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De I'existencia Deis Iacetans PYRENAE. núm. 35, vol. 2 (2004) ISSN: 0079-8215 (p. 7-29) REVISTA DE PREHISTÓRIA I ANTIGUITAT DE LA MEDITERRANIA OCCIDENTAL JOURNAL OF WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN PREHISTORY ANO ANTIQUITY De I'existencia deIs Iacetans ALFRED BROCH 1 GARCIA Departament d'Educació de la Generalitat de Catalunya el de Casp, 15, E-0801 OBarcelona [email protected] Les fonts grecollatines esmenten un poble anomenat lacetans. La manca absoluta de testimonis no literaris sobre ells ha generat un llarg i complex debat que, en lloc de contemplar la manca d'evidencia no escrita com una dada positiva, ha intentat generar reconstruccions de l'evidencia textual que puguin resoldre les diverses i greus contradiccions entre els textos. Pero si es dóna un tractament diferent a l'evidencia escrita (amb una analisi de recurrencia), se la vincula amb el conjunt d'evidencia coneguda sobre els antics pobles peninsulars i s'aplica una crítica estricta que posi en evidencia les mancances de les principals propostes de reconstrucció, cal concloure que la pretesa existencia real d'una etnia lacetana, no és sinó el resultat de la confusió (escrita) amb altres dues etnies que sí van existir i de les quals hi ha testimonis ferms: els laietans i els iace­ tans. PARAULES CLAU LAIETANS, LACETANS, IACETANS, PALETNOLOGIA, CULTURA IBERICA. The ancient sources about Iberia talk about the ancient people named Lacetanian. The absolute lack of any kind of non-literary evidence about them has incited a large and old polemic attemp­ ting to solve the various and deep contradictions contained in the literary corpus. A better way to study this case consists in changing this lack of evidence into a positive datum, making a dif­ ferent use of the literary evidence by developing a recurrence analysis inserted into a larger stock of evidence about the ancient Iberian peoples. This approach, when applied with a strict criti­ cism, shows the weak points the main interpretation attempts and suggests that the Lacetanian did not exist. They are just the result of a confusion involving two other peoples (who certainly existed): Laietanian and Iacetanian. KEYWORDS LAIETANIAN, LACETANIAN, IACETANIAN, PALETHNOLOGY, IBERIAN CULTURE. Data de recepció: 14-07-2004. Data d'acceptació: 17-09-2004 7 ALFRED BROCH 1 GARCIA De I'existencia deIs Iacetans 1. Plantejament del problema EIs lacetans són esmentats en les fonts grecollatines quan descriuen els primers segles d'ac­ tuació romana a la Península Iberica. Pero la lectura i interpretació d'aquestes fonts resul­ ta controvertida i contradictoria: ni esta dar quan es refereixen efectivament als lacetans ni, a partir d'aquí, quina localització geogratica se'ls podria assignar. Una cosa similar suc­ ceeix, com és d'esperar,amb altres pobles, com podrien ser els ilergets, ausetans o indi­ gets; pero aquests casos representen un problema diferent, perque a més de la informació literaria existeixen evidencies d'altres tipus (numismatica, epigrafica o toponímica) que permeten conformar un quadre més o menys coherent sobre la situació i evolució d'aquests pobles i els territoris que ocuparen. El que converte ix el cas deIs lacetans en un problema a par!, únic en aquest context, és que no se 'n coneix cap altre indici o vestigi llevat de les fonts escrites, cosa que ha provocat que, de forma conscient o no, la investigació s'hagi centrat exdusivament en l'analisi deIs textos escrits, fins al punt d'arribar a confondre el debat exegetic, de conciliació d'un corpus literari, amb un debat sobre l'existencia i ubica ció en la realitat d'una etnia o regió lacetana. Per tant, creiem que és necessari abordar la qüestió lacetana d'una manera que ultra­ passi la mera crítica textual i la relacioni amb altres fonts d' evidencia (o la seva manca), no atribuint una presumpció injustificada de versemblan<;a a l'evidencia literaria sinó con­ siderant-la una evidencia documental més,enmig del conjunt d'evidencia global. Comen<;arem indicant l'estat de la qüestió pel que fa a l'analisi de les fonts literaries, camp en que tradicionalment s'han abocat els esfor<;os per adarir-Ia; a continuació mostrarem les principals propostes d'interpretació derivades de l'analisi textual, per passar tot seguit a valorar-les i assenyalar-ne les possibles mancances i merits. 2. Les fonts literaries EIs autors dassics esta ven integrats en un context cultural i ideologic molt diferent al de la realitat que narra ven, la qual havia de ser sotmesa a un procés de reconceptualització per assimilar-Ia i reduir-Ia a uns termes comprensibles per a ells i el seu público D'aixo resulta una visió del món indígena que contenia moltes generalitzacions i era poc fidel a la realitat. Per exemple, Estrabó (lIt 3, 7) veia els pobles del nord i nord-oest peninsular amb els topics i prejudicis que les elits cultes romanes tenien deIs pobles barbars: «tots els muntanyencs són austers, beuen normalment aigua, dormen aterra ( ... ) durant dos ter­ <;os de l'any s'alimenten d'aglans d'alzina»; Diodor Sícul (36, 6-7) atribula al paisatge una forta influencia en la forIl!a d'organització deIs pobles, com per exemple en la fama de bandits que tenien els lusitans. En general, tots ells destacaven els elements més estranys a la mentalitat i mode de vida romans. 8 PYRENAE, núm. 35, vol. 2 (2004) ISSN: 0079·8215 (p. 7·29) De l' existencia deIs lacetans ALFRED BROCH 1 GARCIA Les primeres notícies Les notícies més antigues conegudes sobre els pobles peninsulars procedeixen del periple d'Hecateu de Milet i de l'Ora Maritima d'Avie, obra del segle IV d.C. que inclou alguns peri­ pIes molt antics, d'entre els segles VI i TI a.c., pero reelaborats i manipulats poeticament, cosa que els fa poc fidedignes (Mangas i Plácido, 1994: 22-27). El d'Hecateu (conservat en l'obra d'Esteve de Bizanci) és del voltant del 525 a.c. i dóna notícies molt escarides: al Nord deIs "ECi()ll't€<;' cita uns 'IAapauya'tat Ot' I~llp€<; (i un riu 'IAapauya'tll<;, que podria ser l'Ebre o el Cinca) i al nord d'aquests uns MtCiY1l't€<; (Mangas i Plácido, 1998: 146-147). Els esdetes recorden els posteriors edetans i sedetans, deIs quals es consideren precursors; i el mateix passa amb els ilaraugats (potser citats únicament en correspondencia del riu del mateix nom) respecte deIs ilergets i ilercavons. La localització d'esdetes i ilaraugats a final del segle VI a.C. es va deduir recorrent als territoris que ocupaven els pobles considerats suc­ cessors: en els segles III i TI a.C. els edetans ocupaven la part central del País Valencia i els sedetans el curs mitja de l'Ebre, i per tant tot aquest territori s'assigna als esdetes; i les pla­ nes de Lleida fins a l'ambit territorial del baix Ebre, ocupats per ilergets i ilercavons, s'assigna als ilaraugats (que inclourien també els futurs cossetans). Aleshores, els misgetes se situa­ ren per eliminació en la porció restant de l'actual territori catala, que ve a ser la Catalunya Vella historica (essent la partió el massís de Garraf), i per analogia se'ls considera precur­ sors de diversos pobles posteriors (com els laietans, ausetans o indigets), cosa suggerida també per la propia etimologia, derivada del verb grec ,..Il<Yyco: barrejar (Padró i Sanmartí, 1992: 187-188). 1 és que si ilaraugats és una denomina ció autoctona, utilitzada ja sigui pel propi grup al que designa o per d'altres d'un mate ix context cultural, misgetes és, en canvi, una denominació sorgida i utilitzada des de fora deIs propis misgetes, probablement degu­ da als grecs d'Empúries (padró i Sanmartí, 1992: 187-188), que hagueren de recórrer a aquest terme per poder-se referir a les poblacions del seu entorn (fig. 1). Les notícies a partir del 218 a.C. Hagueren de passar tres segles des de la cita d'Hecateu per tornar a trobar notícies escri­ tes de la zona estudiada. Els misgetes ja no tornen a apareixer en el registre literari, pero quan l'exercit roma engega la intervenció en el nord-est peninsular en els inicis de la sego­ na Guerra Púnica, es posa de manifest una multitud de pobles, amb etnonims d'etimolo­ gia específicament indígena, que tenien plena capacitat política i que presumiblement foren el resultat de la progressiva estructura ció social i política deIs antics i indefinits misgetes. Titus Livi (XXI, 23, 2) indica que Hanníbal passa l'Ebre i «sotmeté els ilergets, bargu­ sis, ausetans i la Lacetania, situada al peu deIs Pirineus» (Ilergetes inde Bargusiosque et Ausetanos et Lacetania, quae subiecta Pyrenaeis montibus est, subegi), suggerint que una regió anomena­ da Lacetania formava una mena de continuum territorial amb els bargusis, ilergets i ausetans; PYRENAE, núm. 35, vol. 2 (2004) ISSN, 0079-8215 (p. 7-29) 9 ALFRFD BROC II I GARClA De I'cxislencia deis lacetans Fig . 1. Etn6nims citats per Hecateu i deduccions de Padró i Sanmart í. com que la ubicació d'aquests pobl es esta bastant ben estab lena I i lambé, en lerm es gene­ rals, la d'indigels, il ercavons, cossetans, laietans i a lUTs (Padró i Sa nma rt í, 1992: 185- 194; Junye nt, 1987: 57 -65) la hi slo ri og ra fi a ha situat tradi cionalm ent la LaCe lania, per elimi ­ nació (i merament pe r eli min ació, ja que hi manca lota evid encia posili va), en I'inlersti ci que aq uests pobles deixe n a la conca mitj ana del Uobrega l i la Segarra (Pad ró i anma n Í.
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