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Home , Halicephalobus mephisto, Pyrococcus abyssi, Pyrococcus horikoshii, Squid giant axon

Index

A Activation, 38, 40, 103 Abiotic, 203, 236 Activation energy, 38 Abyss, 233 Activation mechanisms, 321 Abyssal, 6, 122, 124, 139, 141, 143, 154, 155, Activation volumes, 40, 56, 103, 104, 154 164, 195, 249, 257, 258 Active site mutant, 219 Abyssal plain, 5 Active transport, 97 Abyssocottids, 130 Activity, 137, 157 Abyssopelagic, 7 Acyl chain, 175 Acanthogammarus albus, 120 Adaptation, 157, 327–347 Acanthophyra,87 Adaptation to high pressure, 160 Accidents, 358 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 45, 53, 56, 60, Acclimate, 340 62, 154, 155, 249, 255, 320 Acclimated, 125, 132 Adhesion, 320 Acclimation, 122, 136, 179, 327, 337–339, 341, ADP, 60, 63, 320 345, 346 Aerobic, 213, 214 Acclimatisation, 261, 327, 337 Aerobic limit, 300 Accumulator, 378, 379, 382, 383, 385, 395, Aerobic muscle, 343 399, 402 Affinity, 41 Acetate, 15, 196 Agar, 394 Acetic acid, 18 Aggregate, 37, 319 Acetobacterium, 213 Aggregation, 38, 39, 161, 366 Acetogens, 18 Air sacs, 298 Acetylcholine, 54, 103, 106, 131, 317 Air-breathing, 295 Acholeplasma laidlawii, 210 Air-breathing , 89 Acidity, 283 Airway collapse, 302 , 248 Airways, 301 Acoustic, 128 Alanine, 33, 154, 220, 256 Acoustic command, 385 Alcohol, 310 Acridine orange, 207 Algae, 24, 141 Actinia equina,86 Alicella, 166 Actin–myosin, 57 Alkali vents, 233, 234 Actinophrys sol,57 Alkaline, 233 Actinopterygii, 289 Alkaline vent water, 235 Actinosphaerium, 57, 161 Alkane, 286 Actins, 36, 48, 55, 57, 139, 153, 154, 156, 164, Alkyldiacylglycerols, 286, 289 319 Alloy (NIMONIC 90), 374 Action potentials, 54, 97, 98, 101, 106–108, AlMgSiI, 374 133, 134 Alpha Helix, 153 Activated state, 39 Alps, 208

# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 419 A. Macdonald, Life at High Pressure, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67587-5 420 Index

Alteroma, isolate F1A, 183 Anguilla vulgaris,85 Aluminium, 233 Anguilliform, 131 Aluminium alloy, 374 Anguilliform style, 346 Aluminium bronze, 357 Anisotropy, 177 Alveolar, 298 Annelida, 238 Alveolar collapse pressure, 302 Annexin, 315 Alveolar epithelium, 309 Anomalocera patersoni,87 Alveolar gas, 298, 301 Anoplogaster cornuta, 135 Alveolata, 141 Anoplopoma fimbria, 180 Alveoli, 298, 301 Anoxic sediments, 204 Alvin, 142, 193, 232, 233, 237, 240, 244, 248, Antagonise, 314 255, 257, 258, 262 Antagonism, 313 ALVIN, 407 Antarctic, 8, 204, 260 Alvin, 13, 231 Antarctica, 208 Alvinella, 238 Antarctic fish, 174 , 238, 239, 251, 258 Antarctic ice, 12, 301 Alvinocaris, 125, 134, 261 Antarctophthirus microchir, 295, 296 Alvinoconcha, 243 Anthozoa, 7 Alzheimer’s disease, 168 Antibiotic resistance, 327 Ama, 297, 299 Antibiotics, 327 Amino acids, 33, 50, 55, 152, 160, 167, 196, Antimora rostrata, 10, 342 205, 207, 236, 256 Antioxidant defence enzymes, 341 Amino acid sequences, 154, 157, 159, 160 Antioxidants, 138, 163, 242, 306, 309 Aminopeptidase, 197 Anti-oxidative, 309 Ammonia, 211, 234, 236, 274 Antioxidative defences, 137–138 Ammonifex degensii,17 Antioxidative enzymes, 137 Ammonite, 276 Apolar, 162, 210 Ammonium, 17, 247, 274 Aptenodytes forsteri, 299 Ammonium ions, 272, 275 Aquife, 204 Amoeba, 49 Aquifers, 18, 234 Amoebae, 24, 57, 141, 143 Arabian Sea, 121 Amoebo, 48 Aragonite, 32, 240 Amoeboid cells, 47, 57 Arbacia, 259 AMPA, 109 Arbacia punctulata, 49, 57 Amphibia, 90, 296 , 2, 17–19, 23, 41, 54, 105, 141, 193, Amphipathic, 167 197, 201, 204, 206, 208, 212, 213, 221, Amphipods, 7, 11, 85, 117–124, 126, 127, 132, 231, 233–235, 237, 246, 249, 250, 252– 137, 158, 166, 181, 183, 195, 333, 338, 256, 393 382, 385 Archaeal, 173, 187, 196 Anadromous, 343 Archaeol, 252, 255 Anaemia, 34, 337 Archaeon, 23, 24, 152, 199, 220, 247, 255, 335 Anaerobic, 213, 221, 234, 247 Archaeon ES4, 210 Anaerobic metabolism, 299 Archaetidic acid, 252 Anaerobic respiration, 221, 241 Archeon ES4, 199 Anaesthesia, 89, 306, 313 Archeosomes, 253 Anaesthetic, 209, 217, 313 Archimedes Principle, 271 Anaesthetic-like, 313 Architeuthis, 275 Anaesthetics, 310, 311 Arctic, 121 Analgesia, 313 Arginine, 152 Analgesic, 312 Argon, 161, 209, 311, 316 Anemone, 165 Argon laser, 371 Anguilla, 88, 285, 344 Argonauta nodosus, 274 Anguilla japonica, 342 Argyroneta aquatica, 295 Index 421

Armatus, 243 Basement, 203, 204 Artemia, 333 Basidiomycete, 144, 244 Arthropods, 7, 159 Basin, 248 Artificial hip joint, 21 Bassogigas, 8, 280, 282 Ascaris megalocephala,49 Bassogigas profundissimus, 279 Ascomycetes, 144, 244 Batch cultures, 142, 213 Ashadze, 244 Batch mode, 212 Ashadze vent, 246 Bathocyroe fosteri, 135 Aspartic acid, 207, 219 Bathyal, 7 Aspergillus sydowii, 144 Bathycetes, 198 Asterias rubens, 260 Bathymodiolus, 138, 392 Astral microtubules, 58 Bathymodiolus azoricus, 136, 240, 241, 341 Asymmetrical, 44 Bathymodiolus childressii, 241 Atmospheric pressure, 1, 4 Bathymodiolus firmus,19 ATP Synthase, 55, 62–65 Bathymodiolus thermophilus, 241 ATPase, 180 Bathynomus, 195, 400 Australian, 296 Bathypelagic, 7, 134, 196, 340 Autochthonous, 195, 197 Bathypelagic fish, 135 Autotrophs, 143 Bathysaurus, 134 , 98, 101 Bathysaurus mollis, 133 Axopods, 58 Bathyscaphe, 274 Azoic, 8 Bathyscaph Trieste, 10 Azoic hypothesis, 9 Bathysphere, 10 Bathysphere Trieste, 287 Bay of Biscay, 120 B Beaked whale, 296, 300, 317 Baboon, 317 Beebe, 232 Bacillus,65 Beer, 312 Bacillus infernus, 19, 204 Benthic animals, 347 , 51, 175, 182 Benthic fauna, 6 , 2, 17–19, 23, 41, 47, 48, 54, 141, 173, Benthic trap, 382 182–186, 193, 197, 201, 204, 205, 212, Benzene, 18, 32 231, 233, 235, 237, 248, 249, 304 Bermuda, 125 Bacterial cell division, 61 Beroe, 272 Bacterial lipids, 252 Beryllium windows, 374 Bacterial membranes, 44 Beta, 221, 249 Bacteriophage, 201, 249, 328 Beta-amino acids, 221 Baited trap, 340 Betaine, 163, 164, 168, 221, 335 Balaena, 300 Beta-polyhydroxybutyrate, 221 Balaenoptera, 300 Bilayer fluidity, 47, 176, 177, 180, 252 Balance mechanism, 338 Bilayer lipids, 42 Balance sheet, 288 Bilayer order, 217 BALIST, 391, 392 Bilayers, 159, 209, 210, 252, 329 Ballast, 385 Binding, 51 Barbiturates, 314 Binding equilibrium, 40, 311, 313 Barium, 233 Binding process, 41 Barnacle, 135, 243 Biofilms, 15, 246, 248, 393 Barophilic, 142, 152 Bioluminescence, 6, 215, 233 Barotolerant, 142 Bioluminescent light, 160 Barracuda, 180, 181 Biomarker F430, 206 Basal power requirement, 205 Biomarkers, 17 Basal requirement, 205 Biomass, 13, 15, 18, 203 Basalt, 14, 17, 204, 233, 262 Bio-piezoelectric nanogenerators, 286 422 Index

Bioreactor, 249, 255 Buoyancy organ, 343 Birds, 174, 296, 299, 302 Buoyancy spheres, 382 Birefringence, 59, 60, 368 Buoyant, 201, 280 Birefringence retardation, 369 Butene, 210 Bivalves, 231 Butting, 288 BK channels, 104 By depolymerising, 48 Black body radiation, 233 Bythites hollisi, 243 Black Smoker, 233, 250 Bythograea thermydron, 240 Bladder, 275, 283, 289 Bladder wall, 285 Blood, 138, 240, 241, 276, 279, 301 C Blood cells, 164 Ca channels, 108 Blood clotting, 319 Cadmium, 138 Blubbe, 288 Caecitallus, 244 Blue-eyed shag, 300 Caecitellus parvulus, 143 Blue whale, 300, 304 Cafeteria roenbergensis, 142 Bodo, 142 Cages, 343, 346 Bodo curvifilus, 142 Ca ions, 107–109, 132 Boiling point, 15, 161, 232 Caisson, 308, 311 Bonds, 40 Calanus acutus, 273, 288 Bone, 20, 273, 286, 318 Calanus sinicus, 261 Bony fishes, 158, 279–285, 290 Calcite, 32, 240 Boreholes, 18, 214 Calcium, 17, 233, 371 Borosilicate glass, 371, 374 Calcium carbonate, 32, 240 Bos taurus, 168 Calcium ions, 104, 107, 154, 155 Bottlenose whale, 300 Calcium-sensitive fluorescent dyes, 371 Boundary lipids, 45, 175, 180, 181 Calf, 238 Bourdon Gauge, 356 California sea lion, 301, 304, 305 Brain, 60, 92, 95, 109, 110, 158, 160, 176, 298, Callisto, 236 299, 306, 313, 317 Callorhinus ursinus, 307 Brain damage, 299 Calyptogena elongata, 157 Brain myelin, 176–178 Calyptogena soyoae, 138 Brain slices, 93 Camouflage, 279 Branched-chain fatty, 251 Canadian Arctic, 208 Branched-chain fatty acids, 183, 187 Canadian Tar Sands, 208 Branched-chain lipids, 174 Canary Islands, 277 Branched chains, 174 Cancer magister, 136 Branchiostoma lanceolatum,86 Canoides, 300 Breakpoint, 298 Capacitance, 54 Breath-hold, 297, 301, 342 Capacity adaptation, 337 Breath-hold dive, 299, 301 Capillaries, 283, 298, 302, 306 Breath-hold divers, 296, 299 Capsid, 202 Breath-hold diving, 296–301, 318 Carangiform, 131 Broadcast, 10 Carassius auratus,88 Broken Spur, 240 Carbonate, 233 Bronchi, 301, 302 Carbon chain, 175 Brownian movement, 53 Carbon dioxide, 16, 86, 90, 199, 211, 233, 234, Brucite, 17 238, 247, 255, 281, 295, 298, 299 Bubble, 4, 280, 303, 306, 320 Carbon dioxide storage, 136 Bubble formation, 318 Carbonic anhydrase, 238 Buccinum undatum, 259 Carbon monoxide, 310 Buoyancy, 21, 88, 163, 258, 271–290 Carcharodon carcharias, 164 Buoyancy lipids, 285 Cardiolipin, 179 Index 423

Cardiovascular, 296, 299 Chemical equilibria, 111 Carnivora, 300 Chemiosmosis, 62 Carnivore, 92, 300 Chemiosmotic, 255 Carnobacterium, 213 Chemiosmotic potential, 253 Carousel, 396–398 Chemolithoautotrophic, 15, 17, 234, 402 Carp, 154, 175 Chemolithotrophs, 211 Cartilage, 20 Chemoorganotrophs, 211, 246 Cartilaginous, 289 Chemostat, 200, 249 Cascadia Margin, 213 Chemosynthesis, 234, 241 Caspian Sea, 12 Childbirth, 312 Catadromous, 343 Chimneys, 233, 259 Catalase, 39, 243, 341, 346 Chitin, 201 Catalysed, 38–40 Chloride, 138, 274 Catalysis, 158 Chloroform, 310, 311 Catalytic, 157 Chlorophyll, 24 Cavitates, 4 Chloroplasts, 24, 62, 64 Cavitation, 4 Choanichthyes, 163, 289 Cayman Trench, 10 Choanoflagellate, 141 Cayman Trough, 232 Cholesterol, 44, 174, 285, 286, 290, 303, 307, Cell cleavage, 161 320, 346 Cell counts, 208 Choline (PC), 179 Cell cycle, 49, 58 Chondrichthyes, 163, 167, 287, 289, 290 Cell division, 48, 49, 61, 162, 184, 185, 187, Chondrocytes, 53, 371 211, 328, 330, 331 Chondrostei, 289 Cell lysis, 194 Chromaffin cells, 54, 104 Cell membranes, 42–47 Chromalveolates, 24 Cell organelles, 50–54 Chromatid, 58 Cellular respiration, 63 Chromium, 199 Cellular signalling, 187 Chromophore, 159 Cellulose, 158, 201 Chromosomes, 49, 58 Central Indian Ocean Basin, 144 Chrysophyte, 142 Central Indian Ridge, 247 Chytriodiomyctes, 144 Central , 110 Cilia, 158 Centrifugation, 355–356 Ciliated eukaryotic, 47 Centrifuge cell, 355 Ciliates, 24, 143 Centroscymnus coelepis, 290 Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kits (CORKs), Centrosome, 58 214, 405–407 , 4, 158–160, 274, 275 Cis-vaccenic acid, 329 Cercomonas, 142 Citric acid cycle, 157 Cercomonas sp., 142 City, 18 Chaetopteris, 49, 369 Clams, 138, 157, 165, 240 Chagos Trench, 144 Classification, 22–25 Chain branching, 47 Clathrate, 211 Chain length, 47 Cleavage, 49, 259–261 Challenger, 7 Cleavage furrow, 49, 57 Challenger deep, 5, 7 Cleaving cells, 153 Chambers, 94, 276, 277 Closing pressure, 380 Change, 206 Clostridium, 213 Change in shape, 319 CNPT3, 182, 195 Channel proteins, 42 CNS, 109 Channels, 42, 55 CO2, 137, 141 Chaperone, 335 Coagulation, 35 Chaperone proteins, 51 Coal, 203, 205, 206 424 Index

Coalacanthinii, 289 Convulsions, 87, 90–92, 110, 121, 128, 130, Coal bed, 206, 207 132, 210, 344 Coccolithophores, 141 Convulsion threshold pressure, 344 Cod, 101, 131, 133, 134, 155, 156, 284 Copepods, 85, 261, 272 Cod liver oil, 286 Copidognathus, 244 Coelacanth, 163 Copper, 138, 242, 243, 245 Coelenterata, 7 Cores, 204, 206, 211, 403 Cohesion, 31 Corrosion, 398 Cohesive forces, 4 Cortex, 56 Cold seep, 13, 203, 261 Cortical, 317 Collagen, 238, 239, 286, 319, 320 Corynophyra abyssalis, 245 Collapse, 301 Coryphaenoides, 176, 180, 243, 279, 285 Collapsed alveoli, 304, 305 Coryphaenoides acrolepis, 126, 153–155, 157, Collapsing pressure, 303 180, 386, 387 Collecting ducts, 283 Coryphaenoides armatus, 133, 138, 140, 153, Colonies, 257, 259, 332, 394 154, 156, 157, 160, 177, 178, 180–182, Colonisation, 237, 257–262 243 Colonised, 234 Coryphaenoides carapinus, 157 Colonising, 237 Coryphaenoides cinereus, 155 Colwellia marinimaniae, 195, 400 Coryphaenoides leptolepis, 157, 164, 180 Commercial fishing, 279 Coryphaenoides longifilis, 155 Community composition, 391 Coryphaenoides nasutus, 155 Compatible solutes, 160, 162–164, 221, 249, Coryphaenoides pectoralis, 155 330 Coryphaenoides phaseolithoformes, 157 Compound, 98, 101 Coryphaenoides rupestris, 10, 140, 157, 177, Compound , 101, 133 178 Compress, 295, 313 Coryphaenoides yaquinae, 154, 182 Compressed air, 89 Cottids, 130 Compressibility, 159, 160, 178, 285, 287, 290, Countercurrent multiplier, 283 378 Covalent bonds, 33 Compressible, 184, 288 Cow, 168 Compressible rib cages, 297 Crabs, 88, 101, 125, 133, 136, 165, 231, 240– Compression, 132, 277, 333 241, 248, 257, 338, 391 Compression of gas, 297 Crab Spa, 248 Compressor-refrigeration, 354 Crab Spa vent, 400 Conchoecia,88 Crangon, 95 Conductance, 103–106, 217 Crangon crangon,87 Conduction velocity, 134 Created decompression sickness, 309 Conger eel, 139 Creep measurements, 376 Conger myriaster, 139 Crepidula, 259 Consciousness, 298, 310 Crepidula fornicata, 259 Contamination, 393 Cretaceous black shales, 208 Continental crust, 18, 204 Critical, 232 Continental shelf, 5 Critical Pressure, 232 Continuous culture, 199–200, 249 Critical volume hypothesis, 313 Continuous flow, 212 Crossopterygii, 163 Contractile cilia, 53 Crowded, 48 Contractile force, 49 Crowding, 56 Contractile ring, 56 Crowding effect, 167 Contractile vacuoles, 53 Crude oil, 136 Contraction, 96 Cruise, 131 Contraction time, 131, 132 Crustacean, 7, 85, 88, 96, 107, 123, 125, 128, Convergent evolution, 158, 159 134, 136, 141, 215, 260, 272, 339 Index 425

Crustacean nerves, 108 Deep drilling program, 204 Crustal fluids, 18 Deep hot biosphere, 203 Cryptococcus sp., 245 DEEPisoBUG, 404 Crystallographic methods, 220 Deep sea, 1–25, 393 Ctenopelta porifera, 262 Deep-sea animals, 296 Ctenophore, 135, 272 Deep sea challenger, 11, 376 C-type, 104 Deep-sea diving, 6 C-type inactivation, 104 Deep sea drilling programs, 16 Current, 102 Deep-sea fish, 6, 127–130 Cuticle, 240 Deep-sea sediments, 202 , 278 Deep-sea sharks, 287 Cuttlefish, 274, 276, 278 Deep-sea trenches, 5, 16 Cuvettes, 368 Deep star, 399 Cyanea,86 Deep trenches, 8 Cyanide, 310 Deep water horizon, 16, 184, 214 Cyanobacteria, 272 Degree of saturation, 47 Cyclic pressures, 376 Delivery lines, 405 Cyclopentane, 253, 254 Delphinoidea, 300 Cyclopropane, 210, 310, 313, 316 Delta, 36 Cyclosalpa, 272 ΔG, 36 Cyclostomes, 157, 163 ΔH, 36, 154 Cysteine, 256 ΔS, 154 Cystic fibrosis, 168 ΔU, 154 Cysts, 244, 333 ΔV, 36, 38, 40, 45, 56, 59, 105, 153–155, 161, Cytochrome, 218 167, 253 Cytochrome C oxidase, 63 ΔV*, 39, 40, 104, 154 Cytochrome P4501A, 140 Denaturation, 34, 154, 168, 329 Cytokeratin, 57 Denatured, 52 Cytoplasm, 47 Denatured protein, 319 Cytoplasmic gel, 55, 56 Denature proteins, 339 Cytoplasmic streaming, 47, 48 Denatures, 35, 163, 238 Density, 31, 32, 271–274, 282, 286–288, 290, 309 D Depolarisation, 108 Dabie-Sulu, 18 Depolymerisation, 55, 60, 61, 153, 161, 369 Dark energy, 17, 211 Depolymerised, 49, 153 D bonds, 161 Depression, 107 Dead space, 301 Depth gauge, 381 Deadweight tester, 356 Depths of anaesthesia, 313 Death, 310 Depurination, 206 Decompressed, 125, 126, 135, 200, 212, 248, Dermochelys coriacea, 296 260, 301, 339 Desaturase enzymes, 181 Decompression, 57, 93, 103, 117, 118, 120, Desaturases, 175 121, 123–136, 138, 141, 145, 194, 196, Descent, 201 197, 206, 213, 239–242, 258, 260, 299, Desensitisation, 314 302, 305, 308, 311, 318–321, 339, 392 Desensitise, 314 Decompression sickness, 94, 299, 306, 318 Desiccation, 333 Deep bath, 197, 399 Desulfovibrio hyrothermalis, 249 , 2, 13–20, 47, 186–187, 193, Desulfovibrio indonesiensis, 187 203–213, 393, 402–407 Desulfovovibrio indonesiensis, 204 Deep-diving, 317 Desulfurbacteriales, 248 Deep-diving birds, 299–301 Desulfurococcales, 246 Deep drilling, 16 Deuterium, 161 426 Index

Dewetting, 106 Double bonds, 43, 174, 175, 256, 286 D form, 206 Doubling, 205 DHFRs, 218, 219 Doubling time, 199, 246, 255 Diamond, 371 DPH anisotropy, 180, 307 Diamond anvil, 357, 374 Drill cores, 213 Diamond anvil cell, 331 Drilling, 12, 204, 402 Diapause, 273 Drillship Chikyu, 206 Diatom, 24, 141, 272, 273 Drosophila, 49 Dicentrarchus labrax, 88, 140 Drosophila melanogaster, 103 Diether lipids, 256 Dry dive, 93 Diethyl ether, 310, 311 Dynamic Autoclave Piston Corer, 211 Diffuses, 280, 281, 298 Dynamic instability, 61 Diffusion, 284, 285, 301, 318 Dyneins, 60 Diglycine, 236 Dihydrofolate reductase, 218 Dilatometry, 45 E Diluted to extinction, 399 Eared seals, 300 Dinoflagellates, 24, 141, 272 Earth’s crust, 13 Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), 45, East Pacific Rise, 238, 244, 248, 249, 251, 255, 47, 174, 209, 253, 303, 304 257, 262, 391, 400 Diphenylhexatriene (DPH), 46, 47, 174, 177, Ebinania brephocephala, 389 178, 187 Echinodermata, 86 Dipicolinic acid, 207 Echinoderms, 128, 165, 260 Dipole, 31 Echinorhinus, 290 Disaggregate, 35, 153 Echinus,86 Disease, 42, 168 Echinus affinis, 260 Dispersal, 257–262 Echinus esculentus, 260 Displacement volume, 34, 39, 219 Ectoenzymes, 197 Dissociated, 313 Ectoprotease, 197 Dissociates, 51, 314, 315 Eel, 85, 88, 128, 132, 138, 139, 188, 344 Dissociating, 51 Eel, Anguilla anguilla, 342–346 Dissociation, 32, 36, 37, 161, 168, 217, 283 Eenantiomers, 23 Distemper virus, 202 Eggs, 48, 49, 52, 235, 257, 259–261, 272, 333 Divers, 117, 295, 296, 309 Eicosapentaenoic acid, 184 Divide, 252 Elasmobranchii, 289 Dividing cell, 56, 210 Elasmobranchs, 163, 165 Diving, 296 Elastic fibres, 303 Diving birds, 308 Elasticity, 378 Diving mammals, 92, 109, 320, 342 Elastic recoil, 302, 303 Diving physiology, 301 Electrical connections, 360 Diving reflex, 296, 299 Electrically charged solutes, 48 Division, 205, 329 Electrically insulated feed-throughs, 357 DNA, 22, 24, 33, 42, 49, 50, 52, 62, 126, 160, Electrical potential, 159 198, 199, 202–204, 218, 244, 250, 327, Electrical recording, 360 330, 334 Electric fishing, 344 DNA fragments, 198 Electromyogram (EMG), 92, 96, 110 D2O, 161 Electronic timer, 384 Dogfish, 289 Electron microscope, 57, 60–62, 176, 195, 370 Dogs, 90 Electron spin resonance, 174 Dolphinus, 300 Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR), Domain, 23 46, 374 Dormant, 273 Electrophysiological, 109 The dose of bubbles, 318 Electrophysiological techniques were, 360 Index 427

Electrophysiology, 102 , 44, 51, 55, 61, 64, 65, 104, Electro-restricted, 32 105, 174, 182, 184, 185, 187, 205, 216, Electro-restriction, 32, 219 217, 219, 328–332 Electrostriction, 161 Ethane, 210, 211, 215 Electrostrictive, 161 Ethanolamine (PE), 179 Elephants, 22 Ethmodiscus rex, 272 Elephant seal, 307, 317 Ethyl alcohol, 312 Elvers, 343 Ethylene, 210, 316 Embryos, 260 Eukarya, 23 Emperor penguin, 299, 307 cells, 49, 96 Enantiomers, 252 Eukaryote , 134, 142, 201, 244 Enceladus, 236 , 41, 47, 104, 173, 175, 235–237, Endeavour, 232 333 Endocrinology, 342 Euonyx biscayensis, 120 Endocytosis, 42, 108 Euphausia,87 Endoplasmic reticulum, 51, 52, 336 Euphausia superba, 260 Endospore, 195, 207 Euphoria, 309, 310 Endosymbiotic, 248, 251 Europa, 13, 20, 236 Endothelium, 309 Eurythenes gryllus, 119, 121, 124, 132, 136, Endothermic, 56, 59 137 End-plate current, 54 Eurythenes sp., 119, 120 Energy, 212, 358 Evolution, 22, 327 Energy cost, 206 Excavates, 24 Energy store, 343 Excitability, 95, 313 Enriched cultures, 207 Excitable cells, 308, 338 Enrichment, 194 Excitable membranes, 85, 96–106 Enrichment culture, 198, 213 Excitatory, 106, 125 Enthalpy, 36 Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSPs), 107, Entropy, 36, 56, 59 108 Enzyme activity, 180 Excitatory synapses, 107, 109 Enzyme reaction, 41 Excluded volume, 56, 167 Enzymes, 17, 39, 40, 151, 152, 157, 160, 164, Excretory, 275 169, 197, 222, 239, 307 Exercise physiology, 342 Enzyme trypsin, 167 Exocytosis, 42, 53, 107, 108, 319, 320 Eogammarus possjeticus, 86, 338 Exophiala, 19 EPA, 184, 186 Exponentially, 330 Epibonts, 242 Extracellular enzymes, 204 Epipelagic, 7 Extraterrestrial, 20, 236 Episymbionts, 258 , 246 Episymbiotic, 248 Extrinsic, 152, 215, 218 Epithelial, 276, 277 Extrinsic adaptations, 160, 221–222 Epsilonproteobacteria, 248 Extrinsically adapted, 165 Eptatretus burgeri, 157 Extruded, 329 Eptatretus okinoseanus, 157 Eye, 158, 285 Equilibria, 36–38 Equilibrium, 39 Equilibrium constant, 36, 37 F Equilibrium potential, 97 F actin, 154 Equilibrium volume, 40 F1 ATPase, 64, 65 Eriplasm, 216 Fabricii, 275 Erythrocyte, 138 Facilitation, 107 Faecal pellets, 201 Failure mechanisms, 376 428 Index

Fat, 343 Foraminifera, 141, 143 Fatty acids, 174, 179, 182, 251, 286, 329, 346 Foreign surfaces, 42 Fatty acid synthesis, 184 Formate, 15, 331 Femoral head prosthesis, 367 Formate oxidation, 331 Femur, 21 Fracture zones, 205 Fennoscandian bedrock, 212 Free divers, 92 Fennoscandian shield, 18 Free diving, 297 Fibrin, 319 Free escape, 94 Fibrinogen binding, 320 Free gas, 212 Fibroblasts, 48, 57, 139 Free radicals, 285, 299, 306 Ficoll 70, 56 Free volume, 44 Fiddler crab, 337 Freezes, 31, 288 Filamentous, 185, 187, 329 Freezing, 45, 361, 403 Filaments, 48 Freezing point, 6, 32, 161, 287 Filtering, 394 Freshwater, 343 First , 237 Freshwater fish, 343, 344 Fish, 41, 49, 88, 109, 133, 136, 151, 153, 162, Freshwater lakes, 12–13 166, 175–182, 287, 289–290 Frog neuromuscular junction, 54, 108 Fish cells, 138–140 Frogs, 49, 85, 101, 107 Flagella, 47, 246 Fruit fly, 49, 103 Flagellate, 141, 244 FtsZ, 61, 62 Flagellin, 54 FtsZ protein, 62 , 54, 216, 328 Fungal, 193 Flexing, 119 Fungi, 12, 19, 24, 41, 141, 143–145, 204, 231, Floating, 287 244 Floating piston, 398 Fura red, 371 Floats, 274, 288 Fur seals, 302 Flounder, 88 Fuse, 203 Flow-through osmo colonization systems Fusion, 54, 202 (FLOCS), 214, 405–407 Fluid bilayers, 329, 336 Fluidises, 209 G Fluidising, 176 Gadiformes, 155 Fluidity, 46, 173, 175, 180, 217, 250, 251, 253, Gadus morhua, 101, 133, 155, 156 346 Galapagos Islands, 151 Fluidity sensor, 181 Galapagos Rift, 231 Fluid mosaic, 42 Galapagos vents, 240 Fluo-4, 371 Galathea, 8 Fluorescence, 100, 174, 371 Galathea expedition, 193 Fluorescence anisotropy, 174, 176, 179 Galatheanthemum hadale,7 Fluorescence microscopy, 60 Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), 317 Fluorescence spectrometer, 177 Gammarus wilkitzkii, 137 Fluorescence spectroscopy, 45 Gap junctions, 106 Fluorescence technique, 219 Gas, 272–274, 288 Fluorescent, 174 Gas bubbles, 319 Fluorocarbon oil, 369 Gas cylinder, 398 Flying patch clamp, 362 Gaseous anaesthetics, 161 Foam, 284 Gas gland, 280, 282 Fo F1-ATPase, 62, 64, 168 Gas hydrate, 403 Fo F1-ATP synthase, 62 Gas phase, 275 Food, 330 Gas solubility, 281 Food industry, 158 Gasteropoda,86 Food technology, 3, 168 Gastropod, 243, 248, 262 Index 429

Gated, 217 Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipid Gating, 100, 103, 105, 217 (GDGT), 252 Gating current, 102 Glycerol 1-phosphate, 173, 252 Gauge, 297, 366 Glycerol 3-phosphate, 173, 252 GDNT, 253 Glycine, 109, 110, 152, 163, 165, 236 Gelatine gel, 49 Glycolipid, 202 Gene, 11, 12, 17, 50, 103, 202, 216, 330, 334, Glycolysis, 307 336, 338, 339, 341 Gnathophausea, 340 Gene expression, 50–52, 216, 249, 257, 334, Gnathophausia ingens, 134, 340 339, 341, 343, 392 Gobius minutus,85 Gene ftsZ,61 Goldfish, 88 General anaesthesia, 310 Golgi apparatus, 336 Generation, 207, 330 Golgi complex, 52 Generation time, 16, 205 Gonadotrophin, 343 Genetic adaptation, 342 Gonads, 343 Genetic code, 22 Gonatus, 275 Genome, 52, 216, 327, 330, 333, 341 GPa, 332 Geochemical, 15 G-proteins, 159 Geochemistry, 13 Gram-negative, 54, 182, 186, 187, 203, 216 Geothermal, 12 Gram-negative bacteria, 42, 182, 183 Germination, 207 Gram positive, 54, 183 Geryon quinquedens, 125 Gram-positive bacteria, 182 G. gracilis, 134 Grand mal seizure, 310 Giant, 275 Gravity, 21 Giant , 48, 101, 108 Gray seal, 302 Giant , 288 Great artesian basin, 19 Gibbs energy, 38 Greenhouse gas, 212 Gibbs free energy, 36 Greenland, 208 Gigantocypris mulleri,87 Green Sunfish, 177, 179 Giga-ohm patch clamp, 362 Gromia sphaerica, 143 Giga-ohm seal, 99 Grow, 194–196, 199, 200, 250 Gill, 90, 180, 188, 241, 295, 343, 345, 392 Growing cells, 373 Gill epithelial cells, 241 Growing phase, 330 Glacial, 12, 208 Growth, 193–196, 198, 200, 204, 205, Glass eel, 343 209–210, 212–214, 249, 251, 254, 256, Glass fibre composite, 357 336 Glass microelectrodes, 102 Guanine, 284 Glass windows, 369, 375 Guanine-nucleotide, 159 Glaucoma, 168 Guaymas, 248 Globe valve, 379–384 Gulf of Mexico, 211, 214 Globular protein, 55 Glucose, 156, 158, 185, 197, 307 Glutamate, 34, 108, 109, 221, 249, 335 H Glutamate-gated, 314 Hadal, 6, 126, 141, 166, 175, 181, 195, Glutamate-gated ion channels, 316 197–198, 246, 393 Glutamic acid, 219, 256 Hadal amphipods, 158, 400 Glutamine, 154, 256 Hadal fauna, 8 Glutaraldehyde, 57 Haddock, 131 Glycerol, 161, 163, 168 Hadopelagic, 7 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Haemocytes, 241 (GAPDH), 156 Haemoglobin, 34, 36, 238, 283, 301 Glycerol backbone, 43 Haemolymph, 136, 240, 341 Glycerol dialkyl calditol tetraether, 253 Haemorrhagic colitis, 330 430 Index

Haemostasis, 319 High altitude, 337 Haenyeo, 297 High pressure, 259, 314 Hagfish, 157, 162, 163 High-pressure adaptations, 3 Halomonas axialensis, 251 High-pressure-adapted animals, 159 Hairpin, 282 High-pressure aquarium, 337 ,19 High-pressure light microscopy, 49 Halomonas, 183 High-pressure microscopy, 369 Halomonas axialensis, 251 High-Pressure Neurological Syndrome Halosauropsis macrochir, 153 (HPNS), 89, 91–94, 109, 110, 122, Halothane, 312, 313 316–318, 321 Hand-powered pump, 354 High-pressure oxygen, 361 Harbour seal, 202, 302, 307 High-pressure windows, 359, 367–376 Hawaii, 125 Hipid bilayers, 209 Head, 288 Hirondellea, 166, 400 Heart, 92, 317, 391 Hirondellea gigas, 10, 126, 158 Heart muscle, 133 Hirorondell, 9 Heart rate, 240, 299, 341 Histiobranchus bathybius, 132, 133 Heat of compression, 101, 288, 355 Histiobranchus hydrothermalis, 251 Heat-sealed, 394 Histones, 50 Heat shock, 242, 330, 340 Holostei, 289 Heat shock genes, 52 Holothurian, 10 Heat shock proteins, 51, 242, 328, 335, 336, Holothurians (sea cucumbers), 195 340, 341 Homarus gammarus,87 Heat stress, 328 Homeo-proton permeability, 175 Heat transfer, 309 Homeostasis, 242, 338 Heavy water, 161 Homeostatic, 181, 296 HeLa cells, 57 Homeoviscous, 341 Helical coil, 33 Homeoviscous adaptation, 174–176, 181, 187, Helicocranchia pfefferi, 274 250–257, 307, 329, 334, 336, 337 Heliocranchia’s, 275 Homeoviscous theory, 182, 184, 186, 250, 251, Heliox, 89, 90, 110, 312, 313 255, 256 Heliozoa, 57 Hooded seal, 317 Helium, 161, 209, 281, 305, 309, 311–313, 315, Horizontal gene transfer, 203 316, 394 Host, 202 Helium pressure, 162 Hot vents, 257 Helium tremors, 92 Hsp 70, 242 Helix, 33, 56 Human baby, 303 Helix pomatia, 103 Human divers, 89, 296, 319, 353 Hemichordate, 86 Human diving, 306 Henry’s Law, 280, 282, 283 Human hip joint, 367 Hentrifugally generated hydrostatic pressure, Human platelets, 319, 320 356 Humans, 94, 110, 169, 337, 342 Hermit crab, 87 HYACE, 404 Herpes virus, 202 HYACINTH, 213, 404 Hesiolyra, 240 Hydrate, 211 Hesiolyra bergi, 239 Hydrate Ridge, 212 Heterokonts, 141 Hydration, 163 Heterotrophic, 143 Hydraulic car jack, 353 Heterotrophs, 141, 143, 244 Hydraulic circuit, 380 Hexadecane, 185 Hydrocarbons, 15, 18, 184, 214–215, 235 Hexanchus, 290 Hydrogen, 15, 18, 19, 31, 161, 162, 199, 209, H-H equations, 102 211, 233, 234, 236, 248, 255, 275, 311, Hibernators, 299 316, 317 Index 431

Hydrogen bonds, 31, 33, 161, 167 Idas simpsoni, 258 Hydrogen gas, 237 Iezophilic, 200 Hydrogen ion gradient, 216 Igneous, 204 Hydrogen ions, 235, 283 Immobile, 121 Hydrogen peroxide, 309 Immobilisation, 87, 108, 121, 122, 126, 127, Hydrogen sulphide, 17, 211, 233, 234, 240 312 Hydrogenophilus thermoluteolus, 13 Immobilised, 85, 86, 88, 118, 119, 130 Hydrogenotrophic, 247 Impermeable, 284 Hydroids, 8 Impermeable barrier, 42 Hydrolases, 158 Implosion pressure, 277 Hydrooplaning, 289 Inactivation, 97, 102–104, 331, 391 Hydrophilic, 33, 34 Incompressibility, 378 Hydrophilic group, 42 Incubator, 393 Hydrophobic, 32, 33, 38, 48, 167 Independent variable, 199 Hydrophobic binding, 104 Indigenous, 195 Hydrophobic chain, 42 Inert gas narcosis, 89 Hydrophobic gating, 106 Inert gases, 89, 161, 305, 366 Hydrophobic groups, 51 Infauna, 141 Hydrophobic interactions, 154, 161 Inflammatory, 319 Hydrophobicity, 160 Ingolf, 9 Hydrophobic lock, 105 Inhalational anaesthetics, 311 Hydroplaning, 287 Inhale, 302 Hydrostatic gradient, 14 Inhibitory synapses, 110 Hydrostatic pressure, 1, 32, 162, 209, 235, 296, Inhibitory, 106 305, 313 In mitochondria, 309 Hydrostatic pressure gradient, 355 Inner membrane, 42, 104 Hydrothermal, 2, 203, 210, 237 Inner plasma membrane, 54 Hydrothermal vents, 6, 13, 15, 18, 117, 125, Inoculum, 394 134, 138, 140, 142, 166, 175, 187, 215, Inositol (PI), 163, 179 231, 233–235, 243, 244, 247, 257, 341, Insects, 22, 49, 295 400 In situ experiments, 232 Hydrox, 316 Inspiration, 303 Hydroxybutarate, 249 Instrument sled, 405 Hydroxyl radical, 309 Integrated Ocean Drilling Project (IODP), 16 Hyperactivity, 312 Integrins, 53 Hyperbaric chambers, 89, 93, 94, 353, 357 Interfacial volume, 34 Hyperbaric oxygen, 309 Interference contrast microscope, 373 Hyperexcitability, 87, 108, 122, 317 Interpolar microtubules, 58 Hyperodon, 300 Intestine, 204 Hyperpiezophile, 246 Intracellular membrane, 173 , 246, 247, 249, 250, 256 Intracellular microelectrode, 98 Hyperthermophilic, 236, 247 Intrinsic, 152, 215, 218 Hyperventilating the lungs, 298 Intrinsic adaptation, 153–160, 216–220 Hyperventilation, 298 Intrinsically adapted, 165 Hyphae, 144 Inverted microscope, 371 Hypoxanthine, 284 Ion channels, 97, 98, 101, 168, 314, 315 Hypoxia, 299, 306 Ionic bonds, 154 Hypoxic, 278 Ionic currents, 98–100 Ionic hydration, 32 Ionic regulation, 138, 181 I Ion pumping, 180, 278 Ice, 12–13, 31, 45, 204 Ionisation, 36, 37, 199 Ice cap, 12 Ions, 32, 273, 274 Iceland, 208 Ion transport, 181 Ice VI, 332 IPMDH, 220 432 Index

IPOCAMP, 242, 391 Kairei, 247 IPPOCAMP, 391 Kermadec, 166 Iron, 16, 199, 247 Kermadec Trench, 165 Isinglass, 286 Ketamine, 315 Isis mud volcano, 212 Kidneys, 164, 181, 276, 278, 283, 343 Isobaric, 120, 122–127, 133, 135, 140, 145, Killer whale, 300, 320 197, 213, 222, 232, 241, 248, 284, 346, Kinesins, 60 386, 389, 392, 395, 396, 398, 399, 401, Kinetics, 103 404 Kinetochore microtubules, 58 Isobaric benthic trap, 382, 383, 385 King crab, 341 Isobaric collecting equipment, 117 King penguin, 299, 300 Isobaric collecting vessel, 381 Km, 41, 65, 156, 157, 164, 184, 239, 240, 307 Isobaric collection, 61, 194, 196, 198, 238, 359, Krill, 260 377–402 Krogh Principle, 314 Isobaric cores, 402, 404 Krypton, 161, 209, 311 Isobaric drill cores, 402–404 Kurile–Kamchatka Trench, 7, 143 Isobaric equipment, 196 Isobaric fish-collecting equipment, 386 Isobaric fish traps, 386, 387 L Isobaric isolation apparatus, 393 Laboratory evolution, 327, 330 Isobaric sediment retrieval, 214 Lactate, 283, 307, 341 Isobaric trap, 122–124, 382 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 36, 155–157, Isobaric transfer, 391 164, 167, 307 Isobarically, 144 Lactic, 241 Isobarically collected, 242 Lactic acid, 156, 299, 300 Isobarically transferred, 198 Lactic dehydrogenase, 155 Isolating procedure, 394 Lag phase, 199 Isolation chamber, 394, 404 Lagenamimma difflugiformis, 143 Isopod, 195, 400 Lake Baikal, 2, 12, 120–122, 126, 130, 166 Isoprenoid chains, 173 Lakes, 2 Isoprenoids, 252 Lake Tanganyika, 12 3-isopropylmalate, 220 Lake Vostok, 12, 13, 208 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, 220 Lake Whillans, 208 Isotropic packing, 45 Lanceola sayana,87 Lander, 399 Lander cages, 140 J Large high-pressure windows, 375–376 Japan Trench, 7, 143, 183, 245 Larvae, 235, 258, 262, 272, 342, 347 Jellyfish, 86 Larval, 257 Joetsu Knoll, 214 Larval stage, 90, 237 JOIDES Resolution, 406, 407 Lateral compressibility, 44 Juan de Fuca Ridge, 16, 187, 250, 405, 407 Lateral compression, 44 Junction potential, 125 Lateral flagella, 216 Junk, 287 Lateral line, 343 Jupiter, 13, 236 Laterally diffuse, 42 Latimeria, 289 Laughing gas, 310 K Law of Laplace, 303 K channels, 102, 104–106 L-carnitine, 221 K current, 102 Leatherback turtle, 296 K ions, 107 Le Chatelier’s Principle, 31, 45, 220, 232 K+, 102, 180 Lepidophthirus macrorhini, 296 K+ ions, 97, 104 Lepomys cyanellus, 177 Index 433

Leptocephali, 342 Loligo vulgaris, 102 Leptonychotes weddellii, 301, 317 Loop, 282, 283 Lethal, 331 Loop of Henle, 283 Leucine, 154, 197 Loss of consciousness, 313 L form, 206 Loss of equilibrium, 338 Life cycle, 259 Lost, 18 Life thermal tolerance, 242 Lost City, 233–235 Lift, 271, 274 Louse, 296 Ligand gated channels, 100 LUCA, 235, 236 Light, 159 Lucky Strike, 232 Light guides, 360, 362 Luminescence, 215 Light spectrum, 6 Lung Lignite, 206 Lung surfactant, 304 Limiting factor, 11, 376 Lungs, 90, 288, 297, 299–302, 305, 309 Limpets, 4, 259 Lymphocyte, 52 Lipid, 42, 174, 210, 252, 273, 282, 284 Lyse, 249 Lipid bilayer membranes, 44 Lysianassidae, 166 Lipid bilayers, 42, 46, 47, 102, 160, 173, 174, Lysine, 154 250, 305 Lysis, 202, 211 Lipid Divide, 173, 252 Lipid metabolism, 329 Lipid packing, 253 M Lipid peroxidation, 138, 242 Macaca fascicularis, 316 Lipid substitution, 180 Mackerel, 131 Lipid vesicles, 44 Macrofauna, 12 Lipids, 23, 173, 250, 271, 273, 285, 286, 289, Macrourus bairdii, 283 310 Magnesium, 17, 138, 233 Liposomes, 44, 45, 47, 104, 105, 174, 217, 252, Magnesium hydroxide, 233 253, 255, 363 Magnesium sulphate, 32 Liquefaction, 48 Magnetite, 17 Liquefy, 48 Maja brachydactyla,87 Liquid breathing, 90 Malate dehydrogenase (MDH), 156, 157, 239 Liquid chromatography pumps, 354, 400 Malate–NADH, 243 Liquid crystalline phase transition, 44 Mammalia, 300 Liquid paraffin, 101 Mammals, 6, 283, 296, 299, 308, 317 Listeria innocua, 168 Manganese, 233 Listeria monocytogenes, 221 Manned submersibles, 11 Lithium, 233 , 17 Lithodes maja, 341 Mariana, 166, 232 Lithodes, 342 Mariana Trench, 5, 7, 10, 11, 125, 141, 143, Lithostatic pressure, 19, 235 144, 195, 198, 202, 332, 400 Lithostatic pressure gradient, 14, 16 Marine snow, 194, 201 Littoral, 7 Marinitoga, 250 Liver, 140, 156, 176, 289 Marinitoga piezophilia, 249 Liver oils, 287, 290 Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, 185, 215 Livers, 179 Marinogammarus marinus, 86, 87, 117, 120, Lligand gated channels, 106 123, 339 Load-bearing joints, 20, 111, 366 Mars, 237 Lobster, 87, 103, 133 Maximum reaction velocity, 41 Local anaesthesia, 310 Maximum working pressure, 376 Locust, 314 MDH–NADH, 240 Loki’s Castle, 248 Measuring pressure, 3–4 Loligo forbesii,98 Mechanical stresses, 2, 21 434 Index

Mechano-activated, 104, 105 kandleri, 247 Mechano-activated channels, 100 Methylamine, 168, 206 Mechano-gated ion channels, 53 Methyl ammonium, 273 Mechanotransducing, 53 Methyl branched, 252 Medical students, 298 Methyl groups, 252 Medical technology, 158 Mice, 90, 342 Medicinal liquid paraffin, 355, 362 Michaelis Constant, 41 Mediterranean, 196, 205, 343 Microbial Eukaryotes, 141–145 Mediterranean Sea, 6, 130, 202, 215, 232 Microbial observatories, 214 Mega, 1, 314 Microelectrodes, 98 Megafauna, 12 Microenvironment, 2, 22, 111 Mega-ohm seal, 98, 314, 360 Micro-hydrostatic pressures, 88 2 MeHPC, 174 Micromanipulator, 315 3 MeHPC, 174 Micrometre drive, 361 4 MeHPC, 174 Microorganisms, 12 5 MEHPC, 174 Microparticles, 319 Meiofauna, 12, 141 Micro-pipette, 98, 103 Melting point, 44 Microscope pressure chamber, 258 Membrane bilayers, 183, 184 Microstates, 33 Membrane fluidity, 185, 186, 256 Microtubular, 161 Membrane lipids, 179, 182, 255, 330 Microtubules, 48, 49, 53, 57, 58, 61, 142, 145, Membrane protein, 339 369 Membranes, 11, 23, 42, 96, 97, 126, 131, 151, Micro villi, 158 159, 173–187, 235, 249, 275, 278, 299, Microviscosity, 174 332, 336, 345 Mid Atlantic, 240 Membrane transport, 328 Mid Atlantic Ridge, 19, 125, 241, 242, 244, Memory, 310 255, 258, 341 Menez Gwen, 240, 341 Mid-ocean ridges, 232, 233 Mesopelagic, 7 Migration, 342, 345 Mesophile, 328 Military sonar, 302 Mesoplodon densirostris, 300 Milnesium tardigradum, 333 Metabolic rates, 135, 137, 278 Minimal metabolic activity, 206 Metabolism, 135, 205 Minimum energy, 205 Metallothioneins, 242 Mining, 6, 143, 215 Metamorphic, 204 Miocene, 206 Metamorphosis, 343, 346 Mirocaris fortunata, 258 Metaphase, 59 Mirounga angustirostris, 301, 307, 320 Meteor, 13, 333 Mirounga leonine, 301 Meteorite, 333 Mites, 244 Meteorite impacts, 3 Mitochondria, 24, 52, 62, 64, 108, 137, 157, Methane (CH4), 15, 17, 18, 206, 207, 209, 211, 168, 177, 179, 236, 277, 278 215, 233, 234, 241, 247, 251, 255, 310, Mitochondrial DNA, 155 341, 404 Mitochondrial membranes, 346 Methane hydrates, 212–214, 402 Mitochondrial respiration, 346 Methanococcales, 246 Mitosis, 48, 49, 58, 210 jannaschii, 105, 249, 255 Mitotic apparatus, 161, 369 Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus, 199, Mixotrophic, 241 211, 255 Mobile Genetic Elements (MGE), 13, 201, 203, Methanococcus thermolithotropicus, 249 249, 250 , 255 Mobilome, 250 Methanogenic, 249 Molar volume, 32, 209, 219 Methanogenic bacteria, 221 Molecular antagonism, 313 , 18, 211, 247 Molecular motion, 42, 252 Index 435

Molecular simulations, 167, 219 Mutants, 199, 334, 336 Molecular volume, 31, 38 Mutations, 34, 152, 155, 169, 329, 330 Mollusca, 8, 86 Mycoplasma, 195 Molluscan shell, 240 Myelin membranes, 174 Molluscs, 9, 49, 141, 159, 165, 231, 234, 240, Myofibrillar, 153 259 Myoglobin, 301 Monkey, 316 Myosin, 153 Monodon, dolphins, 300 Myotomes, 131 Monolayers, 42, 252, 304, 305 Mystceti, 300 Monomer–polymer equilibrium, 55 Mytilus edulis, 259, 342 Monomers, 56, 61 Myxomycetes, 144 Monoplacophora, 8 Monounsaturated, 251 Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), 183, N 334 Na, 102, 106, 107, 109 Monterey Canyon, 136 Na channels, 102 Moorings, 382 Na ions, 216 Mora, 134 Na+, 97, 102, 180 Mora moro, 133 Na+ ions, 180 Moritella, 198 Na+/K+ -ATPase, 180 Moritella japonica, 219 , 240 Moritella profunda, 218, 219 Nankai Trough, 15, 186 Mother ship, 94 Nanocrowding, 167 Motile cells, 331 Nanomachine, 62, 63 Motility, 216, 328 Narcosis, 309, 313, 317 Motive force, 59 Narcosis theory, 215 Motor activity, 87, 136, 340, 344 Narcotic, 209 Motor nerve, 110 Narcotic potency, 312 Motor proteins, 58, 59 Narwhal, 300 Mountain rescue, 312 Natural selection, 23, 34, 108, 111, 156, 159, Mouse, 90, 139, 311, 312 327 MPa, 1, 4 Nauplius, 261 MscL, 105, 106 Nautilus, 276–278 MscS, 104–106 Nautilus adds, 274 MT-41, 195 Nautilus belauensis, 277 Multi-Autoclave Corer, 211 Nautilus macromphalus, 277 Multi-layered vesicles, 44 Nautilus pompilius, 277, 278 Multimeric, 34, 36, 106 Nautilus pompilus, 277 Multimeric enzymes, 157 Navigation, 342 Multimeric proteins, 34 Necrotic (dead) patches, 318 Multiplication, 194, 205 Negatively, 201 Muramic acid, 207 Negative partial molar volume, 274 Muscle cells, 48, 56 Negative pressure, 4 Muscle jerks, 317 Nematoda, 19 Muscles, 11, 54, 85, 87, 89, 91, 95, 98, 103, worm, 49 106–108, 110, 125, 131–133, 153, 155, , 141 164, 166, 168, 240, 243, 271, 273, 286, Neobodo designis, 142 299, 307, 314, 371 Neocalanus, 261 Muscle spindle, 105 Neon, 161, 209, 311, 312 Muscular contraction, 110 Neopilina, 8 Mussels, 138, 240–241, 244, 251, 258, 259, Neopilina galatheae, 8 341–343, 392 Neoverruca, 135, 243 Mutant enzymes, 220 Nereus, 11 436 Index

Nerve cells, 95 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Nerve conduction, 95, 210 (NMR), 46, 371 Nerve impulse, 54, 96 Nucleate, 318 Nerves, 11, 54, 85, 96, 106, 107, 131, 133, 134, Nucleic acids, 17, 19 210 Nucleus, 23, 42, 50, 58 Nervous systems, 92, 168, 313, 321 Nutations, 151 Neural control, 339 Nutrient solution, 399 Neural processing, 159 Neurobiology, 346 Neurological oxygen toxicity, 309 O Neuromuscula, 92 Obligate anaerobe, 246 Neuromuscular, 89, 96, 124 Occam’s razor, 315 Neuromuscular junctions, 107, 125, 131 Ocean Drilling Program Expedition, 206 Neuromuscular system, 344, 345 Oceanic crust, 16–18, 204 Neurones, 87 Oceanitis scutella, 144 , 52, 95–98, 101, 103, 108, 131, Octopus, 4 133–134 Odobenidae, 300 Neuroprotective, 312 Odontoceti, 300 Neurotransmitters, 54, 89, 100, 103, 106, 108, Odontogammarus margaritaceus, 120 313, 317 Offset, 314 Neutral buoyancy, 271, 272, 276, 278, 284, Ogasawara Islands, 289 287, 290 Ohm seal patch clamp, 314 Neutral lipids, 303 Oil reservoirs, 205 Neutrally, 280 Oils, 272, 273, 275, 286, 288, 289 Neutrally buoyancy, 274, 287, 288 Oil seepages, 215 Neutrinos, 215 Oil spills, 215 Neutron scattering, 220, 371, 374 Oil well logging sampler, 393 Neutrophils, 319 Oil wells, 16 Newborn respiratory distress syndrome, 303 Okinawa Trough, 244, 247, 251 Newfoundland Margin, 208 Oligotrophic, 194, 200 Newts, 90 Olive oil, 311, 312, 316 Nezumia bairdii, 157 Olivine, 17 Nickel, 199, 233 Ommatogammarus albinus, 120 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), Ommatophoca rossii, 317 156, 157, 164 OmpC, 104, 217 Nitrates, 234, 247 OmpH, 216 Nitrogen, 89, 110, 209, 211, 247, 255, 275, 279, OmpL, 216 280, 282, 283, 297, 299, 301, 302, 305, Oncorhynchus mykiss, 346 306, 309–318, 320 Oocytes, 103 Nitrogen narcosis, 306, 311, 312, 316 Oomycete, 144 Nitrous oxide, 310–313, 315 Opaepele, 243 NMDA, 109, 339 Opisthokonta, 141 Noctiluca, 272 Opsins, 159, 160 Non-polar lipids, 256 Optical cell, 155 Normal stress response, 339 Optical density, 199 North Atlantic, 154 Optical glass, 368 Northern Elephant seal, 301, 307, 320 Optical glass flat, 369 Northern fur seal, 307 Optical pressure chamber, 100 The North Pacific, 154 Optode, 402 Notoliparis kermadecensis, 165 Orchomene, 124 Notostomus gibbosus, 272 Orcinus, 300 N-propane, 210 Orcinus orca, 320 Order parameter, 178, 184 Index 437

Ordered bilayers, 336 Pain in the joints, 318 Ordered gel state, 45 Palaemonetes, 242, 339 Origin of life, 17, 234–237 Palaemonetes varians, 87, 338 O-ring, 357 Pallascea grubei, 120 Osmoconformers, 162, 165 Palmitic acid, 43 Osmolarity, 162, 164 Panulirus interruptus, 103 Osmoles, 162 Papio papio, 317 Osmolytes, 162, 163, 165–168, 221, 290 Paracalisoma alberti, 124 Osmoregulation, 162, 342 Paralicella, 119 Osmosis, 53, 278 Paralicella caperesca, 121, 124 Osmotic, 163, 274, 277 Paralvinella palmiformis, 250 Osmotic pressure, 162, 276, 283 Paralvinella sulfincola, 240 Osteocytes, 53 Paralysed, 86, 338, 339, 344 Osteonecrosis, 319 Paralysis, 87, 118, 120, 127, 338 Osteosarcoma cells, 57, 340 Paraphysomonas butcheri, 142 Ostracod, 87, 239 Paratarsotomus macropapis, 239 Otaria flavescens, 296 Parathemisto, 87, 120 Otariidae, 300 Partial molal volume Density, 273 Otters, 300 Partial molar, 220 Outer membrane, 42, 54, 104 Partial molar volume, 32, 34, 272, 273 Oval window, 284 Partial pressure, 89, 161, 209, 280, 283, 297, Ovis aries, 305 299, 311 Oxic sediments, 204, 205 Partial pressure gradient, 280 Oxidative damage, 306 Partial specific volume, 160 Oxidative defences, 137 Particles, 393 Oxidative metabolism, 346 Particulate material, 141, 194, 201 Oxidative phosphorylation, 345 Parvulus, 244 Oxidative stress, 6, 137 Pascal, 1, 3 Oxygen, 6, 9, 31, 53, 63, 86, 89, 90, 141, 204, Pascalise, 328 205, 207, 214, 233, 240, 248, 279, 280, Pasteurise, 328 285, 295, 297, 301, 305, 306, 309, 310, Patch clamp, 98, 104, 105, 108, 217 337, 371 Patch clamp recording, 103, 360–361 Oxygen consumption, 53, 85, 127, 135, 239, Patch electrode, 360 259, 340, 341, 345 Patch pipette, 104, 314, 315, 361, 362 Oxygen–helium gas, 394 Pathogen, 330 Oxygen radicals, 309 Pathological, 337, 338 Oxygen species, 242 Pathways, 317 Oxygen store, 301 Pearl divers, 296 Oxygen toxicity, 309, 361 Peizophilic, 213, 220 Oxyhaemoglobin, 280, 283 Pelagic, 15, 279 Pelagic fish, 343 Penguins, 295, 300 P Penicillium lagena, 144 Pachycara salganhai, 127 Peptide bonds, 236 Pachyptila, 262 Perfusion system, 373 Pacific, 142, 143 PERISCOP, 241, 242, 390–392 Pacific Ocean, 212 Permeability, 173, 175, 283 Pacific trenches, 166 Permeability barrier, 252 Pacinian corpuscles, 104 Permeable, 281 Packing, 254 Permeases, 336 Padaliscoides longicaudatus,7 pH buffers, 199 Pagurus cuanensis,87 Phalacrocorax atriceps, 300 Pain, 310 Phase, 273 438 Index

Phase contrast, 371 Planar bilayers, 44 Phase-contrast microscopy, 369 Plankton, 123, 272, 273 Phase transition temperature, 47 Plankton net, 380 Phase transitions, 44, 45, 209, 253, 285, 287, Planktonic, 257, 259–260, 262, 286 288, 329 Planktonic larvae, 234 Phenotype, 216, 327 Plasma, 138 Phenotypic plasticity, 347 Plasmids, 250, 328, 331, 333 Philippine Trench, 7 Plastic, 6 Phoca vitulina, 307 Plastically deforms, 376 Phocidae (seals), 300 Plasticity of the phenotype, 342 Phosphatase, 197 Plastron, 295 Phosphatidic acid, 252 Platanistoidea, 300 Phosphatidylcholine, 181, 305 Platelet, 320 Phosphatidylethanolamine, 174 Platelet activation, 319 Phosphatidylglycerol, 174, 303 Platelet aggregation, 319, 320 Phospholipid membrane, 217 Platelet count, 319 Phospholipids, 23, 44, 173, 179, 185, 209, 284, Platelets, 308, 319, 321, 366 341 Plating out, 200, 394 Photobacterium phosphoreum, 215 Pleated sheet, 33 Photobacterium profundum, 249, 333–335 Pleopods, 86, 119, 123, 125, 134, 340 Photobacterium profundum SS9, 183, 186, 216 Pleuronectes platessa, 85, 88, 138, 178 Photoelastic analysis, 376 Plug, 319 Photoisomerisation, 159 Plumes, 238, 244, 249, 258 Photometer, 362 Plutonaster, 260 Photons, 158 Plutonaster bifrons, 260 Photoreceptor, 159 PMMA, 357, 375 Photosynthesis, 6, 15–17, 233 PMMA collar, 363 Photosynthetic, 211 PMMA windows, 359, 371, 376, 377, 383 Phylogenetic classification, 22 Pogonophora, 238 Physeter, 300 Polar, 31, 33, 42 Physeter macrocephalus, 287 Polarised light, 46 Physeteroidea, 300 Polarising microscopy, 369 Physiological, 313 Poliomyelitis, 202 Physoclistous, 279 Pollutants, 6, 137, 140 Physostomatous, 279 Pollution, 141, 215 Phytoplankton, 6, 272 Poly valyl RNase, 35, 37–39, 59, 161 PICCEL, 368, 391 Polychaete, 49, 166, 238, 239, 250, 258 Picoeukaryotic, 141, 143 Polychaete worms, 248 Piezo , 335 Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), 393, 396, 398 Piezolytes, 164, 221, 334, 335 Polymerisation, 50, 59, 62, 153, 154, 164, 236, , 196, 198, 200, 207, 256, 334, 392 369 Piezophilia, 250 Polymerises, 48, 55, 153 Piezophilic, 143, 215, 216, 221, 249, 255, 333 Polymer–monomer equilibrium, 153, 161 Piezotoleran, 210 Polymers, 34 Piezotolerance, 143 Polymethylmethacrylate, 357 Piezotolerant, 196, 213, 244 Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, 319 Pigeon, 174 Polypeptide, 51, 103 Pilina, 8 Polypeptide chains, 34 Pinnacles, 233, 235 Polytomella,58 Pinnipedia, 300 Polyunsaturated, 179, 273 Pinnipeds, 301, 304, 306 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 183, 184 Piston corer, 403 Polyvalyl RNase, 56 Plaice, 85, 88, 138, 178 Polyzoa, 9 Index 439

Pomatoceros lamarcki, 140 Prokaryotes, 23, 24, 54, 117, 145, 175, 193, Pompeii worms, 238, 391, 392 202, 222, 333, 346 Pop up, 118, 156, 382 Proline, 154, 256 Pop-up trap, 121 Propane, 211, 215 Porcupine Sea Bight, 127, 176 Propofol, 311 Pores, 216 Propylene, 210 Porins, 104, 216 Proteases, 52 Porosity, 14 Protein adaptation, 152–160 Porpoises (Phocaena), 300 Protein binding, 315 Positive, 290 Proteins, 31–35, 151, 160–167, 169, 197, 242 Positively buoyant, 272 Protein SP A, 304 Postsynaptic, 108, 109 Protein SP B, 304 Postsynaptic membrane, 107 Protein SSB, 218 Potamocypris, 239 Proteins adapted to high pressure, 42 Potentiation, 107, 108 Protein synthesis, 51, 204, 329 Poulter, 369 Proteobacteria, 19 Poulter seal, 368, 372 Proteoglycan, 202 Power, 272 Protists, 8, 141–143, 244, 245, 248 Plaice, 131 Protofilaments, 59, 61 Preamplifier, 360, 362 Proton motive force, 62, 64, 235 Prebiotic, 236 Protons, 63 Premature babies, 90 Protozoa, 24, 49 Press, 213 Psammechinus miliaris, 260 Pressure, 125, 257, 297 Pseudomonas, 198 Pressure acclimation, 341, 342 Pseudomonas sp BT1, 183 Pressure adaptation, 344 , 196 Pressure aquarium, 278 Psychrophilic, 184 Pressure-induced proteins, 340 PT99, 218 Pressure protection, 161, 162, 166, 167, 312 PTFE, 405 Pressure rating, 358 Puerto Rico Trench, 395 Pressure-resistant, 220 Puffinus griseus, 300 Pressure retaining device (PRD), 390 Pulmonary lavage, 303 Pressure reversal, 313, 315 Pumped, 280 Pressure reversal of anaesthesia, 215, 312, 316 Pumping gas, 354 Pressure-stat, 388 abbyssi, 247 Pressure stat-aquarium, 387 , 152, 246 Pressure techniques, 353 , 152, 246 Pressure tolerance, 87, 91–92, 96, 117, 120, , 247 121, 128, 130, 134, 152, 155, 237, 257, Photobacterium phosphoreum, 221 328, 338, 342, 344 Photobacterium profundum, 216, 217, 219, Pressure tolerant strains, 335 221, 333, 334 Pressure transducers, 366, 381 Photobacterium profundum SS9, 216, 218 Pressure vessels, 357 Pyrococcus yayanosi, 247 Pressurised recovery device (PRD), 390 Pyrococcus glycovorans, 246 Presynaptic, 110 Pyrococcus sp., 335 Primary cilium, 53 Pyrococcus yayanosi, 246 Primary production, 232, 402 Pyruvate, 156 Primary sequence, 35, 156 Primary structures, 33, 156 Primates, 91, 94 Q Pristane, 286, 290 Quanta, 107 Prokaryote channels, 363 Quartz, 368, 371 Prokaryote microorganisms, 141 Quartz windows, 10, 368, 385 440 Index

Quaternary structure, 35 Resistance to inactivation, 331 Quiescent, 296 Resistant cells, 330 Respiration, 121, 135, 212, 258, 296, 339, 346, 387 R Respiration rate, 205 Rabbit, 164, 307 Respired, 215 Racemization, 206, 207 Resting potentials, 97, 98, 104, 107, 133 Racoon, 92 Resuscitate, 118, 120, 124, 133, 138 Radiation, 243 Resuscitation, 127–134, 140, 145, 153 Radioactive, 16 Rete, 283, 284 Radiolaria, 141 Retina, 158 Radiolysis, 18 Retrofit kits, 214 Radius of gyration, 35 Rhabdomer photoreceptor, 159 Rainbow vent, 242, 244 Rhabdomers, 158 Ralstonia pickettii,18 Rhesus monkey, 92 Rana pipiens, 313 Rhizaria, 141 Rana sylvatica, 312 Rhizarians, 24 Rapid breathing, 302 Rhodospirillum sphaerocarpum, 144 Rat, 109, 174 Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, 144 Rate constant, 39 Rhodotorula rubra, 144 Rate process theory, 38 Rhynchomonas nasuta, 244 Rates of reaction, 38–40 Rib cage, 297 Ratfish, 283 Ribonuclease, 37 Ratio of unsaturated: saturated fatty acids, 329 Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 11, 12, 18, 22, 50, Ratio of viruses to bacteria, 202 119, 156, 184, 202–204, 244, 246, 328, Rays, 289 334 Reaction rates, 111 Ribosomal synthesis, 236 Reaction times, 310 Ribosomes, 50, 52, 139 Reactions in solution, 36–40 Ridge, 240 Reactive, 242 Riftia, 262 Reactive oxygen, 319 , 237, 239, 257 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 137, 306 Right whale, 300 Re-assemble, 36 Righting, 90 Receptor, 202, 203 Righting reflex, 311, 313, 315 Reciprocating piston pumps, 354 Rimicaris, 242 Reciprocating pressure pump, 380 Rimicaris exoculata, 125, 241, 243, 257, 258, Recompression, 117–145, 194, 240, 260 391 Reconstituted, 217 River dolphins, 300 Record breath-hold, 299 River Nile delta, 212 Recording technique, 133 RNase, 37 Red cells, 138, 307, 337 ROBIO, 407 Red muscle, 131, 345 Robots, 93 Reflexes, 87, 90, 95–96, 110, 299, 311 Rockall Basin, 120, 123 Refractive index, 371 Rodents, 283 Refractory, 101 Root cells, 210 Regulating fluidity, 175 Root effect, 284 Remotely operated vehicle (ROV), 136, 214, Rotary motion, 63 275, 389, 399, 403, 406 Rotary motor, 55, 216 Repair mechanisms, 332 Rotating shaft, 357 Replication, 202, 203 Rotation, 63, 65 Reptiles, 296 Rothia mucinlagiosa, 244 Resistance, 327 Roundworms, 141 Resistance adaptation, 337 The ROV Hyper-Dolphin, 214 Index 441

ROV Jason II, 248, 400 Sebastolobus altivelis, 156, 167 ROV Victor 6000, 239, 240, 242, 244, 391 Secondary structure, 33 R V Alpha Helix, 151 Sedimentary, 204 R V Atlantis, 248, 400 Sedimentary rock, 205 R V Natsushima, 214 Sediment cores, 212, 213 Ryukyu Trench, 184, 333 Sediments, 6, 12, 141, 142, 194, 203, 204, 393 Seizures, 89, 92, 317, 338, 344 Self-assembly, 56, 57, 153, 203 S Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus Sablefish, 180 (SCUBA), 308 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 61, 144, 175, 210, Semi-permeable membrane, 53 336 Sepia, 278, 279 Saccharomyces sp., 335–337 Sepia officinalis, 276–278 Safe working pressure, 371 Septa, 278 Safety, 358, 376 Serine, 154, 179, 220 Salinity, 271 Serpentine, 17 Salmo gairdneri,88 Serpentinisation, 17, 18, 233 Salpa, 272 Serpentinite, 233 Salt bridges, 155 Sexual development, 343 Salting out, 166, 283 Sexual maturation, 346 Sand goby, 85 Sexual maturity, 343 Sand hopper, 86 Shaker B, 103 Sandwiches, 193 Shale, 206 San Juan Ridge, 204 Shape change, 320 Sapphire, 368, 371 Sharks, 88, 286, 287, 289 Sapphire windows, 368, 371 Shear forces, 200, 393 Sapropels, 205 Shear stress, 21 Saprotrophs, 244 Sheep, 305 Sargasso Sea, 342 Shells, 241, 274–277 Satellite, 301 Shewanella, 198, 218, 219, 333 Saturated, 174, 181, 251 Shewanella benthica, 218, 220 Saturated fatty, 182 Shewanella hanedia, 218 Saturated fatty acids, 179, 187, 250 Shewanella oneidensis, 218, 220 Saturation ratio, 179 Shewanella piezotolerans, 216 Saturn, 236 Shewanella violacea, 184, 186, 218, 335 SC2A, 218 Shewanella violacea DSS12, 185 Schistocerca gregaria, 314 Shinkai, 261 Schizosaccharomyces pombe,61 Shinkai 6500, 197 Scuba diving, 306, 318 Shinkailepas myojinensis, 259 Sea, 259, 260 Shinkaiya lindsayi, 143 Sea anemones, 86, 231 Shock, 333 Sea bass, 88 Shock proteins, 339 Sea cucumber, 10 Shrimps, 86–88, 125, 165, 241–244, 248, 272, Seal displacement, 378 338, 391 Sea lions, 296, 300 Shrimps (Alvinocaris), 389 Seal platelets, 320 Sickle cell haemoglobin, 34, 152, 155, 210 Seals, 6, 295, 320 Signalling pathways, 53 Sea pens, 231 Silica, 233, 374 Sea snakes, 296 Silicate, 17 Sea urchins, 48, 49, 86 Silicone oil, 399 Sea water, 286 Silicon pistons, 361 Sebastodes miniatus, 285 Silver eels, 343, 344, 346 Sebastolobus alascanus, 153, 156 Simenchelys parasiticus, 138, 139, 387 442 Index

Single, 199 Sporosarcina sp., 183, 197 Single-channel activity, 314 Sprints, 131 Single channel recordings, 99, 103 Squalene, 286, 287, 289 Single independent variable, 199 Squalus acanthias, 289 Single molecules, 371 Squid, 4, 87, 98, 101, 108, 159, 274, 275 Sinking rates, 201 Squid axon, 102 Siphonophores, 272 Squid giant axon, 60, 101 , 277, 278 , 158, 165, 275 Sleeve valve, 385 Stainless steel, 393 SLiME, 211 Staphylococcus aureus, 168 Slurp gun, 244 Starfish, 8, 9, 260 Snails, 49, 103, 340 Starting a physiological reaction, 361–365 Snake Pit, 232, 255, 256 State, 296 SNase, 35, 168 Stationary phase, 198, 199, 205, 221, 330, 335 Sodium ions, 274 Steady-state depolarisation of DPH, 46 Soleus muscle, 110 Steady-state fluorescence anisotropy of DPH, Solfolubus acidocaldarius, 252 46 Sol-gel equilibrium, 48, 57 Steel, 357 Solubility, 283, 297, 309, 312 Stellate ganglion, 108 Solubility coefficient, 280 Stephonyx biscayensis, 121, 340 Solute-coupled water transport, 278 Sterechinus neumayeri, 260 Solvent effect, 160, 162, 166, 168, 210 Sterile film pouch, 394 Sooty shearwater, 299 Sterols, 43, 44 Sorbitol, 168 Stopping a reaction, 361 Sound, 6, 288 Store of oxygen, 300, 302 Sound waves, 285 Strain, 366 Southern Elephant seal, 301, 304 Strain gauge, 131 Southern Ocean, 273 Stramenopiles, 141 Spasms, 86, 87, 91, 118, 119, 122–126 Streptococcus,54 Spatial disorientation, 310 Streptococcus faecalis, 64, 210 Spawning, 257, 344 Stress, 239, 241, 242, 342, 357 Spawning migration, 345 Stress birefringence, 369 Species, 24, 195, 393 Stress proteins, 126, 329, 336 Spectroscopic, 255 Stress response, 51, 330, 333, 335, 336, 338, Spectroscopic measurements, 253 347 Speech, 309 Stretch activated, 105 Spermaceti, 286, 287 Stroke, 299, 306 Spermaceti organ, 286 Strontium, 17 Spermatophore, 261 Structural proteins, 152 Sperm whale, 275, 286–288, 300, 307, 318 Struggle phase, for, 298 Spheroplasts, 104, 105 Subduction zones, 16 Sphingolipids, 44 Subglacial, 208 Sphyraena barracuda, 180 sub-ice Deep Biosphere, 208 Spider crab, 87 Submarines, 94 Spiders, 295 Submersible, 93, 125, 135, 144, 198, 214, 238, Spinal, 317 353, 375, 387, 389, 393, 399 Spinal cord, 95, 96 Submersible Kaiko, 144 Spindle birefringence, 59 Submersible Shinkai, 245 Spindle microtubules, 369 Submersible Shinkai 2000, 138, 389 Spindles, 95 Substrate, 41 Spiny dogfish, 289 Subsurface Lithoautotrophic Microbial , 276–278 Ecosystems, 211 Spirula orbignyana, 278 Subunits, 34, 39, 339 Spirula spirula, 277 Suckle, 300 Spores, 144, 195, 205, 207 Sucrose, 168, 330 Index 443

Suction-capture, 138 Teflon, 393 Suction device, 387 Tegula brunnea, 340 Suction motor, 389 Telemeter, 289 Suctorians, 244 Telemetry, 366 Sugars, 233 Teleosts, 158, 159, 165, 167, 180 Sulphate, 17, 234, 272 Telostei, 289 Sulphate-reducing, 204 Temperature, 6, 232 Sulphide, 205, 212, 233, 234, 238, 241, 248, Tendon, 95 258, 259, 341 Tensile strength, 5 Sulphur, 241, 251 Tension, 42, 153 Sulu Trough, 333 Tentacles, 276 Sunda Trench, 8 Tertiary structure, 33 Sunlight, 6 Tetraether lipids, 254, 256 Supercritical, 245, 371 Tetrahedron, 31 Supercritical fluid, 232 Tetrahymena, 53, 58, 141, 162 Supercritical state, 236 Tetrahymena pyriformis, 49, 187 Supercritical water, 232 Tetramethyl ammonium, 273 Superheated, 2, 6, 232, 262 Tevnia jerichonana, 262 Superoxide anion, 309 Thaleichthyes pacificus, 290 Superoxide dismutase (SOD), 138, 243, 346 Thermaerobacter marianensis, 198 Supersaturated, 306, 318 Thermal cut out, 360 Surface tension, 303–305 Thermal limit, 15 Surfactant, 303–305 Thermal tolerance, 239 Surfactant protein, 303 Thermarces andersoni, 243 Surfactant protein B (SP B), 305 , 246 Surfactant protein C (SP C), 304 Thermococcus barophilus, 220, 246, 255, 256, Surfactant protein D (SP D), 304 335 Suspended animation, 205 Thermococcus kodakarensis, 220 Swim, 289 Thermococcus piezophilus, 247 Swim bladder, 88, 126, 127, 130, 273, Thermodynamic parameters, 154 279–285, 289, 343, 345 Thermodynamic theory, 281 Swimming, 287, 345 Thermophilic, 199 Swimming muscles, 131–133, 135 Thermophilic bacterium, 63 Symbionts, 144, 241, 251, 258, 341 Thickness, 44 Symbiosis, 234, 237, 257 Thick-walled cylinders, 357 Symbiotic, 24, 195, 392 Thin-walled cylinder, 393 Symbiotic bacteria, 236, 238, 240, 241 Thin-walled pressure, 357 Symphurus palguisa,88 Thread-locking, 357 Synaphobranchus kaupi, 128, 132, 133 Threshold pressure, 91 Synapses, 54, 95–97, 106–110 Time, 205 Synaptic, 317 Time-resolved anisotropy, 177 Synaptic cleft, 107 Time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, 46, Synaptic transmission, 95, 313 184 Syntrophic, 15, 204 Times, 207 Systelapsis,87 Tinogullmia sp., 142 Tissue culture, 138 Titanium, 200, 357 T Titanium alloy, 385 Tadpole, 312, 313 TMA-DPH, 184 Tag, 391 TMAO reductase, 221 Talisman, 9 Tmetonyx, 119 , 333 Tmetonyx cicada, 119, 120, 123 Taylorsville Basin, 19 Tobacco mosaic virus, 202 444 Index

Tolerance, 86, 119, 120, 123, 125 Turgor pressure, 53 Tolerance pressure, 88 Turnover, 205 Tomopteris,86 Twilight zone, 10 Tonga Trench, 7 Twitch, 131 Toothed whales, 300 Twitching, 309 Toxic, 210, 237, 242, 285, 309 Twitch tension, 345 Toxicity, 140 Two electrode , 364 Toxic salts, 243 Type I seizure, 342, 346 ToxR dimer, 217 Type II cells, 303–305 Trachea, 295, 301 Tyrosine, 152, 256 Trachyscorpia cristulata echinata, 128 Tyrrhenian sea, 232 Training, 342 Transcription, 50, 52, 140, 212, 216, 217, 328, 339 U Transcription regulator (ToxR), 217 Ubiquitination, 52 Transducers, 356, 380 Uca pugilator, 337 Transfer device, 394 Ultrasonic methods, 318 Transitions, 287 Underwater isolation, 395 Transition state theory, 38 Underwater vehicles, 10 Transition temperature, 45, 175, 209 Unfold, 34 Translocation, 51 Unfolding, 219 Transmission, 109, 317 Unikonts, 24 Transmitter, 107, 108, 314 Unmanned deep submersible vehicles, 232 Transport, 276, 283 Unmanned submersible, 11 Transporter, 336 Unmanned submersible Kaiko, 198 Transporting molecules, 42 Unsaturated, 174 Trap, 10, 118, 124, 158, 382 Unsaturated chains, 43 Travailleur, 9 Unsaturated fatty, 174 Trawl, 128 Unsaturated fatty acids, 176, 182, 183, 250, 307 Trawled, 177 Unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, 43 Trehalose, 163, 337 Unsaturated lipids, 178 Tremors, 89–91, 317 Unsaturated saturated fatty acids, 251 Trenches, 143, 158 Unsaturation, 175, 179, 185, 273 Triacylglycerol, 185, 273, 286, 289 Unsaturation index, 334 Triglycerides, 287, 290 Unsupported area, 372 Triglycine, 236 Upper-temperature limit for life, 203 Trimers, 216 Urate oxidase, 315 Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), 122, 126, Urchin, 259, 260 163–168, 221, 318 Urea, 163–165, 167, 168, 273, 289, 290 Trimethylammonium, 272, 273 Urine, 163, 283 Triturus cristatus carnifex,90 U V radiation, 330 Trochophore, 258, 259 Trophosome, 238 Tropomyosin b, 56 V Troponin, 56 Vaccenic acid, 43 Trout, 88, 133, 174, 346 Vagus nerve, 101, 133 Truncated cones, 376, 383, 387 Valettiopsis, 124 Trypanosomes, 24 Valine, 33, 34, 37, 154 Tryptophan, 336 Valyl, 161 Tubeworm, 257 Van der Waals, 31, 33 Tubulin, 36, 48, 55, 57–62, 139, 185, 369 Veliger, 259 Tubulin monomer, 60 Vent, 2, 233, 242, 243 Tunicates, 272 Vent chimneys, 258 Index 445

Ventral nerve cord, 96 Wax esters, 185, 273, 287, 290 Vertebrate, 91, 158, 159 Weddell seal, 301, 302, 307, 317 Vertical migration, 278 Whalebone whales, 300 Vesicles, 203, 250 Whales, 6, 9, 286, 287, 296, 299, 300, 302, 304, Viability, 391 317 Vibrio cholerae, 334 Whelk, 259 Vibrio diazotrophicus, 186 Whisky, 312 Vibrio fluvialis strain QY27, 221 White muscle, 131, 156, 343 Vibrio marinus, 185 White smokers, 233, 255, 258 Vibrio marinus MP-1, 182 Window, 123 Vimentin, 57 Wire electrodes, 98 Viruses, 13, 20, 22, 36, 168, 197, 201–204, 231, Witwatersrand Basin, 19 237, 249, 250, 304 Worms, 8, 19, 86, 96, 141, 239 Viscosity, 32, 174, 272 Vision, 160 Visual interaction hypothesis, 135 X Visual pigment, 158–160, 243 Xenobiotics, 140 Vital capacity, 309 Xenon, 209, 310, 311, 313, 315 Vityaz, 8 Xenon and nitrogen, 161 Vmax, 41 Xenophyophores, 143 Voids, 34 Xenopus, 103 Void volumes, 219, 220 X-ray, 35, 61, 105, 168, 302, 371, 403 Voltage, 42, 100, 102 X-ray analysis, 47 Voltage activated channels, 100 X-ray computer tomography, 212, 302 Voltage clamp, 99, 102 X-ray crystallography, 44, 56, 315 Voltage gated, 106 Volume, 31, 45, 206, 220, 232, 238, 273, 313, 315 Y Volume change, 55, 105, 161, 206 Yeast, 49, 61, 141, 144, 161, 175, 210, 244, Volume decrease, 219 286, 328, 335–337, 346 Volume increase, 37, 45, 315 Yellow eels, 343–346

W Z Walruses, 300 Zalophus californianus, 301, 305 Waste, 16 Ziphius cavirostris, 296, 300 Water, 31–35 Zirconia, 375 Water molecule, 31 Zirconia ceramic cell, 371 Water samplers, 396 Zoarcidae sp., 127, 389 Wavelengths, 160 Z ring, 185 Wax, 286