5B1 .05 ER NHX 17 l'??9 Ma) Erigeniat Nutnber 17 May 1999

SH1IV5V NATURAl HISTORY the Illinois Journal of Native Plant Society jul 2 2 1999 Erigenia

Number 17, May 1999

The Illinois Native Plant Society Journal

The Illinois Native Plant Society is dedicated to the preservation, conservation,

and study of the native plants and vegetation of Illinois.

Erigenia is named for Erigenia bulbosa Executive Committee of the Society (Michx.) Nutt. (harbinger of spring), one of our President: Mark Basinger earliest blooming woodland plants. The first PresidenT-ElecT: Kari Havens issue was published in August 1982. Past President: Marty Vogt Treasurer: Jon Duerr Copyright ® 1999 The Illinois Native Plant Recording Secretary: Ray Boehmer Society (ISSN 8755-2000) MEMBERSHIP: Lorna Konsis Editor, Erigenia: Barbara Johnson Erigenia Staff Editor, The Harbinger: Ken Konsis EDITOR: Barbara Johnson MEMBERS-AT-LARGE: Technical Editor: Gerould Wilhelm Todd Bittner, George Johnson, Mike Mason, PROOFREADER: Floyd Swink Pat Neighbors, Jack Shouba Typesetting and Design: Linda A. Masters PRODUCTION: George D. Johnson Membership

Yearly membership includes a subscription to Cover Illustration Erigenia and the quarterly newsletter, THE

Original drawing of Apios americana Medik. Harbinger. For more information, write to (groundnut or wild potato) by Nancy Hart Illinois Native Plant Society Stieber. Forest Glen Preserve

Nancy received her art education from The Art 20301 E. 900 North Road Institute of Chicago, but much of her botanical Westville, Illinois 61883 and natural history education she attributes to E-MAIL: [email protected] her study with Ray Schulenberg, whom she accompanied on many field forays in the prairie and dune regions of Illinois and Indiana. Erigenia

Number 17, Kay 1999

Table of Contents

About Our Authors 2

Annals of Illinois Ethnobotany: Groundnut or Wild Potato {Apios americana Medik.) Ray Schulenberg 3

The Avens Species {Geum L., Rosaceae) of Illinois Michael B. Wenzel and John E. Ebinger 8

The Lichen Flora of the Cook County Forest Preserves, Part V: Salt Creek Division RichardD. Hyerczyk 14

The Lichen Flora of Ford County Richard D. Hyerczyk 21

Vegetation of Badger {Taxidea taxus) and Plains Pocket Gopher {Geomys bursarius) Mounds in the Sand Areas of West-Central Illinois Bradley A. Fulk and John E. Ebinger 26

Restoration of Aspects of Native Soil Qualiry Through Conversion of Agricultural Lands to Cultivated Hayfields Chris Wheeler and Kelly McConnaughay 30

Buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.) in Illinois Tom Voigt 38 ANNALS OF Illinois Ethnobotany: Groundnut

In the case of groundnut, we are able to retrieve Moving south to the Siouan-speaking Osages of some grasp of its former significance to Native Missouri, we find the following in LaFlesche (1932), here Americans by the fact that when certain tribes became quoted in fuU: acquainted with the "Irish" potato, Solanum tuberosum do, potato. Before the Irish potato was

L., they apphed to it the word in their language that they introduced by traders, the Osage used a wild had previously used for groundnut. This transfer of a potato which tastes like sweet potato. When the famihar word to a new object is an alternative to trying Irish potato became known to the Osage they to incorporate a new word into the language.^ apphed to it the name "do" {Glycine apios) . The

"do" is mentioned in one of the tribal rituals as Linguistic Considerations a sacred food.

Glycine apios is, of course, another synonym of Apios The Siouan Languages americana. Specific cases of the transfer of the indigenous name Siouan-speaking tribes hved as far south as the Gulf for groundnut to the introduced potato are available to of Mexico, and when their languages were finally studied, us in certain Siouan languages that happen to be fairly their word for potato was fotmd to be cognate with that well documented. The following is from Riggs (1890): of the Dakota. According to Dorsey and Swanton (1912), mdo, n., an esculent root eaten by the Dakotas, for the Biloxi tribe we have the word ado (or ato with in appearance and taste something like sweet tmaspirated t) For the Ofo, a neighboring southern tribe, potatoes, the Dakota tamdo; potatoes, the we have ato. These authors reported that the Ofo Wasicur) tamdo. distinguished between the Irish potato and the "wild or Wasicug is European man, and the prefix ta is the sign of marsh potato" by appropriate modifying words. third-person genitive, "his". The entry above is for the Although they do not give us a scientific name for this eastern or Santee Dakota. The western or Teton Dakota wild plant, there can be little doubt that it is Apios (Lakota) use the phoneme / in place of the Santee d, and americana. their word for potato is hlo. The entry for bio in Buechel The derivation of the name of Topeka, the capital of (1983) is interesting: Kansas, is relevant to our discussion of groundnut. The An esculent root eaten by the Dakotas, in question, argued pro and con in Rydford (1968), is appearance and taste like the sweet potato; whether or not Topeka means something like potatoes. The opers tuberosa. "groundnut good digging" in one or more Siouan The explanation for the puzzling last two words is that languages. Vogel (1962) has an entry for Topeka, Illinois Father Buechel, who knew both Lakota and plants fairly (named for Topeka, Kansas); he favors the groundnut well, did not hve to see his dictionary pubhshed, and the hypothesis for the origin of the name, and I, after much Jesuit brother who was assigned the task of editing the sifting of evidence, agree. dictionary miscopied Buechel's handwritten Apios as The Hidatsa are a Siouan-speaking people, and it may opers; Apios tuberosa is, of course, a synonym of Apios be significant that their word for potato is not a variation americana, groundnut. The Santee Hved in Minnesota in of the familiar do/to, but rather kaksha (Matthews 1873). historic times, and although the Tetons roamed west far This could well be the result of the centuries-long beyond the range of groundnut, they no doubt remained residence of the ITidatsa well north and west of the range famihar with the plant through visits with their eastern of groundnut. As for the Mandan, long-time good relatives. neighbors of the Hidatsa, their name for potato seems For the Siouan-speaking Wiimebago (Hochank), not to be m the extant hterature. Gilmore (1919) recorded the name of groundnut as tdo; the pronunciation of this is uncertain. The Algonquian Languages The Apios-Solanum linkage runs a parallel course in - The word "potato" itself is an English mispronunciation of a the Algonquian linguistic family—a grouping originally Taino Indian word that originally referred to the sweet potato, even more extensive geographically than the Siouan. I Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., which grew natively in the Taino first botanical in 1946 while homeland of the greater Antilles and the Bahamas. The Irish encountered this dichotomy potato, of course, was domesticated by the native peoples of the Uving on the reservation of the Prairie Band Potawatomi South American Andes, taken to Europe by the Spanish, and near Mayetta, Kansas. These are descendants of people introduced into North America by European settlers.

ERICENIA May 1999 Annals of Illinois Ethnobotan-y: Groundnut

who lived mostly in northern Illinois and southern The Iroquoian Languages

Wisconsin until about 1836. At feasts in Kansas I was I have less access to Iroquoian linguistics, but I feel

pleased to partake from bowlfuls of tastily cooked that the resemblance between nana, a Cherokee name for groundnut. At that time most of the Indian residents of potato (Feeling 1975) and -none't, meaning potato in the reservation still spoke the Potawatomi language. To Seneca (Chafe 1967), is no coincidence, but rather points them, this dish was nishnabe piniak, which they back to a time when these two tribes, now remote, translated "Indian potatoes." The word nishnabe descended from a common ancestral people who knew a distinguished groundnuts from Irish potatoes, which by potatolike plant, ver}" likely Apios amencana. that time, to these folks, were simply piniak. A variation The Caddoan Languages of this usage is found in Huron Smith's work on the Caddoan linguistic material is scarce. We know that Forest Potawatomi of Wisconsin. He reponed (1933) that the groundnut was important to the Pawnee of they distinguished Apios amencaruz as mukwopinik, bear Nebraska. Their name for it was the monosyllabic its potato. (also spelled ic). Their name for the Loup River, heart of Central Algonquian names for potato, presumably the Skidi Pawnee homeland, was ickari, meanin g "lots of all having referred originally to groundnut, contain the groundnuts" (Weltfish 1965; Murie 1981). What we don't syllable /^zw or pen. Meeker, Ehas, and Heim (1993) quite know in this case is whether the Pawnee transferred this explicitly apply the Ojibwe word opin to Apios name for grouindnut to Irish potato; I have not found this americana; most Ojibwe dictionaries translate opin as information in print. potato, leaving us to extrapolate groundnut as the original meaning. For the Mesquakie (Goddard 1994), we have the word ahpenya, and for the closely related Native American words for groundnut by language group Kickapoo (Voorhis 1988), ohpenya; for the Menominee, and tribe ohpehyak (plural), this from Bloomfield Erichsen- (1975). SIOUAN Brown (1979) quotes a 1590 description by Thomas

Harriot, of what is tmquestionably Apios amencana, with the Virginia Indian name of openask, a clear testimony to the wide range of both groundnut and Algonquian speakers.

One IS tempted to speculate as to whether the pen/pin syllable in proto-Algonquian was limited in meaning to groundnut, or had a general reference to, say "edible underground plant pan." Smith (1933), for instance, gives lijagipin (crooked potato) as the Forest Potawatomi name for the edible storage shoots of lotus,

Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. Swanton (1946) quotes the linguist Truman Michelson as saying that Algonquian penauk, etc. meant "root"; in this Michelson was probably mistaken.

The Muskhogean Languages

As for the three Muskhogean tribes for which I have lexical material, again we see a similarit>^ ia their words for potato, which suggests familiarity of these three peoples with a potatolike plant before they separated. In the Alabama language (Sylestine, Hardy, and Montier 1993) the word aha means potato and sweet potato; Ln

Choctaw (Byington 1915), ahe covers both Irish potato and sweet potato, and in Chickasaw (Monroe and

WiUmand 1994), ahi' is the basic word for potato. Annals of Illinois Ethnobotan^': Groundnut

Nuts and Other Tuberous Plants appealing subject in his extensive and well-researched entry on this species. In spite of the English common name groundnut, I As a generalization. Native Americans in what is now find no evidence that any native people conceived of the eastern United States and southeast Canada regularly Apios americana as a nut. For instance, Algonquian words ctiltivated com, beans, squash, and sometimes sunflowers such as bagaan and pakani (from which obviously we and tobacco— all summer annuals that bear their derive pecan), were not apphed to Apios americana. harvestable crops above ground. Roots and tubers, Although explorers, traders, missionaries, and even perennial herbs, and the fruits and nuts of woody plants linguists are seldom versed in botany, it is usually were harvested from wild populations. possible to recognize references to groundnut because of There have been experiments by European man to the chstinctive feature of numerous tubers strung at cultivate groundnut for the edible tubers, but without intervals along the rhizome (or root). Occasional notable success. At present it is available from a few observers have confused this species with prairie turnip, nurseries as an ornamental or novelty. Psoralea esculenta Pursh (= Pediomelum esculentum

(Pursh) Rydb.), also a legume. That perennial, however, Literature Cited and Consulted does not climb, and has only a single swelling in a vertical taproot. It was even more sought after than groundnut Baraga, R. R. 1966. A dictionary of the Otchipwe language. by Indians of the prairie. I have always found it puzzling Ross & Haines, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Bloomfield, L. 1975. lexicon. Milwaukee that the Dakota, upon encountering prairie turnip, did Menomini Public Museum Publications in Anthropology and History, not give it a name reflecting its resemblance and No. 3. relationship to Apios americana. Instead, they called it Buechel, E. 1983. A dictionary of Teton Sioux. Red Cloud tiijpsiijna, which translates "prairie rice," seeming to Indian School, Inc., Pine Ridge, South Dakota. imply that the Dakota regarded Psoralea esculenta as the Byington, C. 1915. A dictionary of the Choctaw language. nutritional equivalent of wild rice, lizania aquatica L., Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 46. which is a grass and a food staple of the Dakota in Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Minnesota. Chafe, W. L. 1967. Seneca morphology and dictionary. A few observers have confused groundnut with Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C. O., Swanton. 1912. of Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus L., a native Dorsey, J. and J. R. A diaionary the Biloxi and Ofo languages. Bureau of American composite with barely palatable tubers. However, the Ethnology Bulletin 47. Government Printing Office, linguistic evidence is that all the Native Americans who Washington, D.C. knew that plant had names for it quite distinct from Erichsen-Brown, C. 1979. Use of plants for the past 500 those for groundnut, and never transferred Helianthus years. Breezy Creeks Press, Aurora, Ontario. names to the Irish potato. Feeling, D. 1975. Cherokee-English dictionary-. Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. Evidence of Cultivation Gilmore, M. R. 1919. Uses of plants by the Indians of the Missouri River region. Bureau of American Ethnology, Considering the food value of groundnut tubers, it 33rd Annual Report. Government Printing Office, that this species was may seem odd not brought into Washington, D.C. cultivation by Native Americans, and that it has not Goddard, I. 1994. Leonard Bloomfield's Fox lexicon. become a staple of modern agriculture. There are Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, Memoir 12. references to consimiption of the rubers by early settlers, Winnipeg, Manitoba. and attempts at ctiltivation. There is also mention of Kindscher, K. 1987. Edible wild plants of the prairie. Indians planting tubers in suitable places; indeed, we University Press of Kansas, Lawrence. LaFlesche, F. 1932. dictionary of the Osage language. cannot rule out the possibility that some existing A Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 109. populations of the plant may result from early Indian Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. transplanting, which may well have extended its range. It Matthews, W. 1873. Grammar and dictionary of the is especially intriguing to speculate that some of the language of the Hidatsa. Cramoisy Press, New York. westernmost stations for groundnut may represent Meeker, J. E., J. F. Elias, and J. A. Heim. 1993. Plants used plantings by Indian tribes as they migrated west in proto- by the Great Lakes Ojibwa Great Lakes Indian Fish and historic times. Kelly Kindscher (1987) comments on this Wildlife Commission, Odonah, Wisconsin.

Erigenia May 1999 Annals of Illinois Ethnobotan^': Groundnut

Moerman, D. E. 1998. Native American ethnobotany. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. Mohlenbrock, R., and D. Ladd. 1978. Distribution of Illinois vascular plants. Southern Illinois University Press. Carbondale and Edwardsville. Monroe, P., and C. Willmand. 1994. Chickasaw: an anal}T:ical dictionary. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Murie, J. R. 1981. Ceremonies of the Pawnee. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, no. 27.

Nichols, J. D., and E. Nyholm. 1995. A concise dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis and London. Rhodes, R. A. 1985. Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa dictionary. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin. Riggs, S. R. 1890. A Dakota-English dictionary. Contributions to North American Ethnology, vol. 7. U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Rydford, J. 1968. Indian place names. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Smith, H. H. 1933. Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of

Milwaukee, vol. 7, no. 1.

Swanton, J. K 1946. The Indians of the southeastern United States. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 137. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Swink, P., and G. Wilhelm. 1994. Plants of the Chicago region. 4th ed. Indiana Academy of Science, Indianapolis. Sylestine, C, H. K. Hardy, and T. Montier. 1993. Dictionary of the Alabama language. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Vogel, V. J. 1962. Indian place names in Illinois. Journal of the Illinois Historical Society, vol. LV, no. 4. Springfield. Voorhis, P. H. 1988. Kickapoo vocabulary. Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, Memoir 6. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.

Weltfish, G. 1965. The lost universe: the way of life of the Pawnee. Basic Books, Inc.

Williamson, J. P. 1902. An English-Dakota dictionary. American Tract Society, New York.

ERIGENIA May 1999 ERIGENIA, Number 17, May 1999, pp. 8-13 '^ 1999, Illinois Native Plant Society

The Avens Species {GeumL., Rosaceae) of Illinois

Michael B. Wenzel' and John E. Ebinger

ABSTRACT: a principal-components analysis of 126 herbarium specimens representing the morphological and geographical range of the genus Genm L. in Illinois revealed that the 7 native species of avens are distinct. Of these taxa, Geum canadense

Jacq. is the most common, being reported from every county. Of the remaining species, G. vemum (Raf.) Torrey & Gray and G. laciniatum Murray, are wide ranging, and found throughout most of Illinois, while G. triflorum Pursh and G.

aleppKum Jacq. are restricted to the extreme nonhern part of the state. The very rare G. nvale L. is probably extirpated from

Illinois. The often overlooked G. virginianum L. is scattered in the southern third of Illinois; its similarity to G. canadense

probably is responsible for the few coUeaions. A probable Fi hybrid between G. canadense and G. laciniatum has been found

in the state. A key to the native avens of Illinois is given, along with distribution maps.

Introduction receptacle, the achenes with persistent, elongated, plumose

The genus Getun L. is represented worldwide by about or hooked styles; base chromosome number x = 7, the 60 species, distributed primarily in the Northern Illinois species hexaploids with 2n = 42 (Robenson 1974; Hemisphere, where species are panicularly common in Mohlenbrock 1986; Kalkman 1988). alpine, arctic, and boreal The genus Geum is regions (Gajewski 1959). commonly placed in the Approximately 17 species tribe Dryadeae, subfamily occur in Nonh America; Rosoideae, family 7 of these are native to Rosaceae. Within this tribe, nhnois (Robenson 1974; the genus Geum and the Mohlenbrock 1986). The genera Fallugia Endl. and genus Geum is Waldsteinia WiUd. appear characterized by the to be closely related, all following morphological having a base chromosome features: herbaceous number of x = 7. perennials with basal Although not umversally rosettes of leaves, most accepted, there is moimtmg species also with cauline evidence that a tribe leaves; leaves pinnately composed of the above 3 compound, generally genera might be an acctirate lyrate in outline, the representation of their terminal leaflet larger than phylogenetic relationship the lateral ones, some (Kalkman 1988; Morgan, lower lateral leaflets often Soltis, and Robertson

greatly reduced in size; 1994). flowers perfea, 5-merotis, Although the Geum the hypanthium mostly species of Illinois are quite saucer shaped, the calyx distinct, artificially usually with an epicalyx produced hybrids are (bracts so closely placed common (Raynor 1952; beneath the calyx as to Gajewski 1957; Robertson suggest an additional 1974). Many of these calyx), the stamens hybrids are fertile, but numerous, the carpels naturally occurring hybrids numerous on a cylindrical are rarely reponed. The Geum tnfloriim (prairie smoke)

' Cheekwood Botanic Garden, 1200 Forrest Park Drive, Nashville, Tennessee 37205 Emeritus Professor of Botany, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois 61920 The Avens Species of Illinois

present study was undertaken to examine the relationships or more measurements or observations per charaaer for among the Gettm species found in Hhnois, to determine each specimen) and ploaed to confirm the existence of gaps their geographic distribution in the state, to determine if to enable the use of scored characters. The data were then hybridization occurs, and to distinguish any subspecific laxa analyzed by principal-components analysis (PCA) using of these species. NTSYS-pc (Rohlf 1990).

Methods Results and Discussion

Nearly 1,000 herbarium specimens were examined when the data set containing the 126 herbarium from many of the state herbaria (DEK, EIU, F, ILL, ILLS, specimens was analyzed by PCA, the first 3 principal MOR, MWL SIU). Habitat observations also were made for components accounted for 47.7%, 20.0%, and 15.1%, most species, and specimens were collected. From this respectively, or 82.8% of the total variance. Style material, dot distribution maps were prepared. Each dot on pubescence, petal color, and calyx lobe length (charaaers 12, these maps represents a specmien examined by the authors 8, 4) were the most important in determining the score of

(fig.l). the first component; the presence of an obvious stipe,

The examined specimens were sorted into g;roups based epicalyx presence, and fruiting pedicel width (characters 9, on similarit}' of morphological characters. From these 6, 2) were the most important in determining the score of groups, a total of 126 specimens representing the the second component; and achene length, receptacle morphological and geographic range of each taxon in Illinois pubescence, and petal length (charaaers 13, 10, 7) were the were scored for 3 vegetative and 11 floral and fruit most imponant in distingtiishing the third component. In characters (table 1). These 126 specimens comprised 20 each the PCA plot (fig. 2), distina clusters can be recognized that of G. aleppicum, G. ca?2ademe, G. laaniatum, G. triflomm, correspond to the 7 native Illinois taxa and the probable and G. vemum, 13 of G. nvale, 12 of G vir^nianum, and 1 hybrid specimen. The clusters do not seem to contain proposed hybrid specimen. For some species, out-of-state recognizable subgroups, and each cluster is separated from specimens were included in the analysis when few in-state the others. The dots representing the specimens in each specimens were available. All characters were measuired (3 group are also closely spaced, indicating that the species are

fairly homogeneous. Barriers to artificial hybridization are nearly nonexistent in the genus Geum (Raynor 1952; Gajewski 1957); nonetheless, no hybrids have been reported from

Illinois. Potential hybrids involving native Illinois species include G. aleppicum x G. nvale, reported from northern New York (Rydberg 1913; Feraald 1950), and G. canadense X G. laaniatum, reported from an experimental garden (Raynor 1952). Dtiring the present study, one specimen was found that

is probably a hybrid involving G. canadense and G.

kcimatum (R. A. Evers #34641, Clark Co., wet field, 8 miles south of Marshall, 22 July 1952, ILLS). This individual has the general habit and size of G. canadense, along with

hirsute receptacles and narrow (less than 0.9 mm wide),

puberulent fruiting pedicels. It is similar to G. laaniatum in having longer calyx lobes, an epicalyx more than 2 mm long, and mattire achenes more than 4 mm long that are

sparsely hirsute (like G. laaniatum var. tnchocarpum) . The achenes, however, have not developed normally, the lower half being thin walled and shriveled. This probable hybrid specimen was positioned between G. canadense and G.

laaniatum in the PCA plot (fig. 2). When only those 2 species and the hybrid specimen were analyzed by PCA, Geumtnflonim Geura vemum Geum virg.manum similar results were obtained, the hybrid falling between the

2 species. Fig. 1. Maps showing the distribution of the native species of Geum in Illinois

ERIGENIA May 1999 The Avens Species of Illinois

Key to the Native Avens Species

1. Flowers purplish or rose pink in color; sepals erect or ascending in fruit. 2. Mature styles more than 14 mm long, not

jointed; plants subscapose ... 1. Geum triflorum 1. Mature styles less than 14 mm long, jointed above the middle; cauline leaves well developed

2. Geum rivale

1. Flowers with the petals white to bright yellow;

calyx green to greenish; sepals reflexed in fruit.

3. Epicalyx absent; aggregate of achenes elevated above the calyx on a stipe 2-5 G. virgimanum mm long 3. Geum vernum

3. Epicalyx present; aggregate of achenes sessile.

4. Key TO FLOWERING MATERIAL.

5. Petals shorter than the calyx lobes.

6. Receptacle hirsute; pedicels densely

puberulent and with a few scattered long hairs; receptacle hirsute

4. Geum virginianum

6. Receptacle glabrous to puberulent; pedicels

densely hirsute 5. Geum laciniatum Fig. 2. Plot of axis 1 vs. 2 of a principal-components analysis, 5. Petals equal to longer than the calyx lobes. using 3 vegetative and 11 floral variables, of 125 specimens of 7. Petals white; stipules of the middle the native Geum species found in Illinois and 1 probable hybrid specimen (H) cauline leaves not lobed, the margins entire to shallowly toothed Table 1. Characters scored for the Geum complex in Illinois 6. Geum canadense 1. Stipule margins (1 = entire or with small teeth, 2 = with 7. Petals bright yellow; stipules lobed . . . 1 or 2 lobes, 3 = with 3 or more lobes, 4 = stipules 7. Geum aleppicum absent)

2. Pedicel width 10-20 mm below fruit (ram) 4. Key TO FRUITING material. 3. Pedicel pubescence = glabrous or nearly so, 2 = (1 8. Receptacle essentially glabrous; pedicels densely puberulent and commonly with a few long hairs, densely coarse-hirsute; mature achenes mostly 3 = densely hirsute and usually also puberulent) more than 4 mm long ... 5. Geum laciniatum 4. Calyx lobe length (mm) 8. Receptacle hirsute; pedicels densely 5. Calyx lobe position in fruit (1 = reflexed, 2 = erect to ascending) puberulent and with a few scattered long

Epicalyx (1 = absent, 2 = present) hairs; achenes mostly less than 4 mm long.

Petal length (1 = shorter than the calyx lobes, 2 = equal 9. Median cauline leaves puinately compound to or longer than the calyx lobes) with 5-7 leaflets; fruiting pedicels more = = = Petal color (1 white, 2 yellow, 3 pink to purple) than 0.9 mm wide; styles hirsute near the Obvious stipe below the head of achenes = absent, (1 base 7. Geum aleppicum 2 = present) 9. Median cauline leaves simple to trifoholate; 10. Receptacle pubescence (1 = glabrous to puberulent, fruiting pedicels less than 0.9 mm wide; 2 = hirsute) style glabrous. 11. Fruiting style length (1 = less than 7 mm long, 2 = 7-15 mm long, 3 = more than 15 mm long) 10. Stipules less than 20 mm long, usually

12. Fruiting style pubescence (1 = glabrous, 2 = hirsute at the not lobed, the margins mostly entire to base to along the lower half, 3 = hirsute throughout) toothed 6. Geum canadense

13. Achene length (mm) 10. Stipules of the middle and lower 14. Achene pubescence (1 = glabrous to lightly pubescent, cauline leaves mostly more than 20 2 = hirsute near the apex, 3 = hirsute along the margins mm long, lobed 4. Geum virginianum and lightly pubescent on the sides, 4 = hirsute throughout)

ERIGENU May 1999 The Avens Species of Illinois

1. GEUM TRIFLORUMPursh. (prairie avens, prairie smoke) aleppicum in Illinois (fig. 1). Most examined specimens of

In Illinois, prairie smoke is limited to the nonhern sixth this taxon were originally identified as G. canadense.

of the state, where it occurs in dry- sand and gravel 5. GEUM L'^CINIATUM Mwrrdiy (rough avens) prairies (fig. 1). Geum tnflorum is distinguished from the Common in the northern three-quarters of Illinois, this other Illinois avens by its subscapose habit and its long, taxon grows in wet meadows and other wet, open places, pliunose, persistent, unjointed stv'les. These characters led rarely forming large colonies (fig. 1). Rough avens is to its placement in the genus Erythrocoma (Greene 1906) separated from other Illinois avens by white petals that and the genus Steversia (Rydberg 1913). Studies indicate are much shorter than the calyx lobes, the glabrous to that G. tnflorum is closely related to other Geitm species, puberulent cylindrical receptacles, the densely hirsute and separation is unwarranted (Raynor 1952; Robertson pedicels, and the large achenes, which commonly exceed 1974). 4 mm in length. Two varieties are recognized by some

2. GEVMRIVALE L. (purple avens) authors — var. tnchocarpum Fernald (1935), with sparsely This taxon, known from swamps, calcareous wet hirsute achenes, and var. laciniatum with glabrous meadows, and bogs, has been reported from 3 counties in achenes. Variety laciniatum has been reported from extreme nonhern Illinois (fig. 1), but is now probably Illinois (Mohlenbrock and Ladd 1978; Mohlenbrock extirpated from the state. Purple avens is similar to G. 1986), but all of the more than 160 Illinois specimens triflorum, both taxa having long prostrate stolons, examined during the present study keyed to var. pendulous flowers, erect to ascending calyx lobes, and tnchocarpum. plumose styles. These attributes also distinguish G. nvale from the other avens of Illinois. The jointed style with the distal portion deciduous, the hooked apex of the persistent basal portion of the style, and the aggregate of achenes on a stipe distinguish G. rivale from G. tnflorum.

3. GEUM VERNUM (Raf.) Torrey & Gray (spring avens) A common feature of woodland paths, this species is present in moist woods, thickets, and open disturbed

sites. It is extremely common in the southern half of

Illinois, becoming less common to the north (fig. 1).

Spring avens is easily separated from other avens species by the early flowering period, the small yellowish petals that are shorter than the calyx lobes, the absence of an

epicalvTC, and the aggregate of achenes elevated on a stipe 2-5 mm above the hypanthium.

4. GEUM VIRGINIANUM L. (pale avens) This taxon grows in moist woods in the southern half of

Illinois, where it is uncommon to occasional (fig. 1). Similar morphologically to G. canadense, and commonly

confused with it, G. virginianum differs by having cream-colored to pale yellow petals much shorter than the calyx lobes and lobed stipules more than 20 mm long. Raynor (1952) and Gajewski (1957) suggested that G. virginianum originated from hybridization between G. canadense and G. aleppicum, the artificial F, of this cross conforming to the morphology of G. virginianum, but being highly sterile. Plants of true G. virginianum, however, are fertile and show no segregation in subsequent generations (Robertson 1974). Although G.

virginianum is always fotmd within the geographic range

of G. canadense, it is far south of the range of G. Geiim lacinuztum var. tnchocarpum (rough avens)

ERICENIA May 1999 The Avens Species of Ilunois

6. GEUM CANADENSE ]!icq. (white avens) Acknowledgments This taxon is abundant in moist upland and floodplain The authors would like to thank the curators of the woods, panicularly in disturbed areas and along paths, many herbaria that loaned herbaritmi material, as well as and it occurs in every Ilhnois county (Mohlenbrock those that provided facUities for examining specimens. 1986). The following combination of characters easily We gratefully acknowledge the help of Dr. Kenneth separates G. canadense from other Illinois avens: small Robertson of the Illinois Natural History Survey, (less than 20 mm long), entire to shallowly toothed Champaign, Illinois, for his many helpful suggestions, stipules, white petals that equal to shghtly exceed the and to WUham McClain, Ilhnois Department of Natural calyx lobes, and densely hirsute receptacles. White avens Resources, Springfield, Illinois, for his critical review of is highly variable morphologically, resulting in Fernald the manuscript. and Weatherby (1922) recognizing 6 subspecific entities. Mohlenbrock (1986) Hsted 2 of these for Illinois (var. LITERATURE CiTED canadense, and var. grimesii Fern. & Weath.). The numerous Illinois specimens examined do not easily Fernald, M. L. 1935. Critical plants of the upper Great segregate into these 2 varieties because of weak character Lakes region of Ontario and Michigan. Rhodora correlations. Subspecific categories are probably not 37:238-301. warranted for this taxon (Gleason 1952; Robertson 1974). Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany. 8th ed. American Book Company, New York. 7. GEUM ALEPPICUM ]icq. (yellow avens) Fernald, M. L., and C. A. Weatherby. 1922. Varieties of Yellow avens is restricted to the northern quarter of Geum canadense. Rhodora 24:47-50. Illinois where it grows in tamarack bogs, calcareous fens, Gajewski, W. 1957. A cytogenetic study of the genus disturbed areas, thickets, meadows, and forest clearings Geum L. Monographiae Botanicae 4:1-416. (fig. 1). It also appears to be panial to hummocks in Gajewski, W. 1959. Evolution in the genus Geum.. marshy areas adjacent to bogs, where cattle have grazed. Evolution 13:378-388. Differing only shghtly from the Eurasian G. aleppicum, Gleason, H. A. 1952. The new Britton and Brown the North American plants are sometimes distinguished illustrated flora of the northeastern United States and as var. striaum (Ait.) Fern. (Fernald 1950; Swink and adjacent Canada. Hafner Pubhshing Company, Inc., Wilhelm 1994; Gleason and Cronquist 1991). Geum Bronx, New York. aleppicum is distinguished by its deep yellow to orange Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of petals that exceed the calyx lobes, hirsute receptacles, vascular plants of northeastern United States and achenes hirsute nearly throughout, and styles lightly adjacent Canada. 2d ed. The New York Botanical hirsute near the base. Garden, Bronx, New York. Of the specimens examined, a few were previously Greene, E. L. 1906. Segregates of Steversia. Leaflets of identified as Geum macrophyllum Willd., a northern Botanical Observations and Criticism 1:174-179. species that is not native to Illinois (Fernald 1950; Kalkman, C. 1988. The phylogeny of the Rosaceae.

Gleason and Cronquist 1991). These were mostly sterile Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 98:37-59. or poor-quahty specimens that were determined to be G. Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1986. Guide to the Vascular Flora laciniatum or G. aleppicum, by using the key proposed of Illinois. Southern Illinois University Press, here. This taxon is distinguished by minute glandular Carbondale and Edwardsville. hairs present near the base of the style, glabrous to Mohlenbrock, R. H., and D. M. Ladd. 1978. Distribution puberulent receptacles, yellow petals that shghtly exceed of Illinois vascular plants. Southern Illinois the calyx lobes, and a usually deciduous epicalyx. University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville. Geum urhanum L., an introduced Eurasian taxon, Morgan D. R., D. E. Soltis, and K. R. Robenson. 1994. was first found in Illinois in 1986 (Swink and Wilhelm Systematic and evolutionary imphcations of rbcL

1994). It is known from DuPage County, where it occurs sequence variation in Rosaceae. American Journal of in disturbed habitats. It is distinguished by the yellow, Botany 81:890-903. 4-5 mm long petals that equal to shghtly exceed the calyx Raynor, L. A. 1952. Cytotaxonomic studies of Geum. lobes, a nearly glabrous terminal style segment, and very- American Journal of Botany 39:713-719. large, oval stipules. R,obertson, K. R. 1974. The genera of Rosaceae in the southeastern United States. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 55:303-332, 344-401, 611-662.

ERIGENIA May 1999 The Avens Species of Illinois

Rohlf, F. J. 1990. NTSYS-pc. Numerical and multivariate analysis system, version 1.50. Exeter Software, Setauket, New York. Rydberg, P. A. 1913. North American flora 22(5):389-4S0.

Swink, F., and G. Wilhelm. 1994. Plants of the Chicago Region. 4th ed. Indiana Academy of Science, Indianapolis.

Geum canadense white avens

ERIGEKLA Mav 1999 ERIGENL4, Number 17, May 1999, pp. 14-20 ® 1999, Illkiois Native Plant Society

The Lichen Flora of the Cook County Forest Preserves Part V: Salt Creek Division

Richard D. Hyerczyk'

ABSTRACT: Forty-four laxa of lichens (43 species and one variety) are reported for the Forest Preserve District of Cook

County's Salt Creek Division, of which 17 were vouchered. An annotated species list is provided, as well as checklists for the individual preserves within this division.

Introduction

This is the fifth paper m the series that staned with Hyerczyk (1998)—a project to document the Uchenized fungi found in the 12 divisions of the Forest Preserve District of Cook County, lUinois.

Salt Creek Division

The Salt Creek Division is approximately 1,523 hectares (3,763 acres) in size and comprises 25 individual preserves (fig. 1) in the western part of central Cook

Coimty. According to Swink and Wilhelm (1994), it lies m ainl y in the Western Morainal and the Chicago Lake Plain sections of the natural divisions of the Chicago region, and, to a lesser extent, in the Bedrock Valley

Section. Part of it runs approximately 8 kilometers (5 miles) east to west along Salt Creek, where elevations above mean sea level range from about 198 meters (650 feet) to 189 meters (620 feet). In this morainal section, plant community types include mesic woodland, oak savaima, and prairie. The Salt Creek Division also runs approximately 7 kilometers (4.5 miles) north to south along the Des Plaines River, into the lake plain, where elevations above mean sea level average 198 meters (650 feet) along the river bluffs and 181 meters (595 feet) along the shoreline. Lake plain plant communities include maple-basswood floodplain forest, mesic woodland, and oak savanna. The southern part of the Salt Creek Division hes in the Bedrock Valley Section, where the dolomite bedrock has been exposed. Man-made features Fig. 1. Salt Creek Division throughout the division include concrete and asphalt roadbeds, picnic tables, and wood rail fences.

' 5204 S. Natoma, Chicago, Illinois 60638 Cook CouN-n- Forest Preserves Lichen Flok.\: Salt Creek Division

Materials and Methods case of vouchered specimens. All collections were made by the author, unless otherwise indicated. At the end of During the fall of 1998, 25 individual preserves were each entry, growth form and substrate are hsted. surveyed for their Uchen flora. Specimens were identified following methods described in Hyerczyk (1998). In Amandinea Choisy ex Scheid. & H. Mayrh. addition, specimens housed at the Monon Arboretum Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid. that had been collected previously from the Salt Creek Frequent; on weathered wood fences and on the lower Division were included in this paper. Nomenclature trunks of Carya ovata and Gleditsia triacanthos f. approximates Esslinger and Egan and concepts (1995), inermis. (crustose; corticolous/lignicolous) foUow Wilhehn (1998). Anisomeridium (Miill. Arg.) Choisy Anisomendium nyssigenum (Ellis & Everh.) R. C. Harris Results Occasional; on the trunks of Crataegus mollis and Forty-four taxa of Hchens (43 species and one variety) Quercus alba, (crustose; conicolous) in 33 genera are reponed for the Salt Creek Division. Arthonia Ach. Twenty-one Hchens are crustose growth forms, 19 are Arthonia caesia (Flotow) Korber foliose, 3 are fruticose, and one is squamulose. Of the Frequent; on the lower trunks of Crataegus mollis, reported taxa, 23% are common, 7% are frequent, 36% Fraxinus pennsylvantca var. subintegerrima, and Populus are occasional, and 34% are rare. Seventeen taxa were deltoides. Horn #19 (crustose; corticolous) vouchered specifically from the Salt Creek Division. Bacidia De Not. As in other forest preserve divisions, several taxa Bacidia granosa (Tuck.) Zahlbr. were found on the trunks and lower limbs of trees and Rare; on weathered concrete, (crustose; saxicolous) shrubs growing along suimy paths, or in open situations,

where they were more exposed to sunhght than is the Bacidina Vezda case in most contemporary woodland situations. These Bacidina egenula (Nyl.) Vezda included Anisomeridium nyssigenum, Arthonia caesia, Rare; on weathered concrete. Wilhelm #14142 (crustose; Candelaria concolor, Candelariella re/lexa, Hyperphyscia saxicolous) adglutinata, Lepraria lobificans, Myelochroa aurulenta, Caloplaca Th. Fr. Opegrapha atra, Parmelia sulcata, Phaeophyscia pusilloides, Caloplaca feracissima H. Magn. P. rubropulchra, Physcia adscendens, P. millegrana, P. Common; on weathered asphalt and concrete with stellaris, Punctelia rudecta, and Xanthoria fallax. Endocarpon pusillum and Lecanora dispersa. Horn #20 Some Ugnicolous taxa that were found on decorticate (crustose; saxicolous)

logs, weathered wood fencing, and picnic tables included Caloplaca microphyllina (Tuck.) Hasse Amandinea punaata, Caloplaca microphyllina, Cladonia Occasional; on weathered wood rail fences, (crustose; lignicolous) cristatella, C. macilenta var. bacillaris, C. ramulosa,

Lecanora saligna, L. symmicta, Phaeophyscia cemohorskyi, CaNTDELARIA A. Massal. Thelocarpon laureri, and Trapeliopsis flexuosa. Candelaria concolor (Dickson) Stein The exposed dolomite bedrock, granite boulders, and Common; on the trunks and branches of ^cer weathered concrete provided habitat for several crustose saccharinum, Crataegus mollis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica hchens. Those growing on dolomite or thin soU over var. submtegemma, Quercus rubra, Tilia amencana, dolomite included Catapyrenium squamulosum, Ulmus americana, and U. rubra, and on weathered concrete and wood fencing. Horn #12; Wilhelm #14150 Protoblastenui mpestns, Sarcogyne regulars, and Vermcana (foliose; conicolous/lignicolous/saxicolous) calkinsiana. Those found on weathered concrete included Candelaria concolor (Dickson) Stein var. ejfusa (Tuck.) G. Bacidia granosa, Bacidina egenula, Caloplaca feracissima, Merr. & Burnham Endocarpon pusUlum, and Lecanora dispersa. Lichenothelia Occasional; on the trunks of Crataegus mollis and Ulmus sp. was found on granite erratics. amencana. Wilhelm #14140, #14148 (foliose; An alphabetized, annotated list of the Uchenized corticolous) fungi found in the Salt Creek Division follows. Generalized degree of frequency and a brief discussion of

habitat is given, followed by a collection number in the

ERIGENIA May 1999 Cook County Forest Preserves Lichen Flora: Salt Creek Division

CaNDELARIELLA Miill. Arg. LEPRARIA Ach. CandelanelLa reflexa (Nyl.) Lettau Leprana lobificans Nyl.

Occasional; on the lower branches of Crataegus mollis Occasional; at the base of Quercus alba, (crustose; and on weathered wood fences, (crustose; corticolous) corticolous/lignicolous) LICHENOTHELIA D. Hawksw. CATAPYRENIUM Flotow Lichenothelia sp. sensu MOR Herbarium Catapyrenium squamulosum (Ach.) Breuss Occasional; on a granite boulder in a shaded oak Rare; on shallow soil over dolomite. #849 (squamulose; woodland. Wilhelm #14138 (crustose; saxicolous) terricolous) MYELOCHROA (Asah.) Elix & Hale ClaDONIA p. Browne Myelochroa aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale Cladonia cristatella Tuck. Rare; on the lower branches of Crataegus mollis.

Occasional; on a decorticate log and weathered wood (foliose; corticolous) fencing, (fruticose; lignicolous) QPEGRAPHA Ach. Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. var. baallans (Genth) Opegrapha atra Pers. Schaerer Occasional; on the trunks of Ulmus americana in Occasional; on deconicate logs, (fruticose; lignicolous) wooded floodplains. (crustose; corticolous) Cladonia ramulosa (With.) J. R. Laundon Rare; on a decorticate log. (fruticose; lignicolous) PaRMELIA Ach. ENDOCARPON Hedwig Parmelia sulcata Taylor Frequent; on the trunks and branches of Crataegus Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig mollis and on weathered wood rail fencing. Horn #1; Common; on weathered concrete with Caloplaca Wilhelm #14147 (foliose; conicolous/lignicolous) feracissima and Lecanora dispersa. Horn #21; Wilhelm #14141 (crustose; saxicolous) PhaeOCALICIUM A. F. W. Schmidt Phaeocalicium polyporaeum (Nyl.) Tibell FLAVOPARMELIA Hale Rare; on the polyporous fungus, Trichaptum biforme, Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale which was growing on Prunus serotina. #1386 (crustose; Rare; on the lower trunk of Fraxinus pennsylvamca var. fungicolous) subintegemma. (foliose; corticolous) PHAEOPHYSCIA Moberg FlavoPUNCTELIA (Krog) Hale Phaeophyscia cemohorskyi (Nadv.) Essl. Flavopunctelia flaventwr (Stirton) Hale Occasional; on a weathered wood picnic table, (foliose; Rare; at the base of Popuius deltoides. (foliose; lignicolous) corticolous) Phaeophyscia ciliata (Hoffm.) Moberg

HYPERPHYSCIA Miill. Arg. Rare; on the lower trunk of Popuius deltoides. (foliose; Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Florke) H. Mayrh. & Poelt conicolous) Occasional; on the lower branches of Popuius deltoides Phaeophyscia pusilloides (Zahlbr.) Essl. and Quercus macrocarpa. Wilhelm #14143 (foliose; Common; on weathered concrete, and on the lower

corticolous) branches of Acer negundo and Popuius deltoides. (foliose; conicolous/saxicolous) LECANORA Ach. Phaeophyscia rubropulchra (Degel.) Essl. Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Sommerf. Common; on the lower trunks of Crataegus mollis, Common; on weathered asphalt and concrete with Popuius deltoides, and Quercus rubra. Wilhelm #14139 Caloplaca feracissima isid Endocarpon pusillum. (crustose; (foliose; corticolous) saxicolous) Lecanora saligna (Schrader) Zahlbr. PHYSCIA (Schreber) Michaux

Occasional; on weathered wood fences. Wilhelm #14145 Physcia adscendens (Fr.) H. Olivier (crustose; lignicolous) Occasional; on the lower trunks of Crataegus mollis and Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Ach. Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima. Horn #14 Occasional; on weathered wood fencing, (crustose; (foliose; conicolous) lignicolous)

Ericenia May 1999 Cook Counts' Forest Preser\^s Lichen Flora: Salt Creek DrvisiON

Physciz millegrana Degel. RIMELIA Hale & Fletcher Common; on the trunks and branches oi Acer negundo, Rimelia reticulata (Taylor) Hale & Fletcher

A. sacchannum, Crataegus mollis, Gleditsia tnacanthos f. Rare; on the lower trunk of Fraxinus pennsylvanica var.

inermis, Populus deltoides, Quercus macrocarpa, and subintegerrima. (foliose; corticolous) Ulmus rubra, and on weathered wood fencing. Horn SARCOG^-NE Flotow #13 (foHose; corticolous/hgnicolous) Sarcogyne regulans Korber Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. Rare; on weathered dolomite, (crustose; saxicolous) Common; on the trunks and branches of Acer negundo, Crataegus mollis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. TheLOCARJ^ON Nyl. ex Hue

subintegerrima, Gleditsia triacanthos f. inermis, and Thelocarpon lauren (Flotow) Nyl.

Ulmus amencana. Horn #15; Wilhelm #14149 (fohose; Rare; on a weathered wood rail fence, (crustose; conicolous) lignicolous)

PHYSCIELLA Essl. TRAPELIOPSIS Hertel & Gotth. Schneider Physciella chloantha (Ach.) Essl. Trapeliopsis flexuosa (Fr.) Coppins & P. James

Common; on the trunks o{ Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. Occasional; on weathered wood rail fences, (crustose; subintegerrima, Ulmus americana, and U. rubra, and on lignicolous) weathered concrete. (foUose; corticolous/saxicolous) VERRUCARIA Schrader PHYSCONIA Poelt Verrucaria calkinsiana Servit. Physconia detersa (Nyl.) Poelt Occasional; on weathered concrete, (crustose; Rare; on the trunk of Populus deltoides. (foliose; saxicolous) corticolous) XaNTHORIA (Fr.) Th. Fr.

PROTOBLASTENL^ (Zahlbr.) J. Steiner Xanthoria fallax (Hepp) Arnold

Protoblastenia rupestns (Scop.) J. Steiner Common; on the trunks of Crataegus mollis. Primus

Rare; on weathered dolomite, (crustose; saxicolous) serotina, and Ulmus rubra, and on weathered wood rail fences. Horn #17 (foliose; corticolous) PUNCTELIA Krog Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog Rare; on the trunk of Populus deltoides. (foliose; corticolous)

Salt Creek Division Lichen Checklist

Bemis Woods Brezina Woods Phaeophyscia cernohorskyi (NES3lT39NR12Eand (N S28 T39N R12E) Physcia adscendens SS31T39NR12E) Anisomeridium nyssigenum Physcia millegrana Anisomeridium nyssigenum Caloplaca feracissima Physcia stellaris Arthonia caesia Candelaria concolor Xanthoria fallax Caloplaca feracissima Lecanora dispersa Brookfield Zoo Candelaria concolor Opegrapha atra (NW S35 T39N R12E) Candelaria concolor var. effusa Phaeophyscia rubropulchra Amandinea punctata Endocarpon pusillum Physcia millegrana Caloplaca feracissima Lecanora dispersa Physcia stellaris Candelaria concolor Lepraria lobificans Brookfield Woods Lecanora dispersa Lichenothelia sp. (SW S26 T39N R12E) Lecanora saligna Parmelia sulcata Arthonia caesia Physcia millegrana Phaeophyscia rubropulchra Caloplaca feracissima Physcia stellaris Physcia millegrana Candelaria concolor Physciella chloantha Physcia stellaris Candelaria concolor var. effusa Xanthoria fallax Physciella chloantha Endocarpon pusillum Xanthoria fallax Parmelia sulcata

ERIGENIA May 1999 Cook County Forest Preserves Lichen Flora: Salt Creek Division

Callahan Grove Meadowlark Golf Course Plank Road Meadow (NE S26 T39N R12E) (NWS31T39NR12E) (NE S2 T38N R12E) Amandinea punctata Anisomeridium nyssigenum Arthonia caesia Caloplaca microphyllina Caloplaca feracissima Caloplaca feracissima Candelaria concolor Candelaria concolor Candelaria concolor Candelariella reflexa Lecanora dispersa Hyperphyscia adglutinata Hyperphyscia adglutinata Parmelia sulcata Lecanora dispersa Lecanora symmicta Phaeophyscia pusilloides Phaeophyscia pusilloides Phaeophyscia pusilloides Phaeophyscia rubropulchra Physcia millegrana

Physcia millegrana Physcia adscendens Physcia stellaris Physcia stellaris Physcia millegrana Xanthoria fallax

Xanthoria fallax Physcia stellaris Possum Hollow Woods Physciella chloantha Cermak Woods (W S29 T39N R12E and Xanthoria fallax (NE SI T38N R12E) SE S29 T39N R12E) Caloplaca feracissima Miller Meadow Amandinea punctata Candelaria concolor (E S23 T39N R12E) Anisomeridium nyssigenum Endocarpon pusillum Amandinea punctata Caloplaca feracissima Lecanora dispersa Caloplaca feracissima Caloplaca microphyllina Phaeophyscia pusilloides Candelaria concolor Candelaria concolor Physcia millegrana Flavoparmelia caperata Endocarpon pusillum Physciella chloantha Hyperphyscia adglutinata Lecanora dispersa Xanthoria fallax Lecanora dispersa Lepraria lobificans Phaeophyscia pusilloides Phaeophyscia rubropulchra Chicago Portage Physcia Physcia (NES12T38NR12E) adscendens millegrana Physcia millegrana Caloplaca feracissima Salt Creek Woods Nature Physcia stellaris Candelaria concolor Preserve Physciella chloantha Endocarpon pusillum (N S32 T39N R12E) Rimelia reticulata Lecanora dispersa Amandinea punctata Thelocarpon laureri Physcia millegrana Arthonia caesia Trapeliopsis flexuosa Verrucaria calkinsiana Candelaria concolor Xanthoria fallax Cladonia cristatella LaGrange Park Woods National Grove Cladonia ramulosa (NW S33 T39N R12E) (SE S26 T39N R12E) Lecanora saligna Amandinea punctata Caloplaca feracissima Lecanora symmicta Caloplaca feracissima Candelaria concolor Myelochroa aurulenta Candelaria concolor Endocarpon pusillum Parmelia sulcata Endocarpon pusillum Phaeophyscia rubropulchra Physcia millegrana Lecanora dispersa Physcia millegrana Physcia stellaris Lecanora saligna Physcia stellaris Trapeliopsis flexuosa Lepraria lobificans Phaeophyscia rubropulchra Ottawa Trail Woods Schuth's Grove Physcia millegrana (E SI T38N R12E) (SE S23 T39N R12E) Xanthoria fallax Anisomeridium nyssigenum Caloplaca feracissima Caloplaca feracissima Candelaria concolor McCormick Woods Candelaria concolor Candelaria concolor var. effusa (SE S26 T39N R12E) Endocarpon pusillum Lecanora dispersa Caloplaca feracissima Lecanora dispersa Phaeophyscia pusilloides Candelaria concolor Phaeophyscia pusilloides Physcia millegrana Endocarpon pusillum Phaeophyscia rubropulchra Physcia stellaris Hyperphyscia adglutinata Physcia millegrana Physciella chloantha Lecanora dispersa

Physciella chloantha . Phaeophyscia rubropulchra Physcia millegrana

Ericenia May 1999 Cook Counts- Forest Preserves Lichen Flora: Salt Creek Division

Stony Ford Phaeophyscia rubropulchra Punctelia rudecta (SES1T38NR12E) Physcia millegrana Trapeliopsis flexoiosa Arthonia caesia Physcia stellaris Verrucaria calkinsiana Caloplaca feracissima Physciella chloantha Xanthoria fallax Candelaria concolor Xanthoria fallax Lecanora dispersa Zoo Woods Westchester Woods Phaeophyscia pusilloides (NW S35 T39N R12E) (N S28 T39N R12E) Phaeophyscia rubropulchra Arthonia caesia Caloplaca feracissima Physcia millegrana Caloplaca feracissima Candelaria concolor Physcia stellaris Candelaria concolor Hyperphyscia adglutinata Physciella ctJoantha Endocarpon pusillum Lecanora dispersa Lecanora dispersa Sundown Meadow/Arie Crown Opegrapha atra Phaeophyscia pusilloides Forest Phaeophyscia pusilloides Phaeophyscia rubropulchra (\VS21T38NR12E) Physcia millegrana Physcia millegrana Amandinea punctata Physcia stellaris Physcia stellaris Caloplaca feracissima Xanthoria fallax Caloplaca microphyllina White Eagle Woods Candelaria concolor (NES1T38NR12E) Endocarpon pusillum Caloplaca feracissima Lecanora dispersa Candelaria concolor Parmelia sulcata Lecanora dispersa Phaeophyscia pusilloides Phaeophyscia pusilloides Physcia adscendens Physcia millegrana Physcia millegrana Physciella chloantha Physciella chloantha Trapeliopsis flexuosa Wolf Road Prairie Nature Preserye Theodore Stone Forest (NES21T38NR12E) (SE S3C T39N R12E) Amandinea punctata Arthonia caesia Arthonia caesia Caloplaca feracissima Bacidia granosa Candelaria concolor Bacidina Catapyrenium squamulosum egenula Caloplaca feracissima Endocarpon pusillum Candelaria concolor Lecanora dispersa Candelaria concolor var. effusa Opegrapha atra Cladonia cristatella Phaeophyscia pusilloides Cladonia macilenta Phaeophyscia rubropulchra var. bacillaris Endocarpon pusillum Physcia millegrana Flavopunctelia flaventior Physcia steUaris Hyperphyscia Physciella chloantha adglutinata Lecanora dispersa Protoblastenia rupestris Lecanora symmicta Sarcogyne regularis Parmelia sulcata Verrucaria calkinsiana Phaeocalicium polyporaeum Xanthoria fallax Phaeophyscia cernohorskyi

Twenty-Sixth Street Woods Phaeophyscia ciliata (N 527 T39N R12E) Phaeophyscia pusilloides Caloplaca feracissima Phaeophyscia rubropulchra Candelaria concolor Physcia adscendens Candelariella reflexa Physcia millegrana

Endocarpon pusillum Physcia stellaris Lecanora dispersa Physciella chloantha Opegrapha atra Physconia detersa

ERIGENLA May 1999 Lichen Flora: Salt Creek Division . County Forest Preserves

ACKNONXT^EDGMENTS

This project was done in cooperation with the Forest Preserve District of Cook County. I would like to thank them for granting me permission to study the hchen flora like to thank at the Salt Creek Division sites. I would also Dr. Gerould Wilhelm from Conservation Design Forum, verification of Inc., for his assistance in identification and specimens.

Literature Cited of Esslinger, T. L., and R. S. Egan. 1995. A sixth checklist the lichen-forming, lichenicolous, and allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada. Bryologist 98(4):467-549. Hyerczyk, Richard D. 1998. The lichen flora of the Cook County forest preserves, part I: Palos Division. Erigenia, no. 16:37-46. the Chicago Swink, F., and G. Wilhelm. 1994. Plants of region. 4th ed. Indiana Academy of Science, Indianapolis. and Wilhelm, G. S. 1998. The lichen flora of Chicago vicinity: One hundred years of lichenology. Erigema, no. 16:3-36.

ERIGENIA May 1999 ERIGENM, Number 17, May 1999, pp. 21-25 ® 1999, Illinois Native Plant Socien-

The Lichen Flora of Ford County, Illinois

Richard D. Hyerczvk'

ABSTR.\CT: Fom--rw'o taxa of lichenized fungi (41 species and one variety) in 25 genera are reponed for Ford Counrv',

Illinois. Twenty-one are of the foliose grouth form, 20 are crustose, and one is fruticose. An annotated species list and information on the distribution and habitats for each taxon are provided, .\lthough none of these represents a new addition

to the lichen flora of Illinois, only one taxon was previously reported for Ford County.

Introduction

Ford Counry is located in the northern part of

central Illinois, approximately 160 km (100 miles) south-

southwest of the ciry of Chicago (fig. I). It has an area of

125,900 ha (311,000 acres), with nearly 96% of the count}- lands devoted to agriculture. According to Schwegman

(1973), the entire coimrv- hes in the Grand Prairie Seaion of the Grand Prairie Division of the natural divisions of

Illinois. Topography is flat to gently rolling with elevations above mean sea level ranging from 200 meters

(656 feet) in the northern part of the county to 250 meters (820 feet) in the southern pan. Ford Count)' has a temperate climate, with January- temperatures averaging -0.85° C (30.5° F) maximum and - 10.2° C (13.7° F) minimum. July temperatures average 30.3° C (86.4° F) maximum and 17.2° C (62.9° F) minimum. About 90.2 cm (35.5 inches) of precipitation faU in one year, including 67.3 cm (26.5 inches) of snow. Ladd and WiLhehn (1998) reponed one taxon from Ford County. liyerczyk (1997) reponed 61 taxa from adjacent Livingston County-. Nothing else, however, could be found in the hterature on Ford County hchens. Since no other studies of the hchen flora of Ford Counn- are known, this paper was written to document and The Lichen Flora of Ford County

flaventior, Lecanora symmicta, L. umbrina, Parmelia Hyerczyk, R. D. 1997. The lichen flora of Livingston sulcata, Parmotrema hypotropum, Phaeocalicium County, Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State polyporaeum, and Trapeliopsis flexuosa. Academy of Science 90:91-101. Ladd, D., and G. Wilhelm. 1998. The lichen genus Hale's (1979) range maps exclude nearly 40% of the Pertusana in Illinois and Missouri. Pages 89-104 in M. macrolichens (foliose and fruticose) currently known G. Glenn, R. C. Harris, R. Dirig, and M. S. Cole eds. from Ford County. Crustose lichens are not included in Lichenographia Thomsoniana: North American Hale (1979). Lichenology in honor of John W. Thomson, Sixteen taxa of lichens in 13 genera are reported from Mycotaxon, Ltd., Ithaca, New York. the Bur Oak Grove (S35 and S36 R7E), a 38-acre T25N Schwegman, J. E. 1973. Comprehensive plan for the Illinois presettlement bur oak grove owned by the Nature nature preserves system. Part 2. The natural divisions of

Conservancy near Sibley (Appendix 2). Nearly all of the Illinois. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, taxa reponed were found on Quercus macrocarpa, with a Rockford. Wilhelm, G. 1998. The lichen flora of Chicago and few on Crataegus mollis, Prunus serotina, and Juglans vicinity: One hundred years of lichenology. Erigenia, nigra; one was fungicolous. Ten taxa were foHose and 6 no. 16:3-36. were crustose. Nineteen taxa of lichens in 13 genera are Appendix l reported from Prospect Cemetery Nature Preserve An alphabetized, annotated hst of the Hchenized fungi (SI 7 T23N RIOE), a 5-acre cemetery with a remnant reported follows. Names used by Hale (1979) are mesic black soil prairie, near Paxton (Appendix 3). The included as synonyms where appropriate. A brief majority of the Hchens were found on Quercus velutina discussion of habitat is followed by the growth form and and a few on marble or dolomite headstones. Thirteen substrate(s) of each taxon. CoUectors are inchcated as species were fohose and 7 were crustose. Nearly 65% follows: W&W = Wilhelm & Wetstein, W&S = were found on corticolous substrates, 30% were Wilhehn & Shimp, W = Wilhehn, H = Hyerczyk. saxicolous, and 5% were hgnicolous. Twenty-three taxa of hchens species and one (22 ANISOMERIDIUM (MuU. Arg.) Choisy variety) in 16 genera are reponed from Howard Thomas Anisomendium nyssigenum (Ellis & Everh.) R. C. Harris Memorial Woods (S14 T23N R9E), a presettlement oak Near Paxton on Ulmus americana (H #1442); also on grove near Paxton (Appendix 4). Fourteen taxa were Quercus alba and Q. macrocarpa. (crustose, corticolous) fohose and 9 were crustose. Nearly 66% were found on ARTHONIA Ach. corticolous substrates, 21% were saxicolous, and 13% Anhonia caesia (Flotow) Korber were hgnicolous. Near Sibley, on Quercus palustns (W&S #17564); also on Quercus macrocarpa. (crustose; corticolous)

Acknowledgments CALOPLACA Th. Fr. Caloplaca feracissima H. Magn. I would like to thank Dr. Gerould Wnhelm from Near Piper City, on limestone railroad ballast (H #1059); Conservation Design Fonmi, Inc., Ehnhurst, Illinois, for also on weathered concrete, (crustose; saxicolous). his assistance in identification verification of and Caloplaca holocarpa (Hoffm. ex Ach.) M. Wade specimens; also thanks to James P. McMahon, Central Near Piper City, on a weathered railroad tie (H #1063); Illinois Area Director, The Nature Conservancy; The also on the exposed root of Acer saccharum. (crustose; Grand Prairie Friends of Illinois; Don Gardner; and Lisa hgnicolous)

Bell for all their help in this project. Caloplaca microphyllina (Tuck.) Hasse Near Piper City, on a weathered wood fence post (H #1055); also on Quercus macrocarpa. (crustose; LITERATURE CiTED corticoious/lignicolous) Esslinger, T. L., and R. S. Egan. 1995. A sixth checklist of Caloplaca ulmorum (Fink) Fink

the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the Near PaxT:on at Prospect Cemetery Nature Preserve on a continental United States and Canada. Bryologist weathered dolomite headstone (H #1440). (crustose; 98(4):467-549. saxicolous)

Hale, M. E. Jr. 1979. How to know the lichens. 2d ed. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa.

Erigenia May 1999 The Lichen Flora of Ford County

CaNDELARIA a. Massal. HYPERPHYSCIA Miill. Arg. Candelaria concolor (Dickson) Stein Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Florke) Mayrh. & Poelt = Near Sibley, on Ulmus amencana (W&S #17567); also on Physciopsis adglutinata (Flk.) Choisy weathered concrete and wood and on Carya ovata, Near Sibley, on Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegemma Fraxinus amencana, Juglans nigra, and Quercus (W&S #17572); also on juglans nigra and Ulmus amencana. macrocarpa. (foliose; corticolous/lignicolous/saxicolous) (foliose; corticolous) Candelaria concolor var. effusa (Tuck.) G. Merr. & LECANORA Ach. Burnham Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Sommerf. Near Sibley, on Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. Near Sibley on railroad ballast (H #1438); also on subintegerrima (W&S #17575); also on Acer saccharum. weathered concrete and dolomite, (crustose; saxicolous) (foliose; corticolous) Lecanora strobilina (Sprengel) Kieffer Near Roberts, on Carya ovata (H #1074). (crustose; CaNDELARIELLA Miill. Arg. corticolous) Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Miill. Arg. Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Ach. Near Sibley, on Gleditsia tnacanthos (W #17571). Near Sibley, on Quercus palustns (W8cS #17565). (crustose; (crustose; corticolous) corticolous) Candelariella xanthostigma (Ach.) Lettau Lecanora umbrina (Ach.) A. Massal. Near Paxton, on Quercus rubra (H #1085); also on Acer Near Piper City, on a weathered railroad tie (H #1062); saccharum, Juglans nigra, Quercus alba, Q. macrocarpa, near Piper City, again on a weathered railroad tie and Q. velutina. (crustose; corticolous) (H #1064). (crustose; lignicolous) CLADONIA p. Browne LEPRARIA Ach. Cladonia coniocraea (Florke) Sprengel Lepraria lobificans Nyl. Near Roberts, on Quercus marcocarpa (H #1072). Near Paxton, on Quercus rubra (H #1083); also on Quercus (fruticose; corticolous) macrocarpa and Q. velutina. (crustose; conicolous) CYPHELIUM Ach. OPEGRAPHA Ach. Cyphelium tigillare (Ach.) Ach. Opegrapha atra Pers. Near Piper City, on a wood rail fence (H #1053). Near Paxton, at the Howard Thomas Memorial Woods, (crustose; lignicolous) on the trunk of Ulmus americana (H #1595). (crustose; EnDOCARPON Hedwig corticolous) Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig Parmelia Ach. Near Piper City, on pebbles and limestone railroad Parmelia sulcata Taylor ballast (H #1058); also on weathered concrete and Near Sibley, on Gleditsia tnacanthos (W&S #17569). dolomite, (crustose; saxicolous) (foliose; conicolous)

FLAVOPARMELIA Hale PARMOTREMA a. Massal.

Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale = Pseudoparmelia caperata Parmotrema hypotropum (Nyl.) Hale

(L.) Hale Near Paxton, at the Howard Thomas Memorial Woods, Near Gibson City, on Quercus palustns (W&W #20124); on a dead tree (H #1589). (foliose; conicolous) also on Quercus velutina. (foliose; conicolous) PERTUSARIA DC. FLAVOPUNCTELIA (Krog) Hale Pertusaria pustulata (Ach.) Duby Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirton) Hale = Parmelia Near Roberts, on Carya ovata (H #1075). This species was flaventior Stirt. first reported by Ladd and Wilhelm (1998). (crustose; Near Sibley, on Gleditsia tnacanthos (W&S #17568). conicolous) (foliose; corticolous) PhaeOCALICIUM a. F. W. Schmidt Flavopunctelia soredica (Nyl.) Hale = Parmelia Phaeocalicium polyporaeum (Nyl.) Tibell

ulophylloides (Vain.) Sav. Near Sibley, at the Bur Oak Grove, on the polyporous

Near Paxton, at the Prospect Cemetery Nature Preserve, fungus, Tnchaptum biforme, which was growing on Prunus on Quercus velutina (H #1439). (foliose; corticolous) serotina (H #1601). (crustose; fungicolous) GRAPHIS Adans. PH.\E0PHYSCIA Moberg

Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. Phaeophyscia cemohorskyi (Nadv.) Essl. Near Roberts, on Carya ovata (H #1071); near Paxton, Near Roberts, on granite headstones in a cemetery on Quercus rubra (H #1084). Also on Quercus alba and Q. (H #1080); also on weathered concrete and dolomite. velutina. (crustose; corticolous) (foliose; saxicolous)

ERJGENIA May 1999 The Lichen Flora of Ford County

Phaeophyscia ciliata (Hoffm.) Moberg Appendix 2: Bur Oak Grove Near Roberts, on marble headstones in a cemetery' Anisomeridium nyssigenum (H #1070); also on Carya ovata and on weathered concrete Anhonia caesia and dolomite, (foliose; corticolous/saxicolous) Caloplaca microphyllina Phaeophyscia pusilloides (Zahlbr.) Essl. Candelaria concolor Piper City, on marble headstones in a cemetery Near Candelariella xanthostigma (H near Roberts, on marble headstones in a #1057); Hyperphyscia adglutinata cemetery (H #1069). (foliose; saxicolous) Lepraria lobificans Phaeophyscia rubropidchra (Degel.) Essl. Parmeha sulcata Near Roberts, on Qitercus macrocarpa (H #1066); also on PhaeocaHcium polyporaeum the lower trunks of Crataegus mollis, Fraxinus americana, Phaeophyscia rubropulchra Quercus alba, and Q. macrocarpa. (foliose; corticolous) Physcia millegrana PHYSCIA (Schreber) Michaux Physcia stellaris Plryscia adscendens (Fr.) H. Olivier Puncteha bolliana Near Robens, on granite headstones in a cemetery PuncteHa missouriensis (H #1068). (foliose; saxicolous) Punctelia rudecta Plryscia millegrana Degel. Xanthoria sp. #1 Near Sibley, on Quercus palustris. (W&S #17566); also on weathered wood fencing and on Acer saccharum, Crataegus 3: Prospect Cemeter}' Nature Preserve mollis, Fraxinus americana, Juglans nigra, Prunus serotina, Appendix Quercus alba, and Q. macrocarpa. (foliose; Anhonia caesia corticolous/lignicolous) Caloplaca ulmorum Physcia stellans (L.) Nyl. Candelaria concolor Fraxinus pennsylvamca var. subintegemma Near Sibley, on Candelariella xanthostigma also on Quercus macrocarpa. (foliose; (W&S #17574); Endocarpon pusillum conicolous) Flavoparmelia caperata PHYSCOKIA Peek Flavopunctelia flaventior Physconia detersa (Nyl.) Poelt Flavopunctelia soredica Near Roberts, on weathered concrete (H #1081). (foliose; Lecanora dispersa saxicolous) Lecanora symmicta PUNCTELIA Krog Lecanora umbrina Punctelia bolliana (Miill. Arg.) Krog Parmeha sulcata Near Robens, on Carya ovata (H #1077); near Gibson Phaeophyscia cernohorskyi (foliose; City, on Quercus palustris (W&W #20123). Phaeophyscia ciliata corticolous) Phaeophyscia rubropulchra Punctelia missounensis Wilhelm & Ladd Physcia millegrana Near Paxton, at the Howard Thomas Memorial Woods, Physcia stellaris on the trunk of Quercus rubra (H #1589). (foliose; PimcteUa boUiana corticolous) Xanthoria sp. #1 Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog Near Roberts, on Quercus macrocarpa (H #1076); near Appendix 4: Howard Thomas Memorial Woods Paxton, on Quercus rubra (H #1082). (foliose; corticolous) TRAPELIOPSIS Hertel & Gotth. Schneider Anisomeridium nyssigenum feracissima Trapeliopsis flexuosa (Fr.) Coppins & P. James Caloplaca Near Paxton, on a weathered telephone pole (H #1482). Caloplaca holocarpa (crustose; lignicolous) Candelaria concolor Candelaria concolor var. effusa XaNTHORIA (Fr.) Th. Fr. Candelariella xanthostigma Xanthona fallax (Hepp) Arnold Endocarpon pusLUum Near Sibley, on Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegemma caperata (W&S #17573). (foliose; corticolous) Flavoparmelia Xanthoria sp. #1, sensu MOR Graphis scripia Near Robens, on a limestone tombstone in a cemetery Hyperphyscia adglutinata (H #1067). (foliose; saxicolous) Lecanora dispersa

ERIGENIA May 1999 The Lichen Flora of Ford Counts-

Lepraria lobificans Opegrapha atra Parmotrema hypotropum Phaeophyscia cernohorskyi

Phaeophyscia ciliata Phaeophyscia rubropulchra Physcia millegrana Pixncteha boUiana Punctelia missouriensis Puncteha rudecta Xanthoria fallax

Xanthoria sp. #1

ERIGENLA May 1999 ERIGENIA, Number 17, May 1999, pp. 26-29 ®1999, Ulinois Native Plant Society

Vegetation of Badger (Taxidea taxus) and Plains Pocket Gopher (Geomys bursarius) Mounds IN THE Sand Areas of West-Central Illinois

Bradley A. Fulk' and John E. Ebinger

ABSTRACT: Plant species richness on badger and pocket gopher mounds was stuched at the Henry Allan Gleason Nature

Preserve, Mason County, Illinois. Within the sand prairie at the preserve, 27 species were found on badger mounds, 24 on pocket

gopher mounds, and 21 on adjacent areas without mounds, resulting in 1.31, 1.21, and 1.23 diversiry index values, respectively. The mean area of a badger mound (2.57 m^ was significantly greater than a pocket gopher mound (0.39 m^.

Introduction Location of Study Site

The American badger (Taxidea taxus) and the plains The study site is located in the Illinois River Section pocket gopher (Geomys bursarius) are common species in of the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers Sand Areas Natural the sand prairies near Havana, Mason County, Illinois Division (Schwegman 1973). This section is characterized

(Hoffmeister 1989). Badger burrows are excavated for by sandy sod, known as the Parkland Sand, that was dens and in the quest for prey (Errington 1937; Lampe deposited during the melting of the Wisconsinan glacier

1982). These excavations leave considerable volumes of and later reworked by wind (WiUman and Frye 1970). disturbed soil, forming 2-3 m' mounds (Piatt 1975). All study plots were located within a 30 ha field on the Plains pocket gophers, in contrast, create smaller southern half of the Henry Allan Gleason Nature mounds, mostly less than 0.5 m", which are formed Preserve (SE S6 and NE S7 T22N R7W). In this field is during tunnel construction while foraging (Gibson 1989; reestabhshed sand prairie vegetation that still contains

Grant, French, and Poise 1980). many successional species. Prior to dedication as a nature

The impact on vegetation is significant where pocket preserve in 1970, this field was cultivated. Management gophers and badgers are abundant (Reichman and Smith practices include prescribed burning and the cutting of

1985). In areas occupied by badgers, burrows are more trees and exotic shrubs (McFall and Karnes 1995). abundant in dry areas on slopes or along hilltops (Piatt 1975). Disturbances by pocket gophers are located in Methods areas of high vegetation densities (Grant, French, and During February and March of 1991, the site was Poise 1980). These disturbances have been viewed as searched for badger and pocket gopher moimds that had uncommon, irregular events that cause abrupt structural been excavated after the growing season of 1990. Each changes in a plant community (Sousa 1984). badger mound was marked with a survey flag and Disturbances due to moimd formation appear to play plotted. Areas having high pocket gopher mound a significant role in shaping the structure of plant densities were marked by placing 4 flags in a square communities, although the impact on species richness around 10 to 20 mounds. depends largely on the nature of the dominant plants, the In late Jtme the study site was surveyed to determine rate of succession, and seasonal changes (Armesto and plant species composition, dominant species, and total Pickett 1985). The objective of this study was to plant cover on the badger and pocket gopher mounds determine the plant species composition on badger and and on adjacent areas xmdisturbed by burrowing aaivity. pocket gopher mounds on a sand prairie remnant in A 0.25 m" circular plot was employed. The plots were Mason County, Illinois. placed near the center of each mound, and in the areas adjacent to the mounds, they were placed randomly. All

'Wildlife Manager, Arizona Game and Fish Depanment, P. O. Box 1030, Hereford, Arizona 85615 "Emeritus Professor of Botany, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois 61920 Vegetation of Badger and Plains Pocket Gopher Mounds of West-Central Illinois

badger mounds found were sampled; in the case of Discussion pocket gopher mounds, each square marked earher in the Vegetation responses to disturbance depend on the year represented a sample area. Within each area, 4 to 7 physical nature of the disturbance, the vegetational pocket gopher mounds were randomly selected for composition of the community, and the rate, intensity, sampling. Adjacent to each pocket gopher sampling area, and duration of disturbance. Both badger and pocket 4 plots were sampled in vegetation that lacked mounds. gopher activity created openings for colonizing species the prairie, 12 plots on badger mounds, 28 plots on On and opportumties for mcreased plant species richness. In pocket gopher mounds, and 16 plots adjacent to the the sand prairie 27 species were identified on badger moimds were sampled. Percent total plant cover was mounds and 24 species on pocket gopher mounds, estimated for each plot using the 6 classes described by compared with 21 species in the adjacent areas lacking

1 = 2 = 3 = Daubenmire (1959): 0-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, mounds (table 1). 4 = 50-75%, 5 = 75-95%, 6 = 95-100%, and the percent These disturbances ensure the presence of

frequency of occurrence was calculated for each species "colonizer" species on the study sites. Species recognized

sampled on each site. The plant species with the highest as competitors are typically dominants of later serai

cover was considered the dominant on the plot. The stages that will occupy disturbed sites via dispersal and

Shannon-Wiener measurement (Krebs 1972) was used to growth of propagules as microclimatic variation decreases

compare species diversity. Plant nomenclature follows (Plan and Weis 1977). Colonizing species, in contrast, are

Mohlenbrock (1986). characterized by high rates of reproduction, widely dispersed propagules, and the ability to thrive on Results disturbance sites where microclimatic factors are less stable. Studies suggest that species diversity is maximized The most frequent species found on badger mounds at intermediate levels of disturbance within communities were Cassia fasciculata (58.3%), Commelina erecta (50.0%), (Abugov 1982; Miller 1982; Sousa 1984). If disturbance Opuntia humiftisa {bQ.Q°/o), Ambrosia psilostachya (41.0%), rates are maintained at low levels, or are absent 3.n.d Aristida tuberculosa (41.0%). Cassia fasciculata completely, competitive species may eliminate colonizing (71.4%), Opuntia humifusa (66.7%), Conyza canadensis species through growth and dispersal. If disturbance rates (57.1%), znd Lepidium virginicum (57.1%) were the most are high, colonizing species with high growth and imponant on pocket gopher mounds (table 1). In most reproductive capabilities may persist through rapid instances, individuals of Opuntia humifusa had grown colonization, while competitive dominants are excluded through the mounds from specimens covered when the (Miller 1982). excavated. mounds were In the adjacent areas that lack In general, the animal mounds support an increased mounds, the most frequent species were Conyza diversity of species compared with plots lacking mounds. canadensis (75.0%), Opuntia humifusa (56.3%), Paspalum Also, the number of dominant plant species showed an bushii (56.3%), Cassia fasciculata (43.8%), imd Ambrosia increase from 4 in adjacent areas lacking mounds to 8 on psilostachya, Bouteloua hirsuta, Diodia teres, and Leptoloma pocket gopher mounds, and to 7 on badger mounds cognatum (each at 37.5%). Mean cover was nearly equal (table 1). Many of the colonizer plants of the mounds on badger (36% cover) and pocket gopher moimds (35% were also common species throughout the sand prairie. cover), and was 88% on the adjacent plots that lacked Although most were annuals, some perennial species moimds. Also, badger mounds had a higher diversity were associated with mound disturbances. Some of these index (1.31) than pocket gopher mounds (1.21) and the had low frequencies (Dichanthelium villosissimum,

adjacent areas that lacked mounds (1.23). Eragrostis trichodes, Monarda punctata, Solanum

Badger mounds averaged 6.5 times larger than pocket carolinense, and Tradescantia ohiensis), while some were gopher mounds. The mean area covered by badger extremely common mound components (Agrostis

mounds (n = 12, X = 2.57 m', SE = 5,130.06) and hyemalis, Bouteloua hirsuta, Commelina ereaa, Opuntia pocket gopher mounds (n = 25, X = 0.39 m", humifisa, and Paspalum bushii). Most of these perennials,

SE = 338.05) were significantly different (t = -5.903, particularly Opuntia humifusa, were regrowths of P< 0.001). individuals covered during mound excavation. The

ERIGENLA May 1999 Vegetation of Badger and Plains Pocket Gopher Mounds of West-Central Illinois perennial Commelina erecta was more common on perennial and successional annual species to recolonize disturbance mounds, probably because of decreased the disturbed areas but prevent dominance by one or a competition. In contrast, 9 annual and biennial species few of them. This results in a nonequihbnum state with were recorded for the mounds, but were not foimd in the high species richness (Sousa 1984). Burrowing activity by adjacent plots lacking mounds (table 1). These species mammals is causing continuous disturbance, resulting in were found in other disturbed areas, such as blowouts, various successional stages and increased plant species but were not present in the area studied. It appears that diversity. the intermediate levels of disturbance allow both

Table \. Frequency, dominance, diversity index, mean cover, and total species present on badger and pocket gopher mounds and in undisturbed habitat of a sand prairie at the Henry Allan Gleason Prairie Nature Preserve Vegetation of B.adger .\nd Pl.\ins Pocket Gopher Mounds of West-Central Ilunois

Acknowledgments Reichman, O. J., and S. C. Smith. 1985. Impact of pocket gopher burrows on overlying vegetation. Journal of The authors thank the Max McGraw Wildlife Mammalog>' 66:720-725. Foundation for supporting this study with a grant, Schwegman, J. E. 1973. Comprehensive plan for the Illinois Pittman-Robertson Project (W-103-R); Dr. Richard nature preserves Systems. Illinois Nature Preserves Warner, Illinois Natural History Survey, for advice and Commission, Rockford. manuscript review; Dr. Kipp Kruse, Eastern Illinois Sousa, W. P. 1984. The role of disturbance in natural

Universit}-, for help with statistical analysis; and WiUiam communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 15:353-391. McClain, Illinois Department of Natural Resources, for Willman, H. B., and C. Frye. 1970. Pleistocene critically reviewing the manuscript. J. stratigraphy of Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 94. Urbana. Literature Cited

Abugov, R. 1982. Species diversity and phasing of disturbance. Ecolog>- 63:289-293.

Armesto, J. J., and S. T. A. Pickett. 1985. Experiments on disturbance in old-field plant communities: impact on species richness and abundance. Ecolog\- 66:230-240. Daubenmire, R. 1959. A canopy coverage method of vegetational analysis. Nonhwest Science 33:43-64. Errington, P. L. 1937. Summer food habits of the badger in northwestern Iowa. Journal of Mammalogy 18:213-216.

Gibson, D. J. 1989. Effects of animal disturbance on lallgrass prairie vegetation. American Midland Naturalist 121:144-154.

Grant, W. E., N. R. French, and L. J. Folse, Jr. 1980. Effeas of pocket gopher mounds on plant production in shortgrass prairie ecosystems. Southwestern Naturalist 25:215-224. Hoffmeister, D. F. 1989. The mammals of Illinois. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.

Krebs, C. J. 1972. Ecology': The experimental analysis of distribution and abundance. Harper and Row, New York. Lampe, R. P. 1982. Food habits of badgers in east central Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:790-795.

McFall, D., and J. Karnes, ed. 1995. A director}- of Illinois nature presences, vol 2. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Springfield. Miller, T. E. 1982. Community diversity and interactions between the size and frequency of disturbance. American Naturalist 120:533-536. Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1986. Guide to the vascular flora of

Illinois. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville.

Piatt, W. J. 1975. The colonization and formation of equilibrium plant species associations on badger disturbances in a tallgrass prairie. Ecological Monographs 45:285-305.

Plan, W. J., and I. M. Weis. 1977. Resource partitioning and competition within a guild of fugitive prairie plants. American Naturalist 111:479-513.

ERIGENIA May 1999 ERICENIA, Number 17, May 1999, pp. 30-37 ® 1999, lUinois Native Plant Society

Restoration of Aspects of Natp/e Soil Quality Through Conversion of Agricultural Lands to Cultivated Hayfields

Chris Wheeler' and Kelly McConnaughay'

ABSTRACT: In the Midwestern United States, degraded agricultural lands are often cultivated as hayfields. This practice reduces soil erosion and improves soil quahty, though such improvements can be modest compared with the original

condition before row crop production. We compared several physical, biological, and chemical properties of soils

underlying 3 mesic tallgrass prairie sites and 3 long-term (7 to 25 years) cultivated hayfields in central Illinois to determine

the degree to which converting degraded agricultural lands into hayfields restores soil quality. We found that soils underlying cultivated hayfields were more compacted and had lower organic maner content levels, cation exchange

capacities, and water-holding capacities than prairie soils. Soil aggregate structure and nutrient contents were similar in

cultivated hayfield and prairie soils. Thus, hayfield cultivation can restore some, but not all, aspects of soil health. Programs that promote soil conservation and restoration by encouraging hayfield plantings may not adequately lead to key improvements in soil health.

Introduction pastureland or hayfield (Lee 1996). Putting degraded agricultural lands into cultivated grasses, either for Throughout the Midwestern United States, there are grazing or for commercial haying, reduces soil erosion a great number of acres of agricultural land that have and improves soil quahty, while providing the farmer been in continuous or near-continuous cultivation in with some economic return (Rao, Singh, and Gupta major cash crops since the mid 1800s. Long-term 1997). In 1980, and again in 1995, Illinois passed cultivation results in depleted levels of organic matter in legislation to provide funding for a variety of programs soils, a result of removing more of the primary that promote the development and use of sustainable production from a plot of land than is returned agricultural practices to preserve the long-term (Buyanovsky, Kucera, and Wagner 1987; Beauchamp and productivity of Illinois soils. Under that legislation, Voroney 1994; Eghball et al. 1994; Dodds et al. 1996; pastureland and hayfield plantings are ehgible for cost- Paul et al. 1997). Soils depleted of organic matter have sharing on an estimated 2-3 milhon acres of farmland greater bulk densities and are more easily compacted, throughout the state (Illinois Department of Agriculture have reduced soil aggregate structure and increased 1995, 1996). These programs are likely to become more erodibility, and have reduced water, air, and nutrient- popular than set-aside programs that preclude any holding capacities (Kohnke 1968; Weaver 1968; EUiott commercial use of set-aside acres (e.g., the Conservation 1986; Jastrow 1987; Stem 1991; Cihacek and Swan 1994; Reserve Program, esiabhshed by federal legislation in the Hudson 1994; Loch and Pocknee 1995; Lower>- et al. 1985 Food Security Act, which had enrolled a total of 1995; Dodds et al. 1996; Rao, Singh, and Gupta 1997). 35.4 million acres within the first 6 years [Zobeck et al. Further, the composition and activity of key soil 1995]). Improvements in the quahty of soils underlying microbial communities often change dramatically, cultivated grasslands can be modest, however, even when altering mineralization rates and the availability of the grasses are not baled off or grazed (Dormaar et al. various macronutrients (Farrell et al. 1994; Dodds et al. 1995; Zobeck et al. 1995), and such alternative 1996; Rao, Singh, and Gupta 1997; Sotomayor and Rice agricultural uses can present an economic burden, 1996). Recent research has focused on developing particularly to smaller-scale individual farmers, who agricultural practices that reduce soil erosion and provide often can afford only marginally arable lands to begin sustainable soil health by maint ainin g soU organic matter with (Tweeten 1995). The efficacy of state-wide legislative content and aggregate structure (Reicosky et al. 1995; programs that encourage pastureland and hayfield Warkentin 1995; Wolkomir 1995). plaritings depends on the degree to which soil health can One method for restoring the health of degraded be restored by converting degraded cropland into agricultural soils is to put the land into use as cuhivated

Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois 61625 RfSTORATION OF NATIVE SOU QUAUTt-

pasmreland or ha^iield. Unfominately, there is at present were located in the Galesburg Section of the Western little data available on soil quality improvements Forest-Prairie Division, and 2 (Brucker plot and Root associated with these programs. plot) were located in the Grand Prairie Section of the Here we present data on several physical and chemical Grand Prairie Division (McClain 1997). All sites were properties of soils underlying mesic tallgrass praine sites located within a 27 km radius, in Peoria (5 sites) and and cultivated hayfields in central Illinois. Specifically, Marshall (Root plot) cotmties in Illinois. Care was taken we examined the degree to which converting degraded to ensure that the underlying soils were as similar as agricultural lands into hayfields restores soil quaHr\' to possible and were representative of agricultural fields in levels seen in imcultivated soils. We compared several the Peoria County area. Soil type determinations were physical and chemical properties of soils underlying 3 obtained from published soil maps (Walker 1992; mesic tallgrass prairie sites and 3 cultivated ha\-fields in Marshall-Putnam Soil and Water Conservation District). central Illinois. Soil parameters measured were chosen to Four of the sites (2 prairie and 2 hayfield) were located reflect a wide range of attributes strongly related to soil on predominantly Rozetta Silt Loam (1-5% slope, no health (Romig et al. 1995), including soil compaction; erosion) with minor soils in the Rozetta-Keomah-Sylvan aggregate structure; organic matter content; pH; cation association. Soils in the Rozetta-Keomah-Sylvan exchange capacity; free nitrate, phosphate, and cation association account for 35% of soils within Peoria contents; and water-holding capacity. County and are representative of nearly level to very steep, well-drained to poorly drained upland soils Materl\ls and Methods (Walker 1992). The remaining 2 sites were located on Jules Silt Loam (Wheeler farm) and Warsaw Silt Loam Site Descriptions and Cultivation Histories (Root plot). These soils are the major representatives of We selected 3 local mesic tallgrass prairie sites and 3 the nearly level to strongly sloping, well-drained to cultivated legume hayfield sites. A descriptive summar}' poorly drained soils on stream terraces and flood plains of these sites is presented in table 1. All sites were within that make up approximately 9% of soils in Peoria the pubhshed range of the former tallgrass prairie: 4 sites Coimt\-. They differ from the upland Rozena Silt Loams

Table 1. Description of cultivated hayfield and prairie sites studied

Years in Cultivation

Site Cover Primar}- herbaceous specii Soil type^ present cover histon,-

Wheeler farm legume hayfield alfalfa, orchard grass, Jules Silt Loam 7 20 -i- years timothy, brome row crops

Sandall farm legume ha\-field alfalfa, red clover, Rozeua Silt Loam 12 of 14'' 20 4- years orchard grass row crops

Isaac farm legume haj'field alfalfa, orchard grass, Rozena Silt Loam 22 of 25' 20 + years timothy, brome row crops

Root prairie tallgrass big bluestem, Indian grass, Warsaw Silt Loam na none prairie/savanna goldenrods, asters, blazing star

Jubilee prairie restored big bluestem, little bluestem, Rozena Sih Loam at least 5 20-1- years tallgrass prairie Indian grass, asters, grazed prairie dock, compass plant pasture*^

Brucker prairie tallgrass Unle bluestem, lead plant, Rozetta Silt Loam na none prairie/savanna goldenrods, blazing star, indigo, purple coneflower

' Based on soil survey maps (^'alker 1992). Jules and Warsaw Silt Loams : located on floodplains and stream terraces; Rozetta

SOt Loams are upland soils. * Field was cxiltivated in oats and beans for 1 year each before returning to b.ayfield for 2 years preceding study. '^ Field was cultivated in corn tor 3 years before returning to hayfield for 2 years preceding study. Pasture was uncultivated native grasses; plot abandoned for approximately 30 years before restoration began.

ERICEKIA Mav 1999 Restoration of Native Soil Quality

in that they have calcareous underlying material and are prairie site is unknown, but it had once been grazed, subject to periodic flooding (Walker 1992). Primary uses cultivated pastureland that had been left abandoned for and management strategies for both upland Rozetta and approximately 30 years before restoration efforts began the floodplain soils are similar; these soils are (H. Gardner, land steward, pers. comm.). The major predominantly used in cultivated crops, pastures, or species from each prairie site are Hsted in table 1. hayfields, and they require management to control Soil Sampling and Analysis erosion and maintain tilth and fenUity (Walker 1992). Three soil samples were collected randomly from each The 3 hayfields were chosen to reflect similar crop site in 1994 during the weeks of July 1-July 16 (growing composition and harvest schedules. Two of the sites season) and October 15-October 22 (post-growing (Wheeler and Isaac farms) were seeded to alfalfa (Medicago season). The samples were frozen to maintain nutrient sativa) and non-native grasses: orchard grass (Dactylis levels until funher testing could be done. Each sample glomerata), timothy (Phleum pratense), and brome (Bromus was tested for organic matter content, pH, cation inermis). The third site (Sandall farm) was seeded to exchange capacity (determined via summation method), alfalfa, with substantial amounts of red clover (Tnfoliiim and levels of free nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, pratense) and orchard grass present. All 3 sites were hayed calcium, and magnesium (Mower's Soil Testing once yearly in the fall, between July and October, and all Laboratory, Toulon, Dl.). Levels of soil compaction were 3 sites had annual fenilizer additions. During the first measured during the first sampling period using a week of August, the Wheeler and Isaac farm sites received penetrometer (Lang Penetrometer, Gulf Shores, Ala.). A commercial fertilizer appUcations at a rate of 39.3 kg N, total of 9 soil penetrometer readings were taken at each 78.6 P, and 224.6 kg K ha '. The Sandall farm site received location, 3 readings per soil-sampling site. an uimieasured organic (manure) fenilizer apphcation. Two additional soil cores were collected during the Each of the 3 hayfields had been cultivated as such for a first sampling period (growing season) to examine soil minimum of 7 years; 2 had been in near-continuous aggregate structure and water-holding characteristics. cultivation as legume hayfields for 14 and 25 years, One core was subjeaed to direa dry sieving to determine respectively. Although the exact cultivation history of the size distribution of soil aggregates (Baver, Gardner, these sites prior to seeding as legume hayfields is not and Gardner 1972). The sieving was standardized to 4 known, it is generally beUeved that these sites were all in minutes of vigorous, manual shaking in a series of 6 continuous or near-continuous cultivation in row crops, sieves to obtain 7 aggregate size fractions: >3.5 mm, probably corn, for the previous 20-30 years or more (C. 1-3.5 mm, 0.75-1 mm, 0.42-0.75 mm, 0.25-0.42 mm, Wheeler and L. Sandall, pers. comm.). 0.11-0.25 mm, and <0.11 mm. The second soil core was The 3 prairie sites also were chosen to reflect similar used to determine the maximum water-holding capacity species composition. The dominant grass and forb species of each soil (Gates 1949), water potential at field capacity, on these sites are typical of mesic tallgrass prairies, and and moisture content and water potential during a 4-hour include big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little dry-down period. To determine maximum water-holding bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Indian grass capacity, the intact core was placed in a plastic pot that (Sorghastrum nutans), blazing star (Liatris spicata), lead was open on one end and closed at the other, with plant (Amorpha canescens), compass plant (Silphium perforations in the closed end. The pot was set upright laciniatum), purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), with the open end up. Water was added to the core from indigo {Baptisia spp.), and various asters {Aster spp.) and the open end in a wet/pause/wet technique until the soil goldenrods {Solidago spp.). The prairie sites had been was moistened. Water was then added slowly to the core actively maintained and/or restored through burning from the open end until it began to drip from the bottom regimes (all 3 sites) and intensive ahen removal and native perforations. When dripping ceased, a small sample from seeding regimes (Brucker and Jubilee plots) for a the center of the core was weighed, and a second small minimum of 5 years. Two of the sites (Root and Brucker sample was removed for water-potential determination. plots) are thought to be remnant communities of virgin The sample was weighed again and placed in a drying mesic tallgrass prairie savanna that had been degraded oven, set at 130° C, for one hour. The sample was extensively before aaive management began 10-20 years weighed, a small sample was again removed for water- before the present study (A. Frye and M. Brucker, land potential determination, and the original sample was stewards, pers. comm.). The exact history of the restored

ERIGENIA May 1999 Restoration of Nattve Son. Quality

weighed again and placed back in the drying oven for an (e.g., within the main effect of site and the interaction additional hour. This process was repeated over a 4-hour between site and sampling date) to examine the effects of period. After each of the 5 dry-down readings, the water- vegetative cover (prairie vs. hayfield) and soil type potential determination was obtained using a (upland vs. floodplain), and their interactions with thermocouple psychrometer (NT-3, Decagon Devices, sampling date. All main effects, interactions, and Pullman, Wash.), and the sample was allowed to dry to contrasts were tested over the residual mean square a constant weight and weighed a final time. The (error) term. Whenever a specific contrast was significant, difference between the original weight (while wet, before the contribution of that contrast to the sums of squares drying) and final dry weight divided by the dry weight is (SS) of the overall term (site, or site'^'sampling date) was equal to the percent water content based on the dry- computed as ^^^'(SS contrast/SS term). weight (Kohnke 1968). For each location, this method gave a maximum water-holding capacity, a dry-down Results and Discussion curve, and water potential based on percent water Mesic tallgrass prairie sites were significantly less content. compacted than cultivated legume hayfield soils (tables 2 for Statistical Analysis and 3). In fact, prairie vs. hayfield cover accounted values across Organic matter content, soil pH, CEC, and nutrient 86% of the variation in soil compaction contents were analyzed, using a two-way analysis-of- sites, while soil Vfpe (upland vs. floodplain) accoimted for variance to determine the main effects of site and only 6% of the total variation (table 3). Values ranged sites with sampling date and their interaction (Data Desk 5.01, Data from 291.9-737.6 kPA in prairie compared sites. absolute Description, Inc., Ithaca, N.Y.). Site and date were 747.27-1517.3 kPA in hayfield Although penetrometer studies may not be well designated as fixed effects, and type HI sums of squares values obtained in were employed. Orthogonal contrasts were constructed standardized (making cross-srudy comparisons difficult),

Table 2. Physical, biological, and chemical propenies of soils under cultivated hayfields vs. tallgrass prairies during the Restoration of Native Soil Quality Restoration of Native Soil Quality

(through a commercial fertihzer appHcation of 39.3 kg N Table 4. Dist ha'; see Materials and Methods) than was removed. This should have given the hayfield sites an advantage over the prairie sites, but the nitrate levels were roughly similar.

There was a trend toward lower nitrogen levels in prairie vs. hayfield sites at the early sampling date and higher nitrogen levels in prairie vs. hayfield sites at the later sampling date, but the differences were modest (ANOVA cover'^'samphng date contrast 0.10 >p> 0.05), as shown in tables 2 and 3. The prairie sites likely experienced significant nitrogen additions through the activities of nitrogen-fixing leguminous prairie forbs (Lichtenberg et al. 1994; Wolkomir 1995).

Soil aggregate structure did not vary widely among these sites (table 4). AU soils had a large proportion of macroaggregates (>0.25 mm), ranging from a minimum of 93% to a high of 99% of total aggregates in the macroaggregate size classes. Very large macroaggregates

(> 1 nxm) were also well represented in all soils. Other studies have shown that prairie remnant soils and cultivated hayfield soils have similar aggregate structure

(EUiott 1986), but native prairie soils were found to have a greater proponion of water-stable soil macroaggregates (EUiott 1986; Jastrow 1987).

Two of the 3 prairie sites had higher maximum water- holding capacities and less negative water potentials at field capaciry, and dried less rapidly than their cultivated hayfield soil counterparts (table 5). The higher levels of organic matter likely contributed to the greater water- holding capacities of the prairie-cover soils (Hudson

1994).

Summary

Farmers in the twenty-first century will be increasingly faced with the challenge of retaining fertile and productive topsoil, and doing so with minimal Restoration of Native Sou Quauty

adapted to these soils and have been instrumental in Elliott, E. T. 1986. Aggregate structure and carbon, creating their chemical, physical, and biological nitrogen, and phosphorus in native and cultivated soils. propenies. Encouraging prairie species may provide an Soil Science Society of America Journal 50:627-633. Farreli, R. E., V. V. S. R. Gupta, and Germida. 1994. alternative to cultivating more traditional forage crops; J. J. Effects of cultivation on the activity and kinetics of such species could preserve and even increase the quality arylsulfatase in Saskatchewan. Soil Biology and and quantity of topsoil with low economic burden to Biochemistry 26:1033-1040. smaller-scale farmers. Friend, D. 1994. Soil penetrometer readings on flooded soils in west central Illinois. Journal of Soil and Water Acknowledgments Conservation 49:542-545. Gates, F. C. 1949. Field manual of plant ecology. McGraw- We would like to thank Dr. Hal Gardner, Lisa Hill, New York. Sandall, Maury Brucker, and Anne Frye for their help Hoag, D. L., and M. D. Skold. 1996. The relationship and the use of their property in carrying out this study. between conservation and stability. Journal of Soil and We would also Like to thank Lisa Subick for her help and Water Conservation 51:292-295. support. Her knowledge and refinement of the Hubbard, R. K., W. L. Hargrove, R. R. Lowrance, R. G. techniques used and her help with the collection and Williams, and B. G. Mullnix. 1994. Physical propenies testing of samples were greatly appreciated. of a clayey coastal plain soil as affected by tillage. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49:276-283. Literature Cited Hudson, B. D. 1994. Soil organic matter and available water capacity. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Baver, L. D., W. H. Gardner, and W. R. Gardner. 1972. 49:189-194. Soil Physics. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Illinois Department of Agriculture. 1995. T by 2000: soil York. conservation for the twenty-first century. Publication Beauchamp, E. G., and R. P. Voroney. 1994. Crop carbon no. 9723. contribution to the soil with different cropping and Illinois Department of Agriculture. 1996. Conservation livestock systems. Journal of Soil and Water 2000: agricultural resource enhancement. Publication Conservation 49:205-209. no. 707. Brady, N. C, and R. R. Weil. 1996. The nature and Jastrow, J. D. 1987. Changes in soil aggregation associated properties of soils. 11th ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle with tallgrass prairie restoration. American Journal of River, New Jersey. Botany 74:1656-1664. Buyanovsky, G. A., C. L. Kucera, and G. H. Wagner. 1987. Kohnke, H. 1968. Soil physics. McGraw-Hill, New York. Comparative analyses of carbon dynamics In native and Lee, L. K. 1996. Sustainability and land-use dynamics. cultivated ecosystems. Ecology 68:2023-2031. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 51:295. Cihacek, L. and B. Swan. 1994. Effeas of erosion on J., J. Lichtenberg, E., J. C. Hanson, A. M. Decker, and A. J. soil chemical properties in the nonh central region of Clark. 1994. Profitability of legume cover crops in the the United States. Journal of Soil and Water mid Atlantic region. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49:259-265. Consen^ation 49:582-585. Dodds, W. K., M. K. Banks, C. S. Clenan, C. W. Rice, D. Loch, R. J., and C. Pocknee. 1995. Effects of aggregation on Sotomayor, E. A. Strauss, and W. Yu. 1996. Biological soil erodibility: Australian experience. Journal of Soil properties of soil and subsurface sediments under and Water Conservation 50:504-506. abandoned pasture and cropland. Soil Biology and Lowery, B., J. Swan, T. Schumacher, and A. Jones. 1995. Biochemistry 28:837-846. Physical propenies of selected soils by erosion class.

Dormaar, J. F., M. A. Naeth, W. D. Willms, and D. S. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50:306-311. Chanasyk. 1995. Effect of native prairie, crested McClain, W. E. 1997. Prairie establishment and landscaping. wheatgrass {Agropyron cnstatum (L.) Gaertn.) and Technical Publication #2. Division of Natural Heritage, Russian wildrye {Elymus juncus Fisch.) on soil chemical Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Springfield. propenies. Journal of Range Management 48:258-263. Olson, K. R., R. Lai, and L. D. Nonon. 1994. Evaluation of Eghball, B., L. N. Mielke, D. L. McCallister, and J. W. methods to study soil erosion-productivity Doran. 1994. Distribution of organic carbon and relationships. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation inorganic nitrogen in a soil under various tillage and 49:586-590.

crop sequences. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Paul, E. A., R. F. Follett, S. W. Leavitt, A. Halvorson, G. 49:201-205. A . Peterson, and D. J. Lyon. 1997. Radiocarbon dating for determination of soil organic matter pool sizes and

ERIGENIA May 1999 Restoration of Native Sou Quality

dynamics. Soil Science Society of America Journal 61:1058-1067.

Rao, A. v., K. C. Singh, and J. P. Gupta. 1997. Ley farming—an alternate farming system for sustainability in the Indian arid zone. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 11:201-210. Reicosky, D. C, W. D. Kemper, G. W. Langdale, C. L.

Douglas, Jr., and P. E. Rasmussen. 1995. Soil organic matter changes resulting from tillage and biomass production. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50:253-261.

Romig, D. E., M. J. Garlynd, R. F. Harris, and K. McSweeney. 1995. How farmers assess soil health and quality. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50:229-236. Sotomayor, D., and C. W. Rice. 1996. Denitrification in soil profiles beneath grassland and cultivated soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60:1822-1828. Stern, K. R. 1991. Introductory plant biology. 5th ed. William C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. Tweeten, L. 1995. The structure of agriculture: implications

for soil and water conservation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50:347-351. Walker, M. B. 1992. Soil survey of Peoria County, Illinois. Illinois Agricultural Station Soils Report 132. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Peoria, Illinois. Warkentin, B. 1995. The changing concept of soil quality. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50:226-228. plants their environment; a Weaver, J. E. 1968. Prairie and fifty-year study in the Midwest. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. Wolkomir, R. 1995. Bringing ancient ways to our farmers'

fields. Smithsonian 26:99-107.

Zobeck, T. M., N. A. Rolong, D. W. Fryrear, J. D. Bilbro, and B. L. Allen. 1995. Properties and productivity of recently tilled grass sod and 70-year cultivated sod. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50:210-215.

Erigenia May 1999 ERICENIA, Number 17, May 1999, pp. 38-44 ® 1999, Illinois Native Plan: Society

BUFFALOGRASS (BUCHLOE DACTYLOIDES (NUTT.) ENGELM.) IN ILLINOIS

Tom Voigt^

ABSTRACT: Buffalograss {Buchloe dactyloides (Nuu.) Engelm.) is a warm-season grass species, possibly native in Dlinois.

Because of its superior adaptation to low-maintenance settings and the degree of variation that exists within the species,

identifying the most appropriate types for landscape applications is of interest. A study conducted Ln Urbana, Illinois, at the University of Ilhnois Landscape Horticulture Research Center evaluated 22 buffalograss cultivars 21 times over four growing seasons. The objectives of this study were to identify differences among turfgrass quahty and determine which buffalograss cultivars perform best in Illinois, in order to make cultivar recommendations. Of the 22 cultivars in the study, the commercially available '315' buffalograss performed in the upper half of all cultivars at each evaluation. 'NTDG 3,' 'NTDG 4,' and 'NTDG 5' buffalograsses also performed in the upper half of all cultivars at each evaluation, but they are not commercially available. The commercially available '609' and 'Sharps Improved' buffalograsses performed in the upper

half in 20 and 19 of the 21 evaluations, respectively. Performance varied based on weather conchtions during the growing

seasons: hot, dry conditions favored buffalograss performance, while cool, moist conditions favored invading cool-season broad-leaved weeds and grasses. The cultivar '315' can be recommended, with reservation, for use in Ilhnois as a low-

maintenance rurf for full sun. Chemical weed controls, appHed in cool, wet growing seasons, may be necessary to enhance the quality of the stand.

Introduction Buchloe dactyloides was discovered in Peoria in 1956 by V. H. Chase, and states that it is "apparently a reUc on soil Interest in low-maintenance turfgrasses suitable for never in cultivation." Two years later, Mohlenbrock Illinois has increased over the past few years. Moreover, (1973) wrote that buffalograss was "known only from a as a result of the severe growing conditions during the

cemetery in Peoria County, . . . and from a gravel bluff 1988, 1991, and 1995 growing seasons, turfgrasses tolerant prairie in Winnebago County." Here Mohlenbrock also of hot and dry conditions are also of interest. Many states that "Chase, who collected the first Illinois warm-season grasses exhibit great tolerance for hot and specimen, believes it is native since it grows in an dry conditions and limited management inputs. Not all undisturbed prairie remnant in a cemetery." Five years warm-season grasses, however, tolerate the winter later, Mohlenbrock and Ladd (1978) added Crawford, conditions of Illinois. Buffalograss {Buchloe dactyloides Kane, and Kendall counties to Peoria and Winnebago (Nutt.) Engelm.) is a warm-season species receiving counties as settings in which buffalograss has been attention from turfgrass researchers and managers collected. Mohlenbrock (1986) states that in Illinois, because it is tolerant of temperature and moisture buffalograss occurs in prairies, is rare, and is confined to extremes, is adapted to many sites, requires Hmited the northern two-thirds of the state. maintenance, and has few pest problems. This article will Young (1994), in Kane County Wild Plants and describe Buchloe dactyloides and also review research that Natural Areas, writes that buffalograss is a western grass evaluated the performance of 22 buffalograss cultivars that "finds a home on the edges of highways and grown in the Illinois study during the 1992 through 1995 railroads." Finally, Swink and Wilhelm (1994) indicate it growing seasons. was introduced from farther west and show its Native Range and Occurrence in Illinois occurrence in Cook, DuPage, Grundy, Kane, and WiU

Edna Mosher (1918), in The Grasses of Illinois, does counties. They go on to state that "while it may not be a

not hst Buchloe dactyloides among Ilhnois native grasses. native species locally [the Chicago area], it certainly is

Hitchcock (1951) concurred, stating that the native range 'more native' than Poa pratensisF'

of buffalograss is generally from northwestern Iowa in Three possible explanations may clarify its rare

the east, western Louisiana and Arizona in the south, and occurrence in Illinois. It may occur as a rehc of natural

north to Minnesota and Montana; he does not include populations, it could be adventive (having moved in out

Illinois. of its natural range), or it could have been planted many

More recent writings, however, do include years before being collected for herbaria. It remains to be

buffalograss in the Hhnois flora. Jones (1971) wrote that determined which explanation is most accurate.

' Dept. of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, 1 102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801 BUFFALOGR.\SS IN ILLINOIS

The Plant

Buchloe dactyloides grows to a height of 10 to 15 cm and spreads by stolons, forming a dense, matted sod. Stolons grow rapidly under moist conditions and can reach 70 cm (Weaver and

Albenson 1956). Its curly leaves are finely textured, usually less than 3 mm wide, slightly hair>' and gray-green during the growing season (Beede 1950;

Beard 1973; Turgeon 1985). When dormant, the leaves turn hght tan- brown. Other vegetative features include a hair}- ligule (long at the margins, short in the center), a broad, hair)' collar, no auricles, rolled vernation, and short, flattened sheaths (Beede 1950; Hitchcock 1951; Beard 1973; Turgeon 1985).

Buffalograss is usually dioecious, having separate male and female plants. However, both monoecious and hermaphroditic plants have been reponed (Plank 1892; Hitchcock 1895; Schaffner 1920; Anderson and Aldous 1937; Gernert 1937; Hensel 1938; Wenger 1940; Harlan 1946). The orange-tinged male flowers are visible Ln April through October, standing above the leaves (Beede 1950; Pohl 1978). The female flowers are borne near the leaf sheaths, often ver^' close to the ground. Sixty to 70 days Fig. 1. Buchloe dactyloides. Pistillate and staminate plants, x '/;; pistillate spike and following spring green-up, seeds floret, x5: staminate spikelet, x5. (reprinted from Hitchcock, 1951) can be produced (Weaver and Hansen 1941). Seeds occur in burs, each bur containing from 1 to 5 caryopses, -with an (Wheeler and Hill 1957), and occasionally, the average of 2 to 3 (Pladeck 1940; Weaver and Albertson germination percentage can drop below 10% for some

1956). There are approximately 36,000 burs per pound untreated seeds (Wheeler and Hill 1957). The seeds are (Wenger 1943; USDA 1948; Ahring 1964), and a bushel long hved under proper storage conditions (Lowe 1940; of fresh burs weighs approximately 15 pounds (Wheeler USDA 1948). and Hill 1957). Upon ripening, burs and plants Landscape Uses disarticulate (Ahring 1964). When cleaned, bur purity can Current interest in buffalograss is due to its reach 95%, with germination greater than 50%. The performance as a low-maintenance turf species. average seed purity in one test, however, was 65%

ERIGENIA May 1999 BUFFALOGRASS IN ILLINOIS

Buffalograss tolerates a wide range of environmental, National Turfgrass Evaluation Program conditions, beginning growth in May and going dormant An opportunity to evaluate different strains of

after the first freeze (Nuland, Reece, and Kinbacher buffalograss in Illinois arose in 1991, when the National

1981). It survives the extreme heat and cold common in Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) armounced that

its native range, and it grows in very dry loam or clay- a national buffalograss evaluation would be estabhshed.

loam soil (Beard 1973; Turgeon 1985). It does not do The University of Illinois was among the 28 sites chosen

well, however, in shade or in sandy or highly alkaline to house the evaluation.

soils. Reports indicate that under ver}-- dry conditions, NTEP was estabhshed in 1980 as a nonprofit, self- supporting jointly sponsored the National one simimer watering is usually adequate to keep it from program by Turfgrass Federation, Inc. (NTF) and the United States going dormant. The root system of buffalograss is rather shallow, and the grass normally occurs Ln areas receiving Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agriculture Research Service (ARS), Beltsville, Maryland (Morris and 25 to 50 cm of precipitation per year (Beard 1973). Murray 1993). NTEP's main function is to standardize Buffalograss is considered to be a low-maintenance the evaluation of turfgrass cultivars. Prior to 1980, many turfgrass species, and it can be maintained at mowing turfgrass researchers carried out cultivar evaluations, but heights of 1 to 5.1 cm in lawns that require frequent these tests were not coordinated from location to cuttings (Turgeon 1985; Fermanian et al. 1997). In areas location (Morris and Murray 1993). of low management, the grass survives without mowing, NTEP collects and statistically analyzes cultivar with one mowing per season, or with monthly mowing performance data from university testing sites. Each year, at 5.1 cm. Fertilizer requirements are minimal, usually NTEP issues a pubUcation that repons the year's results 0.8-3.2 kg N/ha/month of growing season (Beard 1973; of each national test (Morris 1996). Nuland, Reece, and Kinbacher 1981; Turgeon 1985;

Fermanian et al. 1997). It requires minimal irrigation The Study and Its Importance

because of an extremely low water-use rate (Chamrad and Because Buchloe dactyloides requires limited mowing Box 1965; Beard 1973; Nuland, Reece, and Kinbacher and irrigation, precious petroleum and water resources 1981; Turgeon 1985). Conversely, during unusuaUy wet can be conserved when it is planted. The low periods, buffalograss tolerates long-term submersion maintenance requirements of buffalograss, in

(Porterfield 1945). Thatch management is usually combination with its tolerance of heat and drought and

it of unnecessary because little thatch is produced (Beard its limited pest problems, make a turfgrass wonhy

1973). study. There were questions as to which types of the Buffalograss has been reponed to be damaged by many buffalograss cultivars available would be best suited to Illinois. several diseases, including Bipolaris buchloes, Cercospora The opportunity to employ NTEP evaluation sernmalis, and Puccinia kansensis (Wenger 1943; Ahring methodology on buffalograss cultivars occurred in 1991. 1964; Fermanian et al. 1997). Several insects have been The primary objective of this study was to determine reported to attack buffalograss. They include the whether buffalograss is a suitable turf species for Illinois. buffalograss webworm (Parapediasia teterrella) and the More specifically, the 1991 study was designed to May or June beetle, (Phyllophaga crintta), as well as determine grasshoppers, leafhoppers, and the prairie ant (Ahring a. if there are differences among the performance of 22 1964). Southern chinch bugs (Busey and Snyder 1993) and buffalograss cultivars, mealy bugs (Heng-Moss et al. 1997) can also attack this b. which buffalograss cultivars perform best in central grass. Weeds can be controlled in buffalograss through Illinois, safe applications of several preemergence and c. which buffalograss cultivars could be recommended postemergence herbicides (Meenen and TLmmons 1949; for planting in Illinois. Ahring 1964; Huffman and Jacoby 1984; Fry and Upham

1994; and McKenney 1996; Fry et al. 1997). At Dotray Methods present, none of these diseases or insect pests has been

reported to affect buffalograss growing in Illinois. Weed Twenty-two buffalograss cultivars were planted on Research invasions into buffalograss, on the other hand, can reduce June 28, 1991, at the Landscape Honiculture Center in Urbana, Illinois. Each cultivar was planted into buffalograss quahty (Haley and Voigt 1993). the 152 cm X 152 cm center areas of plots measuring 213

40 ERIGENM May 1999 BUFFALOGRASS IN ILLINOIS

cm X 213 cm. The experiment was planted into a randomized complete block design with three replications.

The plants used in the plots were produced at the

Universit}- of Nebraska. They originated as vegetatively

produced clones of a single genor\-pe or as plants selected from a seeded population. Each plot was planted with 6 to 24 plugs, depending on the total quantity of plugs

available for each cultivar. Table 1 Usts the cultivars planted in the study, sources of the cultivars, and their vegetative or seed origins.

Prior to planting, the area was rotar)' tilled and supphed with 8 kg N/ha. Following planting, the plots were watered as needed to ensure estabhshment and mowed at 5.1 cm as needed.

Table 1. Source and origin of 22 buffalograss cultivars included in the 1992-95 NTEP evaluation in Urbana, Illinois

Cultivar BUFFALOGRASS IN ILLINOIS

quality. The srudy-long performance of cultivars 'NE 84- The source of the cultivars in the trial may account for 315," 'NTDG-3,' and 'NTDG-5' most closely approached some of differences in their performance ratings in minim al quahty, but each cultivar had several evaluations Illinois. Most of the better performers in the trial of unacceptable performance. originated from breeding programs or producers in the In the second analysis method, the mean for each Great Plains. Cultivars from the Native Turf monthly evaluation was determined. For each cultivar, Development Group (based in the Great Plains) and the the number of times its monthly rating was greater than University of Nebraska (table 1) were among the highest- the monthly mean was determined. Thus, there were 21 performing types. Cultivars from programs in California opportunities for each buffalograss cultivar to rate above and Texas generally performed more poorly. The the mean for the group. Results of this analysis method growing envirormient in lUinois is probably more similar appear in table 4. to conditions in the Great Plains than to conditions in This second method produces results that are more California and Texas; grasses originally selected and useful for making recommendations. For example, poor tested in Great Plains programs will usually perform evaluations are readily apparent, preventing cultivars better than those originally tested and selected in more from being recommended on the basis of their moderate growing conchtions. exceptional performance during only part of the growing Based on this analysis, 'NE 84-315,' 'NTDG-3,' season. Using this analysis method to evaluate long-term 'NTDG-4,' 'NTDG-5,' 'NE 84-436,' 'NE 84-609,' 'NE outcomes allows identification of grasses that offer relatively consistent performance throughout the Table 4. Number of monthly evaluations in growing season. Above-average turf quahty throughout which buffalograss cultivar performance was the growing season is more desirable than quahty that above mean for group (1992-95) oscillates between exceptional and unacceptable. Buffalograss Number of evaluations cultivar above monthly mean BUFFALOGRASS IN ILLINOIS

85-378,' 'NTDG-i; 'NTDG-2,' and 'Sharps Improved' buffalograss) is commercially available in the trade. performed in the upper half in 19 (or more) of the 21 Cultivars 'NE 84-609' (available as '609' buffalograss) and evaluations. While not spectacular performers, any of 'Sharps Improved' performed above the mean in 20 and these buffalograss cultivars might be useful for turfgrass 19, respectively, of the 21 evaluations and should also be planting in Illinois. considered, with reservations, for planting in Illinois.

Additional research is needed to evaluate funher the Additional Observations buffalograsses in this study, as well as newly available Buffalograss quahry- performance was, to a great degree, buffalograss cultivars. To produce a complete package of controlled by weather conditions during the evaluations. buffalograss selection, use, and culture guides, evaluations For example, during warm summer periods in 1988, in varied envnonmental and management conditions will 1991, 1995, and 1998, btiffalograss, a warm-season species, be necessary. These continued studies will refine and held an ecological advantage and thrived in Illinois areas enhance our knowledge of buffalograss and its where it was growing. During these same periods, cool- appropriate use in Illinois. season broadleaf weeds and grasses were at a disadvantage Buffalograss is not the perfect grass for most and rarely invaded areas where buffalograss was growing. apphcations. Its appearance, its vulnerabihty to invasion During normal Urbana summers, hot, dry periods are by cool-season weeds and grasses, and its lack of shade common, and buffalograss normally thrives during these tolerance will keep it from replacing popular cool-season periods. grasses in sites requiring high-quality turf. It may, In 1992 and 1993, while this study was ongoing, however, prove to be useful in low-management sites, however, the growing seasons were wet in Urbana, and especially when new cultivars have been selected and the 1992 season was also particularly cool. Under these optimum management regimes are defined. conditions, cool-season grasses and weeds were able to invade warm-season buffalograss, and buffalograss the Literature Cited turf quahry was reduced. Chemical weed controls are of buffalograss for available for controlling the invaders, but the question Ahring, R. M. 1964. The management seed produaion in Oklahoma. Oklahoma Agricultural arises as to whether chemical controls should be a Experiment Station Technical Bulletm T-109. required component of a low-maintenance turfgrass Anderson, K., and A. E. Aldous. 1937. Monoecious management. buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides . Journal of the Beyond weed invasions, the greatest sTvimbling block to American Society of Agronomy 29:709-710. increased buffalograss planting is probably its appearance. cuhure. Prentice- Beard, J. B. 1973. Turfgrass science and AU of the grasses in this study were duU gray-green when Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. actively growing and formed a less dense canopy than Beede, A. A. 1950. Buffalograss: native of the shortgrass prairie. University of Wyoming Agricultural most turfgrasses (this may also account for some of the Experiment Station, Laramie. weed invasions into the plantings). When dormant, Busey, P., and G. H. Snyder. 1993. Popialation outbreak of usually from mid October through late April in central the southern chinch bug is regulated by fenilization. Illinois, the study area was a dirty tan-brown. Pages 353-357 in R. N. Carrow, N. E. Christens, and R. C. Shearman eds. International Turfgrass Society Conclusions Research Journal, vol. 7. Intertec Publishing Corporation, Overland Park, Kansas. All of the cultivars survived the growing conditions at Chamrad, A. D., and T. W. Box. 1965. Drought- associated the study site, but the results of quahty evaluations in mortality of range grasses in south Texas. Ecology the 1992 through 1995 show obvious differences among 46(6):780-785. 22 buffalograsses mcluded in the study. The cultivars that Dotray, P. A., and C. B. McKenney. 1996. Established and had above-average monthly quahty ratings for each of the seeded buffalograss tolerance to herbicides applied 21 evaluations were 'NE 84-315,' 'NTDG 3,' 'NTDG 4,' preemergence. HortScience 31(3):393-395. Fermanian, T. W., M. C. Shurtleff, R. Randell, H. T. and 'NTDG 5.' These produced a low-quahry turf, based Wilkinson, and P. L. Nixon. 1997. Controllmg on the evaluation criteria, and would be recommended, turfgrass pests. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, with reservation, for planting in Illinois. Unforttmately, New Jersey. only one of these cultivars, 'NE 84-315' (sold as '315'

ERIGENIA May 1999 BUFFALOGRASS IN ILLINOIS

Fry, J. D., R. E. Gaussoin, D. D. Beran, and R. A. Masters. Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville, 1997. BuffaJograss establishment with preemergence Maryland. NTEP No. 96-14.

herbicides. HortScience 32(4):683-686. Morris, K. N., and J. J. Murray. 1993. National turfgrass

Fry J. D., and W. S. Upham. 1994. Buffalograss seedling evaluation program (NTEP): progress and plans. Pages tolerance to postemergence herbicides. HortScience 1005H-1005 in R. N. Carrow, N. E. Christens, and R. 29(10):1156-1157. C. Shearman eds. International Turfgrass Society Gernert, W. B. 1937. Variation in buffalograss. Journal of Research Journal, vol. 7. Intertec Publishing the American Society of Agronomy 29:242-246. Corporation, Overland Park, Kansas.

Haley, J. E., and T. B. Voigt. 1993. Injury to buffalograss Mosher, E. 1918. The grasses of Illinois. University of from postemergence broadleaf weed herbicide. 1992 Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. Bulletin No.

Illinois Turfgrass Research Report. Horticulture Series 205. Urbana, Illinois. University 51. of Illinois Department of Honiculture Nuland, D. S., P. E. Reece, and E. J. Kinbacher. 1981. and Agriculture Research Station, Urbana. Buffalograss: energy efficient turf for lawns. NebGuide

Harlan, J. R. 1946. The development of buffalograss seed. G:8 1-564. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy Pladeck, M. M. 1940. The testing of buffalograss seed. 38:135-141. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy

Heng-Moss, T. M., F. P. Baxendale, J. M. Johnson-Cicalese, 32:486-494. and T. P. Riordan. 1997. Non-destructive monitoring Plank, E. N. 1892. Buchloe dactyloides Engelm. not a of mealy-bugs (Homoptera: Pseudcoccidae) on Buchloe dioecious grass. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club dactyloides. Pages 997-1002 in R.E. Schmidt, ed. 19:303-306. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, vol. Pohl, R. 1978. How to know the grasses. Wm. C. Brown 8. Palm Beach, Florida, 18-24 July 1993. University Company, Dubuque, Iowa. Printing Service, Sydney, Australia. Porterfield, H. G. 1945. Survival of buffalograss following Hensel, R. L. 1938. Perfect flowered buffalograss, Buchloe submersion in playas. Ecology 26:98-100.

dactyloides. Journal of the American Society of Schaffner, J. H. 1920. The dioecious nature of buffalograss. Agronomy 30:1043-1044. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 47:119-124.

Hitchcock, A. S. 1895. Note on buffalograss. Botanical Swink, F., and G. Wilhelm. 1994. Plants of the Chicago Gazette 20:464. region. 4th ed. Indiana Academy of Science,

Hitchcock, A. S. 1951. Manual of the grasses of the United Indianapolis.

States. 2d ed. U. S. Department of Agriculture Turgeon, A. J. 1985. Turfgrass management. Reston Miscellaneous Publication 200. Dover Publications, Publishing Co., Inc., Reston, Virginia. Inc., New York. United States Depanment of Agriculture. 1948. Grass, the

Huffman, A. H., and P. W. Jacoby, Jr. 1984. Effects of yearbook of agriculture. U. S. Government Printing herbicide on germination and seedling development of Office, Washington, D.C.

three native grasses. Journal of Range Management Weaver, J. E., and F. W. Albertson. 1956. Grasslands of the 37:40-43. great plains, Johnsen Publishing Co., Lincoln, Jones, G. N. 1971. Flora of Illinois. 3d ed. University of Nebraska.

Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana. Weaver, J. E., and W. W. Hansen. 1941. Native Midwestern Lowe, A. E. 1940. Variability of buffalograss seeds found in pastures, their origin, composition, and degeneration. the walls of a sod house. Journal of the American Nebraska Conservation Bulletin No. 22. University of Society of Agronomy 32:891-893. Nebraska, Conservation and Survey Division, Lincoln. Meenen, F. E., and F. L. Timmons. 1949. Use of herbicides Wenger, L. E. 1940. Inflorescence variations in buffalograss, in production of buffalograss seed. Journal of the Buchloe dactyloides. Journal of the American Society of American Society of Agronomy 41:98-99. Agronomy 32:274-277. Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1973. Grasses: Panicum to Danthonia. Wenger, L. E. 1943. Buffalograss. Kansas Agricultural The Illustrated Flora of Illinois. Southern Illinois Experiment Station Bulletin 321. University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville. Wheeler, W. A., and D. D. Hill. 1957. Grassland seeds. D. Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1986. Guide to the vascular flora of Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey. Illinois. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale Young, D. 1994. Kane County wild plants and natural and Edwardsville. areas. 2d ed. Kane County Forest Preserve District, Mohlenbrock, R. H., and D. M. Ladd. 1978. Distribution of Geneva, Illinois. Illinois vascular plants. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville.

Morris, K. N. 1996. National buffalograss test - 1991: final report 1991-95. United States Department of

ERIGENIA May 1999 Invitation for Submission Instructions for Authors OF Articles Three copies of the manuscript should be

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Contents ERIGENIA17 May 1999

3 Annals of Illinois Ethnobotany: Groundnut or Wild Potato {Apios americana Medik.) Ray Schulenherg

8 The Avens Species {Geum L., Rosaceae) of Illinois Michael B. Wenzel and John E. Ebinger

14 The Lichen Flora of the Cook County Forest Preserves, Part V: Salt Creek Division Richard D. Hyerczyk

21 The Lichen Flora of Ford County Richard D. Hyerczyk

26 Vegetation of Badger {Taxidea taxus) and Plains Pocket Gopher {Geomys bursarim) Mounds in the Sand Areas of West-Central Illinois Bradley A. Fulk and John E. Ebinger

30 Restoration of Aspects of Native Soil Quality Through Conversion of Agricultural Lands to Cultivated Hayfields Chris Wheeler and Kelly McConnaughay

38 Buffalograss {Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.) in Illinois Tom Voigt