Squid Giant Axon (Glia/Neurons/Secretion)
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Was Not Reached, However, Even After Six to Sevenhours. A
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE ISOLATED GIANT AXON OF THE SQUID* BY A. GIUDITTA,t W.-D. DETTBARN,t AND MIROSLAv BRZIN§ MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, WOODS HOLE, MASSACHUSETTS Communicated by David Nachmansohn, February 2, 1968 The work of Weiss and his associates,1-3 and more recently of a number of other investigators,4- has established the occurrence of a flux of materials from the soma of neurons toward the peripheral regions of the axon. It has been postulated that this mechanism would account for the origin of most of the axonal protein, although the time required to cover the distance which separates some axonal tips from their cell bodies would impose severe delays.4 On the other hand, a number of observations7-9 have indicated the occurrence of local mechanisms of synthesis in peripheral axons, as suggested by the kinetics of appearance of individual proteins after axonal transection. In this paper we report the incorporation of radioactive amino acids into the protein fraction of the axoplasm and of the axonal envelope obtained from giant axons of the squid. These axons are isolated essentially free from small fibers and connective tissue, and pure samples of axoplasm may be obtained by extru- sion of the axon. Incorporation of amino acids into axonal protein has recently been reported using systems from mammals'0 and fish."I Materials and Methods.-Giant axons of Loligo pealii were dissected and freed from small fibers: they were tied at both ends. Incubations were carried out at 18-20° in sea water previously filtered through Millipore which contained 5 mM Tris pH 7.8 and 10 Muc/ml of a mixture of 15 C'4-labeled amino acids (New England Nuclear Co., Boston, Mass.). -
Neuronal Growth and Death: Minireview Order and Disorder in the Axoplasm
Cell, Vol. 84, 663±666, March 8, 1996, Copyright 1996 by Cell Press Neuronal Growth and Death: Minireview Order and Disorder in the Axoplasm Don W. Cleveland no neurofilaments in axons as a consequence of prema- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research ture translation termination in NF-L (Ohara et al., 1993). and Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience This results in no detectable NF-L protein, total absence University of California, San Diego of neurofilaments, and resultant axons that almost com- 9500 Gilman Drive pletely fail to grow radially. La Jolla, California 92093 A central limit to neurofilment-dependent radial growth is the velocity and quantity of components deliv- ered to axons by axonal transport. Transport is a neces- Neurons, whose long thin axonal processes represent sity for neurons, as protein synthesis is restricted to the conduits for electrical signaling, are the most asym- cell bodies and dendrites. Membrane-bound particles metric cells in nature. Asymmetry arises in two steps, in axons are trafficked rapidly in both directions using each mediated by different cytoskeletal elements. Initial ATP-dependent microtubule motors. The remaining neurite elongation utilizes actin/myosin for growth cone components, including all known cytoskeletal proteins, locomotion and microtubules as tracks along which pro- teins and membranes are delivered from the cell body toward the developing axon terminus. After a stable synapse has formed, a second phase, termed radial growth, is initiated during which neurofilaments, the in- termediate filaments of most large neurons, accumulate to become the most abundant cytoskeletal elements (Figure 1B) and the axonal diameters increase by up to an order of magnitude (leading to up to a 100-fold in- crease in volume!). -
Evidence for the Glia-Neuron Protein Transfer
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by PubMed Central EVIDENCE FOR THE GLIA-NEURON PROTEIN TRANSFER HYPOTHESIS FROM INTRACELLULAR PERFUSION STUDIES OF SQUID GIANT AXONS H. GAINER, I. TASAKI, and R. J. LASEK From the Behavioral Biology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014, the Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 ABSTRACT Incubation of intracellularly perfused squid giant axons in [3H]leucine demon- strated that newly synthesized proteins appeared in the perfusate after a 45-min lag period. The transfer of labeled proteins was shown to occur steadily over 8 h of incubation, in the presence of an intact axonal plasma membrane as evidenced by the ability of the perfused axon to conduct propagated action potentials over this time-period. Intracellularly perfused RNase did not affect this transfer, whereas extracellularly applied puromycin, which blocked de novo protein synthesis in the glial sheath, prevented the appearance of labeled proteins in the perfusate. The uptake of exogenous 14C-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) into the axon had entirely different kinetics than the endogenous glial labeled protein transfer process. The data provide support for the glia-neuron protein transfer hypothe- sis (Lasek, R. J., H. Gainer, and J. L. Barker. 1976. J. Cell Biol. 74:501-523; and Lasek, R. J., H. Gainer, and R. J. Przybylski. 1974. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, U. -
Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria. -
Effects of Temperature on Escape Jetting in the Squid Loligo Opalescens
The Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 547–557 (2000) 547 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2000 JEB2451 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON ESCAPE JETTING IN THE SQUID LOLIGO OPALESCENS H. NEUMEISTER*,§, B. RIPLEY*, T. PREUSS§ AND W. F. GILLY‡ Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Department of Biological Science, 120 Ocean View Boulevard, Pacific Grove, 93950 CA, USA *Authors have contributed equally ‡Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) §Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Accepted 19 November 1999; published on WWW 17 January 2000 Summary In Loligo opalescens, a sudden visual stimulus (flash) giant and non-giant motor axons in isolated nerve–muscle elicits a stereotyped, short-latency escape response that is preparations failed to show the effects seen in vivo, i.e. controlled primarily by the giant axon system at 15 °C. We increased peak force and increased neural activity at low used this startle response as an assay to examine the effects temperature. Taken together, these results suggest that of acute temperature changes down to 6 °C on behavioral L. opalescens is able to compensate escape jetting and physiological aspects of escape jetting. In free- performance for the effects of acute temperature reduction. swimming squid, latency, distance traveled and peak A major portion of this compensation appears to occur in velocity for single escape jets all increased as temperature the central nervous system and involves alterations in the decreased. In restrained squid, intra-mantle pressure recruitment pattern of both the giant and non-giant axon transients during escape jets increased in latency, duration systems. -
11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue ou can’t turn on the television or radio, much less go online, without seeing some- 11.1 Overview of the Nervous thing to remind you of the nervous system. From advertisements for medications System 381 Yto treat depression and other psychiatric conditions to stories about celebrities and 11.2 Nervous Tissue 384 their battles with illegal drugs, information about the nervous system is everywhere in 11.3 Electrophysiology our popular culture. And there is good reason for this—the nervous system controls our of Neurons 393 perception and experience of the world. In addition, it directs voluntary movement, and 11.4 Neuronal Synapses 406 is the seat of our consciousness, personality, and learning and memory. Along with the 11.5 Neurotransmitters 413 endocrine system, the nervous system regulates many aspects of homeostasis, including 11.6 Functional Groups respiratory rate, blood pressure, body temperature, the sleep/wake cycle, and blood pH. of Neurons 417 In this chapter we introduce the multitasking nervous system and its basic functions and divisions. We then examine the structure and physiology of the main tissue of the nervous system: nervous tissue. As you read, notice that many of the same principles you discovered in the muscle tissue chapter (see Chapter 10) apply here as well. MODULE 11.1 Overview of the Nervous System Learning Outcomes 1. Describe the major functions of the nervous system. 2. Describe the structures and basic functions of each organ of the central and peripheral nervous systems. 3. Explain the major differences between the two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system. -
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)
11-cis retinal 5.4.2 achondroplasia 19.1.21 active transport, salt 3.4.19 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate 11.2.2 acid-base balance 18.3.34 activity cycle, flies 2.2.2 2,4-D herbicide 3.3.22, d1.4.23 acid coagulation cheese 15.4.36 activity rhythms, locomotor 7.4.2 2,6-D herbicide, mode of action acid growth hypothesis, plant cells actogram 7.4.2 3.2.22 3.3.22 acute mountain sickness 8.4.19 2-3 diphosphoglycerate, 2-3-DPG, acid hydrolases 15.2.36 acute neuritis 13.5.32 in RBCs 3.2.25 acid in gut 5.1.2 acute pancreatitis 9.3.24 2C fragments, selective weedkillers acid rain 13.2.10, 10.3.25, 4.2.27 acyltransferases 11.5.39 d1.4.23 1.1.15 Adams, Mikhail 12.3.39 3' end 4.3.23 acid rain and NO 14.4.18 adaptation 19.2.26, 7.2.31 3D formula of glucose d16.2.15 acid rain, effects on plants 1.1.15 adaptation, chemosensory, 3-D imaging 4.5.20 acid rain, mobilization of soil in bacteria 1.1.27 3-D models, molecular 5.3.7 aluminium 3.4.27 adaptation, frog reproduction 3-D reconstruction of cells 18.1.16 acid rain: formation 13.2.10 17.2.17 3-D shape of molecules 7.2.19 acid 1.4.16 adaptations: cereals 3.3.30 3-D shapes of proteins 6.1.31 acid-alcohol-fast bacteria 14.1.30 adaptations: sperm 10.5.2 3-phosphoglycerate 5.4.30 acidification of freshwater 1.1.15 adaptive immune response 5' end 4.3.23 acidification 3.4.27 19.4.14, 18.1.2 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 12.1.28, acidification, Al and fish deaths adaptive immunity 19.4.34, 5.1.35 3.4.27 d16.3.31, 5.5.15 6-aminopenicillanic acid 12.1.36 acidification, Al and loss of adaptive radiation 8.5.7 7-spot ladybird -
Effect of Fmrfamide on Voltage-Dependent Currents In
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.29.318691; this version posted October 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. A. Chrachri 1 Effect of FMRFamide on voltage-dependent currents in identified centrifugal 2 neurons of the optic lobe of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis 3 4 Abdesslam Chrachri 5 University of Plymouth, Dept of Biological Sciences, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 6 8AA, UK and the Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth 7 PL1 2PB, UK 8 Phone: 07931150796 9 Email: [email protected] 10 11 Running title: Membrane currents in centrifugal neurons 12 13 Key words: cephalopod, voltage-clamp, potassium current, calcium currents, sodium 14 current, FMRFamide. 15 16 Summary: FMRFamide modulate the ionic currents in identified centrifugal neurons 17 in the optic lobe of cuttlefish: thus, FMRFamide could play a key role in visual 18 processing of these animals. 19 - 1 - bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.29.318691; this version posted October 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. A. Chrachri 20 Abstract 21 Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from identified centrifugal neurons of the optic 22 lobe in a slice preparation allowed the characterization of five voltage-dependent 23 currents; two outward and three inward currents. The outward currents were; the 4- 24 aminopyridine-sensitive transient potassium or A-current (IA), the TEA-sensitive 25 sustained current or delayed rectifier (IK). -
Myelination and Axonal Electrical Activity Modulate the Distribution and Motility of Mitochondria at CNS Nodes of Ranvier
The Journal of Neuroscience, May 18, 2011 • 31(20):7249–7258 • 7249 Cellular/Molecular Myelination and Axonal Electrical Activity Modulate the Distribution and Motility of Mitochondria at CNS Nodes of Ranvier Nobuhiko Ohno,1 Grahame J. Kidd,1 Don Mahad,1 Sumiko Kiryu-Seo,1 Amir Avishai,2 Hitoshi Komuro,1 and Bruce D. Trapp1 1Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, and 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 Energy production presents a formidable challenge to axons as their mitochondria are synthesized and degraded in neuronal cell bodies. To meet the energy demands of nerve conduction, small mitochondria are transported to and enriched at mitochondrial stationary sites located throughout the axon. In this study, we investigated whether size and motility of mitochondria in small myelinated CNS axons are differentially regulated at nodes, and whether mitochondrial distribution and motility are modulated by axonal electrical activity. The size/volume of mitochondrial stationary sites was significantly larger in juxtaparanodal/internodal axoplasm than in nodal/paranodal axoplasm. With three-dimensional electron microscopy, we observed that axonal mitochondrial stationary sites were composed of multiple mitochondria of varying length, except at nodes where mitochondria were uniformly short and frequently absent altogether. Mitochondrial transport speed was significantly reduced in nodal axoplasm compared with internodal axoplasm. Increased axonal electrical activity decreased mitochondrial transport and increased the size of mitochondrial stationary sites in nodal/paranodal axoplasm. Decreased axonal electrical activity had the opposite effect. In cerebellar axons of the myelin-deficient rat, which contain voltage-gated Na ϩ channel clusters but lack paranodal specializations, axonal mitochondrial motility and stationary site size were similar at Na ϩ channel clusters and other axonal regions. -
NEUROMECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION of BRAIN DAMAGE in RESPONSE to HEAD IMPACT and PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES Zolochevsky O
Series «Medicine». Issue 39 Fundamental researches UDC: 617.3:57.089.67:539.3 DOI: 10.26565/2313-6693-2020-39-01 NEUROMECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BRAIN DAMAGE IN RESPONSE TO HEAD IMPACT AND PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES Zolochevsky O. O., Martynenko O. V. Traumatic injuries to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) have received special attention because of their devastating socio-economical cost. Functional and morphological damage of brain is the most intricate phenomenon in the body. It is the major cause of disability and death. The paper involves constitutive modeling and computational investigations towards an understanding the mechanical and functional failure of brain due to the traumatic (head impact) and pathological (brain tumor) events within the framework of continuum damage mechanics of brain. Development of brain damage has been analyzed at the organ scale with the whole brain, tissue scale with white and gray tissue, and cellular scale with an individual neuron. The mechanisms of neurodamage growth have been specified in response to head impact and brain tumor. Swelling due to electrical activity of nervous cells under electrophysiological impairments, and elastoplastic deformation and creep under mechanical loading of the brain have been analyzed. The constitutive laws of neuromechanical behavior at large strains have been developed, and tension-compression asymmetry, as well as, initial anisotropy of brain tissue was taken into account. Implementation details of the integrated neuromechanical constitutive model including the Hodgkin-Huxley model for voltage into ABAQUS, ANSYS and in-house developed software have been considered in a form of the computer-based structural modeling tools for analyzing stress distributions over time in healthy and diseased brains, for neurodamage analysis and for lifetime predictions of diseased brains. -
Development of a Model for Microphysiological Simulations
ISSN 1539–2791 Volume 3 • Number 2 • 2005 NeuroinformaticsNeuroinformatics IN THIS ISSUE Editors The Impact of the NIH Giorgio A. Ascoli Public Access Policy on Literature Informatics Erik De Schutter Statistical Criteria in fMRI Studies David N. Kennedy of Multisensory Integration Comparison of Vector Space Model Methodologies to Reconcile Cross-Species Neuroanatomical Concepts Development of a Model for Microphysiological Simulations Indexed and Abstracted in: Medline/Pubmed/Index Medicus Science Citation Index® HumanaJournals.com Search, Read, and Download NI_3_2_cvr 1 6/9/05, 11:36 AM Sosinsky.qxd 25/05/2005 04:08 pm Page 133 Neuroinformatics © Copyright 2005 by Humana Press Inc. All rights of any nature whatsoever are reserved. ISSN 1539-2791/05/133–162/$30.00 DOI: 10.1385/NI:03:02:133 Original Article Development of a Model for Microphysiological Simulations Small Nodes of Ranvier From Peripheral Nerves of Mice Reconstructed by Electron Tomography Gina E. Sosinsky1,*,Thomas J. Deerinck1, Rocco Greco1, Casey H. Buitenhuys1, Thomas M. Bartol 2 and Mark H. Ellisman1,* 1 National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Department of Neurosciences and the Center for Research on Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, CA2 Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA Abstract ods, we have constructed accurate 3D models of the nodal complex from mouse spinal roots The node of Ranvier is a complex structure with resolution better than 7.5 nm. These recon- found along myelinated nerves of vertebrate structed volumes contain 75–80% of the thick- animals. Specific membrane, cytoskeletal, junc- ness of the nodal region. We also directly imaged tional, extracellular matrix proteins and the glial axonal junctions that serve to anchor organelles interact to maintain and regulate the terminal loops of the myelin lamellae to the associated ion movements between spaces in axolemma. -
Squid Fishing: from Hook to Plate
FROM HOOK TO PLATE ver the past few years, squid fishing has become less of an oddity and more of a summertime staple on New Hampshire’s coast. Their documented range extends up to Newfoundland, but until recently, the major concentrations of squid stayed south of Cape Cod. Anglers anticipate the arrival of squid in the Piscataqua River in early summer, and they are fished for as far north as mid-coast Maine. Squid jigs can be found in most seacoast New Hampshire tackle shops during the summer. These are as odd looking as the squid themselves, with upward-turned metal pins at the end of the jig in the place of hooks. Squid are fascinating creatures; let’s explore their unique traits and life history a bit before we go fishing. Camouflage, Communication and Courtship The longfin inshore squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) is a fast growing, short lived molluscan inverte- brate. It is a cephalopod (meaning “head foot”), closely related to the octopus and cuttlefish. These creatures all have their feeding and major sensory organs on the part of their bodies to which the tentacles attach. While this peculiar body structure may be the first thing you notice about a squid, the second is likely to be its dazzling ability to camouflage. Squid have “chromatophores,” which are cells dense in pigment. Nerves and muscles control the contraction or dilation of these pigmented sacs, resulting in a change in color or pattern on the creature. This can be done at a very high speed, resulting in what looks like flashing. This behavior serves several purposes, including camouflage, communica- tion and courtship.