreviations i Preface ii Chapter 1: Introduction to Land Administration System 1 1. Definitions 1 2. Property rights in the constitution 2 3. Legal regime about property rights 3 4. Revenue department 4 5. Categories of land 4 6. Land administration system 7 7. Exercises 7 Chapter 2: Land Administration System 9 1. Territorial division 9 2. Functions of revenue officers 11 Chapter 3: Basic Record-of-Rights 19 1. Introduction 19 2. Basic land record documents 20 3. Manual mode 28 4. -
'Indian Architecture' and the Production of a Postcolonial
‘Indian Architecture’ and the Production of a Postcolonial Discourse: A Study of Architecture + Design (1984-1992) Shaji K. Panicker B. Arch (Baroda, India), M. Arch (Newcastle, Australia) A Thesis Submitted to the University of Adelaide in fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Urban Design Centre for Asian and Middle Eastern Architecture 2008 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................................................iv Declaration ............................................................................................................................................................................................vi Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................................................................................vii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................................................................ ix 1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 1.1: Overview..................................................................................................................................................................1 1.2: Background...........................................................................................................................................................2 -
Cultural History of Indian Subcontinent; with Special Reference to Arts and Music
1 Cultural History of Indian subcontinent; with special reference to Arts and Music Author Raazia Hassan Naqvi Lecturer Department of Social Work (DSW) University of the Punjab, www.pu.edu.pk Lahore, Pakistan. Co-Author Muhammad Ibrar Mohmand Lecturer Department of Social Work (DSW) Institute of Social Work, Sociology and Gender Studies (ISSG) University of Peshawar, www.upesh.edu.pk Peshawar, Pakistan. 2 Introduction Before partition in 1947, the Indian subcontinent includes Pakistan, India and Bangladesh; today, the three independent countries and nations. This Indian Subcontinent has a history of some five millennium years and was spread over the area of one and a half millions of square miles (Swarup, 1968). The region is rich in natural as well as physical beauty. It has mountains, plains, forests, deserts, lakes, hills, and rivers with different climate and seasons throughout the year. This natural beauty has deep influence on the culture and life style of the people of the region. This land has been an object of invasion either from the route of mountains or the sea, bringing with it the new masses and ideas and assimilating and changing the culture of the people. The invaders were the Aryans, the Dravidians, the Parthians, the Greeks, the Sakas, the Kushans, the Huns, the Turks, the Afghans, and the Mongols (Singh, 2008) who all brought their unique cultures with them and the amalgamation gave rise to a new Indian Cilvilization. Indus Valley Civilization or Pre-Vedic Period The history of Indian subcontinent starts with the Indus Valley Civilization and the coming of Aryans both are known as Pre-Vedic and Vedic periods. -
MUSLIM POLITICAL THOUGHT and ATTITUDE in NORTHERN INDIA DURING the FIRST HALF of the 19Th CENTURY
MUSLIM POLITICAL THOUGHT AND ATTITUDE IN NORTHERN INDIA DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY Being Dissertation submitted in lieu of Papers I & II M.A. Final Examination in Political Science 1965 Under the Supervision of DR. S. A. H. HAQ,Q,UI Professor & Head of the Department of Political Science Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh By TAUFIQ. AHMAD NIZAMI (Roll No. 272) T I o-q I T1097 MUSLIM POLITICAL THOUGHT AND ATTITUDE IN KORTHERN INDIA DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th century Being Dissertation submitted in lieu of Papers I & II M.A,Final Examination in Political Science 1965 Under the Supervision of Dr.S.A.H.Haqqui Professor & Head of the Department of Political Science Muslim University Aligarh By Taufiq Ahmad Nizami (Roll No. 272) P R s f A C E The first half of the 18th century constitutes a period of great significance in the history of Muslim political thought and institutions in India, It saw the final extinction of the Mughal Empire on the one hand and the emergence of British power as the supplanter of Muslim riile on the other. This situation was a challenge to Muslim political attitude as it had developed during the preceding centuries. The present dissertation is an humble attempt at analysing the basic categories of Muslim political thought and reactions during this period of great political stress and strain. I have made as critical and extensive a use of the litera- txire available on the subject in Arabic, Persian, Urdu and English as the limited time at my disposal permitted. -
Early India: from the Origins to AD 1300
RESOURCES ESSAY BOOK REVIEW tial in the understanding of Early India Indian society. All are repre- sented by scholars of great From the Origins to AD 1300 learning, who were dedicated to the modern historical BY ROMILA THAPAR method that had become part BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, of the world of scholarship in 2002 India as elsewhere, and they are given judicious examina- 556 PAGES PLUS PREFACE tion in a chapter Thapar calls ILLUSTRATIONS, FIGURES, MAPS, CHRONOLOGY, GLOSSARY, “perceptions of the past.” BIBLIOGRAPHIES, AND INDEX The first of these trends is ISBN 0-520-23899-CLOTH often referred to as “imperial- ist.” It was largely the product of writers connected with British rule in India and was he importance of Romila Thapar’s achievement in Early also basically concerned with India: From the Origins to 1300 AD, in relation to the work the fate of empires in the Indi- T of her predecessors, lies in her access to new archaeological an subcontinent. One of the and literary sources, which she herself did not have when she wrote a earliest and probably the most influential of such historians was shorter version forty years ago, as well as in her understanding of the Vincent Smith, whose Early History of India was first published in nature of the enterprise of writing history. Spelled out in an introduc- 1904, was republished as late as 1957, and was widely used as a text tion, this understanding is the essential background for following in both India and the West. For Smith, the key to understanding Indi- Thapar’s approach.