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Stuiliaislailiika Volume 4, Number 3, 1997

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Stuiliaislailiika Volume 4, Number 3, 1997 STUilIAISLAilIIKA Volume 4, Number 3, 1997 ISLAM AND INDONESIAN NATIONALISM THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF HAJIACUS SNLIVI Erni HarYanti Kahfi KYA\ AND JnpRn esr M t ltrnnv Kobayashi Yasuko ItrtOOrurStRrrt lSLRHI BETWEEN PnnrtCUmnlTY AND UrutVrRSRitrv Johan Hendrik Meuleman lssN 021 5-0492 STI]ilIA ISTAIIII|A lndonesian Journal for lslamic Sludies Volume 4. Number 3, 1997 EDITORIAL BOARD: Harun Nasution Mastubu M. Quraisb Sbibab A. Aziz Dablan M. Satria Effendi Nabilah Lubis M. YunanYttsuf Komaruddin Hidal,at M. Din Syamsuddin Muslim Nasution \Vabib Mu'thi EDITOR-IN.CHIEF: Azyumardi Azra EDITORS: Saiful Mujani Hendro Prasetyo Joban H. Meuleman Didin Syafruddin Ali Munbanif ASSISTANTS TO THE EDITOB Arief Subban Oman Fathurrabman Heni Nuroni ENGLISH LANGUAGE ADVISOR: Kay Bridger AMBIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR: Nursanacl COVER DESIGNER: S. Prinka STUDIA ISLAMIKA (ISSN 0211-0492) is a journal published quarterly by the Institut Agama Islam Negerl (IAIN, The State Institute tbr Islamic Studies) Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. (STT DIPPEN No. 1291SK',DITJENfPG/STT/1976) and sponsored by the Department of Religious All.airs of the Republic oflndonesia. It specializes in Indonesian Islamic studies, and is intended to conrntuni- cate original researches and current issues on the subiect. This journal warmly welcomes contributions liom scholars of related disciplines. All articles published do not necessarily represent the views of the journal, or other institutions to which it is afliliated. Theyare solely the views ofthe authors. The articles contained in this iournal have been relereed bv the Board of Editors. & oi and J apanese Military Abstraksi: Selama perang dunia kedua di Asia Tengara, tenara Jepang berusaha mendapat dukungan dan kerjasama dari rakyat yang diduduki' nya. Dalam hal tnt kebijakan politik Islam meniad.i wngat penting di Indonesia, dan satu ciri khas yang menonjol dari politik Islam lepang adalah mementingkan perandn pdra @ai. Namun seuaktu mendarat di Indonesia, militer lEang belum merurnuskan politik Islam yang perlu dilaksan akan. Maka segera dinyaukzn bahua pemrrintah militer Jepan g rn e n gh ar gai agam a p en duduk. s m e n ge n a i Aoi b adan in te I ad.a s e or an g M us lim J ep an g y an g d'n 7dt I keadaan di laua, yaitu Abdul Hamid Ono' Dialah yang mengusulh'an rakyat' supaya Jepan I rnetnpergunakan pengarub kyai utuk memerinah Pada ahap perarna Jepang mengfokuskan pengumpulan informasi ren- ung Islam dan mengadakan pertemuan dengan para pemirnpin Islan, dan juga dengan para kyai di setiap daerah. Tokoh-tokoh Islam cEat bereaksi rerbadap propaganda Jepang teru- tdrna pdrd pernirnpin PSII yang mengambil inisiatif. Mereka mengaku sebagii *okil u*ot Islam yangtergabung dalam MIAI, tapi sebenarnya sudah tidak aktif tagi pada waktu itu, dan mereka berhasil ditempatkan dan diakui oleh 'yangpada badan pirnpinan MIAI yang direorganisasi Jepang -rrrr)ro*belwn rnernaharni situasi. Para pemimpin PSI ingin membentuk departemen agdmd dengan dukungan lepang dan mengontrol urusdn dgama Islam. MIAI memulai projek baitul-mll, namun usaha ini rnengundang kecurigazn dari pihak Jepang ydng segerd menghenti- kannya,-Pa^da uaktu iru, lepang sudah bisa menilai bahwa MIAI tidak mdmpu berperan sebagai jembatdn dntdra pemerintah dan rakyat, dan karena itu MIAI dibubarkzn. Setelah rnengeahui siapa yang bisa berperan untuk rakyat, Jepang rnen gernban gkzn politik Iskmnya dcngan fokus untuk menjalin keriasarna dengan para foiai. Banyak byai dan ukma diikutserukan dalam latihan rniliter; rnereka rnendapat indoktrinasi ideologi Asianisme yang rnen un' dikurnan dan gkzn Jepan g dan iuga diai arhzn fubagai subiek' Untuk 65 Studia Islamiha, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1997 Kobayashi Yasuho jukknn rtsa hormat k pod" kalangan fuiai, I{yai Hasyim Asy,ari ditunjuk sebagai ketua shumtsbu dan juga dijadikan sebagai pernirnpin utarnd Masyumi, organisasi baru Islam. Sekin itu, dibentuk pula shumuka sebagai kantor daerah Shumubu, dan para foiai yang telah tarnat dari /atihan rnen- duduki jabaan di situ. Hubungan Masyumi denganshumubu sangaterat, dan Masyumi juga mendirikan cabang di senap daerah. organisasi-organi- sasi tni dipergunakan untuk, mmyampaikan propaganda dan ptnuh Jepan g hppada rakVat Ketika situasi medan perong sr*ikin burui, Jepang sdngat nternbutuhkan urnbahan tenagamiliw, dan anak-anak kTai uesa, aiip- rut sebagai opsir PETA dan jugadibentukHizbullahyangterdii dari para pemudz sanrri. Ummat klarn Indonesta sebaliknya mmyampaikan harapan, permo- bon an atau tuntutdn kepada pthak lepang le(eat shumubu auu pia perce- rn ua de n n gan kyai. Sebagi an perm o h o n an dipen uh i pm erin uh, i i r itn korr - na begrru Jelang mengantungkzn diri pada para pemimpin Iskm. Jepang rnisalnya mendirikan perpusakaan hkm, gedung balai Muslimin, un iuer- sitas Islarn, dan rnmceak AlmanakJaua Baroe (kzlendn hlarn), memulai sistern setmgah hart kerja pada hari lumat dan lain-lain. Konsesi terbesar ya,ng diproleh urnat adalah terbentuknya shumuk4 yang sudah krna di- idart kan untuk rn ern udah kan wusn administrasi agarno (wuwrno *asalah pernikzhan). Ini merupakan salah satu bentuk politisasi kyai. I(yai yang (ulunya rcrisolir dzn rneniauhknn diri daii pemmnalt, berubah'mmlai berani bersuara politik dan menuntut sistern sosialyangmelancarkan hidup reed847n44n. wahid Hasyim adalah pemirnpin klam yang paling men onj o r pada akhir masa.pendudukan Jepang. Tampaknya lvahid Hasyim ingin riernanfaar kan kesempaan,yang diberikan kpong untuk rneinbangrn do, lnengor- ganisasi umat Islarn dengan munbayangkan masd depan Indonesia Mide Po1isnya sebagai fa- foiai dari psanrrm ydng telmasyhur di Jaua menjadi. fu? 4* mempunyai jaringan yang luzs dan-erat dengan para kVai di setu ruh Jaua dan.pahngpanus berperan dakm menghadapi permainan pori- tt! Wirlr*alt Jepang. Para alumni psantren yirg pr"didikonnyaielah (iperbahnryi meniadi pemirnprn Masyumi donoh, d)n shumuka dijabat 41i yan g dia ken al. Hizbul lah bisa juga dipersiaphzn un tuk rnernberon tak terbadap Jepang. setelah Proklantasi Indonesia, Kernenterian Agama (bekasShumubu /zn shtmuka) Masyurn i (direorgan isasi) dan Hizbutkh ftetn udian sebagian pin - d,h kE ABR, merupakan kndasan bagi pma pemimpin Islam urtik bnp. ran di_pntas politik Indonesia- Ini salah satu jasa dari para pemimpin hkrn yan g bereaksi terhadzp pendudukan militer Jepan g. Stdia Islamiha, Vol. 4,No. 3, 1997 -5-r!,rJ1.'l!-6 }.iqUt ,ri+!lg Ae*JiJl -r-il LJUI q-l\ k*l c,*:i dJl ;rJl Jl,} jlul ,,:^-2.J1 J;t- :ueAt j; clJlfJl t.4t +.i;^,- c;.ill ,*.,.:J1 0, r-^.).,li ;i C; e-f d +UJt ;*!..t1 >.uJl 1-r.o ; ,, ,"nlf ar- "i(, J:r"; a*y'-!l of Oi -r-r ! r!3!1't';1 ;-:^i; f 1)\-!1 .\r.i JLrul a-q." d ,>-ra-b j\ uat**51 ;,'; .>\;b; i4 d :)Ul J>u-l ;!U1 ,;.:,.1J t' u* 5!J1 ,aF\ ts' "+;o i>U-.Ul ,lf+ 4*U 6- ,t\-r,.-r'.a' JUa; r,1>1*!i oL-d a:-!.' e (t-*1/1 4jj;*. L"+ Jull re.,u!"1 f F-t d;rjt ;Jt f * +5)t .re14 4yy-!1 a,!l JJ<.:r n;'cW\ (sf\ e.-u aJ') *K; i'l J-.-,.Jl V -*s& ;UU .:1;b.-J1 alr ..,l -r-*y ci -4 .5-tJl Ji oL5; co;L-- ,-/ LLlJ!! pU guJ! aJ o|S1eUdul Hamid C)no) (,-G.lt irij 'rr+Ul .:i-\ J)\;**51 C a4\ J)\.j-! 6tr^r! ;-u; 6- ,-:trL.;*\ ol-Jsl l)\*!1 ,t' oJ-b -S\ f .,le it$!\ fi .'Aib, F C ap\ g.t i*{-)l 't r, ,-:!.e-'.*1, ;1:.,1 ir'|-;j V cL.Ll-rjl "l-r.j i:r)-l .f Jt*ii JV-/, :l-*itt PSII ,541-u)1 p)-"1 og -l €f t\a-cr;Lj a--.at-*, arlul ;r.:t." .,-[rVr .;r)-!l ,.fr=Jr J)\- ,r +)-!l a")tJ oiE - ra,i ;.-c-r. ccJ*ejl JJJ: -bi-! 4J -r.-,. ejJA\ :, .srJt Q{I;\f gr-rt$)i ; ,'J "/ q-rrell 1-r;* \rt\b*\2 q-or};'.: -u.ei c;-rJl .r-l---U q)U;Jl s-, e)f ) oi cL"-o; 4L ,-lt l-. JI.JJ ca--cVsi r-.t f+r.5 d Jt JlUl c -:'-P\: j.lJ ;L"ill o-.rr ,lt+Ul ;'-. +Lt t*"Jl JJ is\.ts ,f ff eLJ.;! J" ."Fl ,ia;*t; cQj-;1.:1 d U)ji-\ ;e JJ4A1 .r-rd +)\-)l o1*)\'*-vs 67 Studia Islamiha, Vol. 4, Na 3, 1997 Kobayasbi Ya*ko cSJ ..,-:-r JLj" \rLf )J42.J1 .S ri-r JLJ1 c-r el*;!2 1a,Q-; "-L=Jt *,)\-!t d.J'=Jl .'li JU-i- .'-rt+Ul cE-r-J rtt; 4i)Gl r- .llt]t -jHl ,-.'-iJlJ A-J<JI dr-t Ul*Jl )_)4 (pJi Cid^4 ! 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