ACTION PLAN FOR REJUVENATION OF SANKH RIVER IN JHARKHAND
JHARKHAND STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, DHURWA, RANCHI JHARKHAND-834004
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CONTENT
CHAPTER I
❖ BACKGROUND ❖ INTRODUCTION ❖ PHYSIOGRAPHY ❖ WATER RESOURCES & RAINFALL ❖ ANNUAL RAINFALL ❖ DEVIATION OF RAINFALL ❖ SEASONAL RAINFALL ❖ RAINFALL TREND IN RABI SEASON ❖ AVERAGE MOTHLY RAINFALL ❖ MOVING AVERAGE OF THE RAINFALL ❖ EXTREME EVENT ANALYSIS ❖ SURFACE WATER RESOURCES ❖ GROUND WATER RESOURCES ❖ DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND MAPS ❖ RIVERS AND RIVER BASINS
CHAPTER II ❖ SANKH RIVER ❖ WATER QUALITY GOALS AS PER THE EXISTING PROVISIONS OR GUIDELINES/ SPECIFICATIONS OF CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (CPCB) ❖ IDENTIFIED STRETCHES FOR REDUCING POLLUTION
CHAPTER III- VISION MISSION AND STRATEGY FOR SUBARNAREKHA RIVER ❖ VISION STATEMENT OF JHARKHAND STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD ❖ VISION STATEMENT FOR CLEAN RIVERS IN JHARKHAND
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❖ MISSION STATEMENT FOR CLEAN RIVERS
CHAPTER IV-CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS OF WATER QUALITY IN JHARKHAND RIVERS ❖ IDENTIFICATION OF MONITORING LOCATIONS ❖ CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD'S NORMS FOR DESIGNATED BEST USE
CHAPTER V- ACTION PLAN ❖ ACTION PLAN- SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM ACTION AND THE IDENTIFIED AUTHORITIES FOR INITIATING ACTIONS AND THE TIME LIMITS FOR ENSURING COMPLIANCE ❖ SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM ACTION PLANS FOR REJUVENATION OF RIVERS AND THE IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR EXECUTION OF THE ACTION PLANS AND THE TIME LIMITS ARE GIVEN IN TABLE AS BELOW ❖ PROPOSED ACTION PLAN BY VARIOUS DEPARTMENT OF GOVT. OF JHARKHAND ❖ PROPOSED ACTION PLAN FOR RESTORATION OF JHARKHAND RIVERS ❖ ACTION PLAN AT VILLAGE LEVEL ❖ TIMELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF MODEL RESTORATION PLAN in 2019-2020 and 2020-2021
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Chapter-1
JHARKHAND & ITS WATER RESOURCES
1.0 BACKGROUND:-Hon’ble National Green Tribunal passed the following orders in OA No. 673/2018 & M.A. No. 1777/2018 titled News item published in “The Hindu “authored by Shri Jacob Koshy titled “More river stretches are now critically polluted: CPCB on 20.09.2018 as per excerpts below.
“The issue taken up for consideration in this matter is abatement of pollution in 351 river stretches in the country, identified as such by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The said river stretches 2 are not meeting the prescribed standards of the water quality in terms of Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Existence of polluted river stretches is evidence to show that the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) have failed to perform their statutory obligation to take appropriate action to achieve the objects of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
Having regard to the importance of the issue and in the light of judgments of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in M.C. Mehta Vs. Union of India & Ors.1, M.C. Mehta Vs. Union of India And Ors.2 (Calcutta Tanneries' Matter), Vellore Citizen’ Welfare Forum Vs. Union of India3, S. Jagannath Vs. Union of India & Ors.4, And Quiet Flows The Maily Yamuna5, Tirupur Dyeing Factory Owners Association Vs. Noyyal River Ayacutdars Protection Association & Ors.6 and TechiTagi Tara Vs. Rajendra Singh Bhandari & Ors.7 and of this Tribunal in Manoj Mishra Vs. Union of India8, M.C. Mehta Vs. Union of India9, Mahendra Pandey Vs. Union of India &Ors.10, Sobha Singh & Ors. Vs. State of Punjab & Ors. 11, Nityanand Mishra Vs. State of M.P. & Ors12, Stench Grips Mansa’s Sacred Ghaggar River (Suo-Moto Case)13, Doaba Paryavaran Samiti Vs. State of U.P. & Ors.14, Arvind Pundalik Mhatre Vs. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change & Ors.15, Meera Shukla Vs. Municipal Corporation, Gorakhpur & Ors.16, Amresh Singh Vs. Union of India & Ors.17, Sudarsan Das Vs. State of West Bengal & Ors.18, Satish Kumar vs. U.O.I & Ors.19, this Tribunal noted 1 (1987) 4 SCC 463 ¶14 & (1988) 1 SCC 471 2 (1997) 2 SSC 411 3 (1996) 5 SSC 647 4 (1997) 2 SCC 87 5 (2009) 17 SSC 720 6 (2009) 9 SSC 737 7 (2018) 11 SCC 734 8 O.A. No. 6/2012, 2015 ALL(I) NGT REPORTER (1) (DELHI) 139 9 O.A No. 200 of 2014, 2017 NGTR
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(3) PB 1 10 O.A. No. 58/2017 11 O.A.No. 101/2014 12 O.A. No. 456/2018 13 O.A. No. 138/2016 (TNHRC) 14 O.A. No. 231/2014 15 O.A. No. 125/2018 16 O.A. No. 116/2014 17 Execution Application No. 32/2016 in O.A. No. 295/2016 18 O.A.No. 173 of 2018 19 O.A No. 56 (THC) of 2013 3 the need for steps to check discharge of untreated sewage and effluents, plastic waste, e-waste, bio-medical waste, municipal solid waste, diversion of river waters, encroachments of catchment areas and floodplains, over drawal of groundwater, river bank erosion on account of illegal sand mining. There is need for installation of Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs), Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs), Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs), Solid Waste Treatment and processing facilities etc.
It was also noted that BOD was required to be less than 3.0 mg/l, Dissolved Oxygen more than 5.0 mg/l and Faecal Coliform bacteria less than 500 MPN/100 ml”
1.1 Introduction
The State of Jharkhand was created as the 28thState of the Indian Union by the Bihar Re- organization Act on 15th November 2000, the birth anniversary of the legendary Bhagwan Birsa Munda. It comprises of the forest tracts of Chhotanagpur plateau and Santhal Paragna. It is bounded by Bihar on the North, Orissa on the South, Chhattisgarh on the west and West Bengal on the East. Topography of the State is mostly undulating, hilly and sloping with mountains, forests, river basins and valleys. It has a rich endowment of forests and mineral resources. It has some of the richest deposits of coal and iron ore in the world. It is the largest producer of coal, copper, kyanite and mica in the country. It is blessed with rich fauna and flora.
The State is home to nearly a tenth of the country’s Scheduled Tribes1, who constitute 28% of Jharkhand’s population. Another 12% of the population is from Scheduled Castes. Jharkhand is mostly rural, with 77.77% of the State’s population in villages. The State has 24 districts, 38 sub-divisions, 260 blocks, 4118 panchayats and 32620 villages. For safeguarding and protecting the interest of the Scheduled Tribes and for ensuring equity and social justice in
1 The main tribes in Jharkhand are Asur, Birhor, Birjia, Chik Baraik, Korba, Lohara, Mahali, Mal Paharia, Kumarbhag Paharia, Souriya Paharia, Savar, Santal, Oraon, Munda, Ho and Kharia. pg. 5
the planned process of development, the State is following Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) approach in 12 districts fully and 2 districts partly, covering 112 blocks. With an area of 79714 km2 which accounts for 2.42% of the country’s area, Jharkhand supports a population of 32.97 million (2011) which constitutes 2.72% of the country’s population. South Bihar, as it was called in the earlier dispensation, is a hill state comprising ethnic groups (tribals), Hos, Mundas, Santhals and others ; The state needs intensive development initiatives.
Jharkhand, literally meaning a forested region, is landlocked and is an integral part of the north-eastern portion of the Peninsular Plateaus of India. As part of ancient Gondwanaland, Jharkhand has rock formations ranging from the earliest Archean Era to the latest Post- tertiary period. It is a region of diverse physical features consisting of a succession of plateaus, hills and valleys, drained by several large rivers such as Damodar, Barakar, Subarnarekha, Koel, Brahmani, Baitarani and Mahanadi. The northern part of Jharkhand adjoining Bihar broadly comes under the Gangetic river basin.
The State has a sub-humid climate with average annual rainfall of 1,350 mm. However, due to high variability of monsoon rains, low moisture holding capacity of soils, absence of developed aquifers due to the hard rock substrate and high run-off due to the undulating terrain, agriculture is fraught with high risks2. Paddy, the principal crop of the State sown over 1.3 mha in 2001-023 had an average yield of only 1.11 ton/ha4. Maize, minor millets and pulses are the other principal crops and together occupy about 25% of the net sown area, with similar low yields. Oilseeds production is negligible. Horticulture and floriculture is undeveloped in spite of a suitable climate.
Jharkhand is a mineral rich state, contributing 40% of the nation’s mineral wealth. Yet, it had little impact on local livelihoods outside the industrial enclaves. Even in the most industrialized districts, such as East Singhbhum, Bokaro, Ranchi and Dhanbad, the
2 As per the categorization by Indian Meteorological Department, Jharkhand figures in the "drought corridor” of the country, which also includes Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh (drought prone districts of Rayalaseema and Telengana regions), West Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh (including Chhatisgarh), Bihar and parts of West Bengal adjoining Jharkhand. 3Planning Commission, ibid. 4 The average yield for India during the year was 1.9 ton/ha, with Tamil Nadu, having the highest average yield at 3.2 ton/ha. Yields vary a great deal within Jharkhand due to the undulating topography and varying levels of development of agriculture. Source: Fertilizer statistics 2002-03 New Delhi (Published in Jharkhand Agriculture data book 2006) pg. 6
proportion of main workers engaged in mining and industry is less than 3%. Agriculture remains the principal source of livelihoods for an overwhelming majority of the population. About 48% of the State’s geographical area is cultivable. However, the net sown area is only about 23% (all India 47%) of the geographical area and more than half of the cultivable land remains fallow. Subsidiary farm-based activities like dairy, poultry, etc. generally follow growth in agriculture. These have not developed in the State in spite of increasing demand for the products. The State has a large population of scrub cattle, kept principally for draught power and manure. In the last 13 years, since the creation of the State, the Government has done effective work in extending primary education in the rural areas. Government’s priority to spread road network in the rural areas is very important. Similarly, the health sector also needs serious attention in the rural areas. Health services in rural areas need improvement, the people are traditionally dependent on traditional medicine men. In terms of potential opportunities, some of the considerations which require action to reduce poverty and enhance food security are:
▪ An overwhelming majority of the State’s population is rural and dependent on agriculture and other natural resource based livelihoods. ▪ Less than half the cultivable land in the State is presently utilized. ▪ 85% of the net sown area is under mono-cropping. ▪ Potential of water resources is not adequately developed. ▪ Productivity of agriculture is significantly lower than potential. ▪ There is little diversity in the farm sector. ▪ The State is a net importer of food grains, oilseeds, milk and milk products and poultry. ▪ Intensification of agriculture would in the long run call for improved land husbandry, including use of organic inputs given the undulating and hilly terrain and relatively low fertility of soils. ▪ Almost a third of the State is classified as forests. ▪ Forests have been a significant source of income (produce/materials required for domestic use in general/during scarcity) for nearly 1/3 of the population. ▪ Livelihood infrastructure of extension services and input-output markets is not adequately developed.
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1.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY Physiography of the State: Physiographically Jharkhand state consists of series of four distinct plateaus, the highest plateau is formed by western Ranchi plateau or the pat region, which is 800 to 1100 meters above the mean sea level. It covers the north-western part of the Ranchi district and southern edge of Palamau district. The next plateau is known as the Ranchi, except the pat region. This plateau is about 600 meters above mean sea level. The Ranchi plateau is separated from the other surface of the same elevation by Damodar trough. The third plateau has an elevation of 300 meters above mean sea level and may be termed as the lower Chotanagpur plateau. The fourth plateau is a uniform surface formed by the river valleys, plains and lower parts of the outer plateau lying between 150-300 meters above mean sea level. Rajmahal hills and the Kaimur plateau belong to this category. The soil in the state of Jharkhand has been formed from disintegration of rocks and stones. The soil thus formed can be divided into various soil types including red soil, micacious soil, sandy soil, black soil and laterite soil. Red soil is found mostly in the Damodar valley, and Rajmahal area. The Micacious soil (which consist particles of mica) is found in the regions of Koderma, Jhumeritilaiya, Barkagaon and areas around the Mandar hill. Sandy soil is generally found in Hazaribagh and Dhanbad and black soil in Rajmahal areawhereas the lateritic soil is found in western part of Ranchi, Palamu, and parts of Santhal Parganas and Singhbhum.
1.3 Water Resources & Rainfall
The state receives rainfall in the range of 1200-1300 mm per year against the national average of 1000mm. Precipitation is rather variable. Winter season precipitation is meagre and highly variable. About 60 percent of the rainy days have rainfall below 2.5 mm. On about 40 percent rainy days, evaporation level is more than 2.5 mm per day.
Jharkhand receives rain mainly from South Western monsoon wind. Generally, this monsoon wind hits Jharkhand in the mid of June and continues up to the month of September. The total precipitation during these months amounts to 90-95% of the total rainfall. July and August are the peak month of the monsoon and are the backbone of the agriculture in Jharkhand. The table given below shows that the state receives good amount of rainfall. However, the erratic distribution of rainfall across monsoon months
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(June to September) creates drought situation in the state. Graph showing the distribution of rainfall across months (JSAC) is given below :
The erratic rainfall of 5 years, for instance, depicts the pattern well in the graph above. During winter months the state receives winter rain (10-5% of the total rainfall). These small rains become the deciding factors for rabi crops for many farms. The South Chhotanagpur and Santhal Pargana Divisions receive higher rainfall whereas Palamu Division receives lowest rainfall in the state. Despite the fact that the state has a good rainfall, the surface water availability is not sufficient especially for agriculture due to inadequate storage facilities etc. As far as the status of ground water is concerned, it is also in the poor state due to little recharging of ground water by natural process and the absence of artificial recharging facilities, as a result the water level in the plateau goes down.
1.3.1 Annual Rain fall:
Rainfall data for the catchement area has been collected from the India water portal for the last 100 Years. It has been grouped and made arithmetic average to get the decadal average rainfall. The normal rainfall has been assumed at 1200 mm and deviation has been calculated based on the assumption and arithmetic average of the decadal rain fall.
Extreme events related to rain fall has been measured with the deviation in the rain fall and number of times that it has exceeded or fall short of the normal rainfall. These deviations have been depicted in the graphs.
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Rainfall Max Temp Min Temp
Rain Fall over last century
1.3.2 Deviation of rainfall:
The deviation has been measured with reference to the normal rain fall and all data has been taken from the IMD data which is accepted country wise. It has been taken from the year 1900 onwards. In the data it can be seen that in the last 10 Decades there has been seven decades with positive rainfall and three decades have shown negative deviation.
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Rain fall deviation from normal
If we see the deviation in the last 10 years there has been absolute reversal of the pattern and out of the ten year only three years have positive deviation otherwise seven years have negative deviation.
Rainfall Deviation ibetween 2000-2010
1.3.3Seasonal Rainfall:
The district receives maximum rain from the advancing north east monsoon. Through the retreading south west monsoon district also receives some rainfall. District has been mainly mono cropped and it has only 3% area under irrigation as compared to 11% under the catchement area. It has been not because that the district receives less rainfall but it has been
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mainly because land is undulating and it causes fast runoff in the area. The variations as said above has been also high and it causes greater run off. It has also been noticed in recent years that number of rainy days has been shrinking as evident from the wet day data on the web site of India water portal.
There has been wide variation in the rainfall during the Khariff and Rabi season. It has been put as graph and it shows that there has been decreasing rend over the last few years which can lead to a significant decrease in the coming years. The highest rainfall in Kahriff has been reported in the year 1990 at 1693 mm and lowest in the year 1992 at 688 mm. Number of rainy days has decreased from 69 days /year to 63 days/year in the last decade.
Kahriff rainfall and Moving average for same
Rainy days
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1.3.4 Rainfall trend in Rabi season:
The state and district are by-enlarge remain mono cropped, however the red lateritic soil is good for vegetables and hence rainfall in Rabi or irrigation facilities has a great bearing on the cultivation in Rabi season. Over the last few years there has been significant decrease in rainfall. Especially after 1996 the trend has been alarming.
The highest rainfall has been reported in the year 1919 at 138 mm and lowest rainfall has been reported in the year 1999 at 37 mm. The trend has been showing that since 1992 in the month of December there has been rarely rain while before 1992 there has been rain in the month of December. Even in January there has been decreasing trend.
1.3.5 Average Monthly Rainfall:
The data for the last 30 years has been collected to know the trends and deviations in the each half of fifteen years. The data has been collected for last 50 years from the web site. The trends have shown that there has been variation in average monthly rainfall and for some decade starting from 1990 it has shown an increasing trend and then it has started showing a decreasing trend for the district.
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It has implications on the agriculture production and all livelihood activities based on land and water. Even the allied livelihood activities of fisheries and animal husbandry are bound to be affected by the changes in the precipitation regime.
Average rainfall 72-86 Vs 87-01
72-86 87-01 Rainfall mm Rainfall in
1.3.6 Moving Average of the Rainfall:
It can be clearly seen that there has been a decreasing trend of rain fall indicted by the moving average line. Post 1992 there has been decline in the average rain fall. The heaviest rain has been received in the year 1994 at 1416.47 mm and lowest rainfall has been received in the year 1992 at 732.61 mm. Rest of the years have received lesser rainfall and it varies with the last two year receiving approximately 850 mm rainfall which is less than the average rain fall received by the state and the district.
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Rainfall and Moving average rainfall
Rainfall Moving average
1.3.7 Extreme event analysis: As mentioned above that in the last century there has been three decades with deficit average rainfall where as in the last decade only there has been three average rainfall year. This indicates the absolute reversal of trends in the last decade.
Rainfall Deviation ibetween 2000-2010
There have been consecutive droughts in the year 2001-02-03, 2005-06 and 2009-10. It can be seen that on average every third year there has been drought.
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1.3.8 Surface Water Resources
Considering average annual rainfall of 1200 mm, the state receives 95,652 MCM rain water annually. However, as per the Second Bihar Irrigation Commission’s Report (1994), the total availability of water in the state of Jharkhand is 33,489 MCM, including downstream discharge from the basins.
1.3.9 Ground Water Resources
Groundwater constitutes a major and widely used resource in Jharkhand for drinking and domestic purposes. However, it is not uniformly distributed due to the varied hydrogeology of the state. About 20% of the available ground water is used for irrigation mainly from privately owned dug well or shallow tube wells. District-wise ground water balance data indicate high levels of ground water withdrawal in certain urban agglomerations where groundwater potential developed is only a tenth of the utilizable reserves.
Presently, the availability of water resource is only 287810 lakh m3, out of which 237890 lakh m3 is from surface water and rest 49920 lakh m3 is from ground water. The total utilization of surface and ground water in the state for irrigation purposes so far is only 47360 lakh m3, out of which 39640 lakh m3 is surface water and 7720 lakh m3 is ground water.
Today, nearly 90% of the water supplied to rural areas is from ground water sources whereas about 30% of the water supply in the urban areas comes from ground water sources and the rest from over ground reservoirs and rivers. In the last 25 to 30 years the villages have shifted to the utilization of water from surface water to ground water through wells and hand pump for their domestic purposes.
Table1 : Surface Water Snapshot of Jharkhand (Surface Water Information) Average annual rainfall 1200 mm Total average annual precipitation 95652 MCM River Basin Area 79,262 sq. km Surface water availability 27,528 MCM Ground water availability 5,251MCM Surface water usage 6,965 MCM
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The annual replenishable ground water resource in the state has been established at 5.58 BCM (Billion Cubic Meters) and net annual ground water availability is estimated to be 5.25 BCM (Central Ground Water Board, 2006). Altogether, the state puts to use 21% of its ground water resources.
Allocation of Water- Table II Surface Water Ground Water Irrigation purpose 41% 89.40% Industry & Drinking 5321 MCM 538 MCM Municipal Use 6% 10.60% Industrial Use 13.76% Nil
1.4 Drainage systems and Maps Jharkhand falls under the Chotanagpur Plateau from the North Eastern position of peninsular plateaus of India. The entire state is drained into Bay of Bengal. Major rivers such as Son, Damodar, Barakar, Subarnarekha, Brahmi and Baitarani and their sub drainage systems form nine major catchments in the state. These drainage systems and catchments are depicted by following two maps: pg. 17
Demarcation of micro-catchment areas
The state of Jharkhand has 678 sub catchment areas, which has been further divided into 1952 mini catchment areas and finally broken up into 10,439 micro catchment areas5. The Rural Development Department has sought support from Jharkhand Space Application Centre (JSAC) under the aegis Department of Information Technology, Government of Jharkhand. JSAC digitized all sub- catchment area, mini-catchment areas and micro- catchment areas. These digitized maps are available for planning, review and monitoring. Each micro-catchment area has been given a unique code along with broad features of the catchment area. Below is the map showing micro- catchment areas in Jharkhand:
5 The area covered under a micro -catchement area varies from 60 hectares to more than 3,000 hectares depending on the drainage outlet of that area. pg. 18
JSAC has developed/ compiled information related to each of the catchment area with its code, boundaries and other features, which are available in website (http://210.212.20.94:8081/rural_GIS/Default.aspx). SLNA and PIAs are able to access the required maps, etc. for various purposes. A sample of coding of catchment area is shown in the following picture:
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1.5 Rivers & River basins: The State has following main rivers and river basins:
Rivers : Subarnarekha, Damodar, Barakar, South Koel, North Koel, Shankh, Ajay, Mayurakshi, Gumani, Kharkai, Ganga, Sone, Batane, Auranga, More, Karo and Bansloi;
River Basins : Subarnarekha, Damodar, Barakar, South Koel, North Koel, Mayurakshi, Gumani, Ajay, Bilasi, Chandan Chir, Sone Stem with Kanhar, Punpun-Kiul, Harohar, Koa- Bhena, Sankh, Dwarka mor.
The following map shows the broad division of the state with one side confluence towards river Ganges in the north and north-east and the other part draining out towards south and south-east meeting the Bay of Bengal.
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Drought is a situation whereby the shortfall in the precipitation from monsoon becomes more than 15% of the normal. The state receives an average annual rainfall of 1,200 mm. Rainfall is concentrated during the four monsoon months from June through September. Over 80% of the rain is received in the state during this period. Further, the quantum and distribution of rainfall have a profound impact on the overwhelmingly rain-fed farming system. High variability of monsoon rains, low moisture holding capacity of soils, absence of developed aquifers due to the hard rock substrate and high run-off due to the undulating terrain make agriculture fraught with high risks6. Even in years of normal monsoons with overall rainfall around the long-term average, farmers are often faced with the spectre of total crop failure due to long dry spells at critical junctures (such as Hathia rain failure) in the crop cycle during the wet season when almost 90% of the crops are cultivated. This phenomenon is observed almost regularly once in every 3 years.
6 As per the categorization by Indian Meteorological Department, Jharkhand figures in the "drought corridor” of the country, which also includes Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh (drought prone districts of Rayalaseema and Telengana regions), West Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh (including Chhatisgarh), Bihar and parts of West Bengal adjoining Jharkhand. pg. 21
Chapter 2 SANKH River
The Sankh River: The Sankh River flows across Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Odisha states in India. The river flows for 240 kilometres before it meets the Koel River in Odisha. The river starts 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above MSL in Lupungpat village in Gumla district in Jharkhand and flows 67.5 kilometres in the state before entering Chhattisgarh. The river finally enters Odisha and travels another 45 kilometres (28 mi) before merging with the Koel.[1] The South Koel enters Orissa and joins the Sarnkh River at Vedavyas near Rourkela from where it is known as Brahmani.
FIG: - View of Sankh River
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Water Quality Goals as per the existing provisions or guidelines/ specifications of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
It is an important aspect for revival of River Subrnarekha, Nalkari, Garga, Shank, Damodar, Jumar & Konar in context of their utility as streams are perennial rivers. The ultimate goal for beneficial use of river will determine the level of actions to be taken for maintaining the water quality. Under the present circumstances, it appears that River Subrnarekha, Nalkari, Garga, Shank, Damodar, Jumar & Konar may serve the purpose of outdoor bathing (organized) and for meet the outdoor bathing standards. The industrial effluents generated from various industries in the catchment of River Subrnarekha, Nalkari, Garga, Shank, Damodar, Jumar & Konar, which are ultimately falling and contributing to the pollution load of the rivers shall be treated to meet the effluent discharge standards stipulated under Schedule-VI of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 which is given as Annexure-I. The river water quality for outdoor bathing (organized) requires more stringent conditions and river water quality has to maintain adequate Dissolved Oxygen (DO) content. Suggested criteria for outdoor bathing (organized) for River River Subrnarekha, Nalkari, Garga, Shank, Damodar, Jumar & Konar are given in the following Table - IV. Table IV:- Sl. No. Parameters Class ‘B’ Water Quality Criteria for Outdoor Bathing (Organized) 1. Ph 6.5 to 8.5 2. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 5 mg/l or less 3. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5 3 mg/l or less days, 200 C) 4. Faecal Coliforms Organism 500 or less (MPN/100 ml)
1.8.4 Identified stretches for reducing pollution- Table IX The different identified stretches across Subarnarekha for reducing pollution are RIVER STRETCH SAMPLING POINT PROBABLE SOURCE OF POLLUTION Sankh Kongserabasar At Bolwa, Simdega Stone Mining , Brick kilns, Sewage To Bolba Discharge, Agricultural Run off
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Chapter-3 Vision Mission and Strategy for Sankh River
3.0 Vision statement of Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board: Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board aims at taking Jharkhand through the path of sustainable development, equitable opportunities and appropriate governance by rigorous implementation of environmental laws; by being pro-active in preventing and mitigating pollution; by committing to the tenants of good governance; by enhancing involvement of all; and by promoting self regulation and self certification among stake holders.
3.1 Vision statement for clean rivers in Jharkhand: Vision statement for Clean Rivers in Jharkhand can be stated as – To achieve clean rivers, with safe drinking water to all its inhabitants for sustaining and nourishing life and efficient use of water in irrigation using micro-irrigation techniques and in industry by using water efficient technologies with mandatory provision for treatment of waste water and reuse it for other purposes except for drinking.
3.2 Mission statement for clean rivers:
3.2.1 To prepare and implement a comprehensive action plan for clean Rivers-:
Build holistic awareness among people, companies, farmers and other water users for importance of rivers in identified patches with people centered monitoring mechanisms and mitigating adverse impact of water pollution on health of people living in the different river basin.
3.2.2 Strategy for clean rivers:
To achieve mission for clean rivers steps that will be necessary have been identified by the JSPCB and has been communicated with the concerns for actions. This has been jointly developed by the JSPCB and the different stakeholders in the chain. It has been done by convening meetings and workshops for sharing the idea and then collating it for joint action with defined timelines and expected results. The strategic steps are followings-
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Identification of stake holders Community in the river basin and especially in the polluted stretches: Communities in the river stretches are mostly rural communities mixed with cosmopolitan community Approximately 25 villages along with suburban areas falls in the catchment of the proposed river stretch. The villages' houses close to 5046 families with a population size of 12521. Municipal corporations in the identified stretches: There are two municipal corporations in the catchment area of the river – Ranchi Municipal Corporation, Community and private health care centers: As such there are no health care facilities on the banks of the river which disposes medical waste in the river. Main line departments like water resources, Agriculture, industries, Panchayati raj, Rural development and others. Nodal department Convergence and Integration of departmental plans: The district level monitoring committee will be responsible for convergence and dove tailing of the programmes from different departments. Monitoring of the action plans executed on regular intervals> it will be done by the district level monitoring committee headed by District Collector.
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Chapter-4 Current Status and Trends of Water Quality in Jharkhand Rivers 4.0 Identification of monitoring locations 4.0.1 River Sankh:- The water quality of river Sankh is being monitored at1 locations, at Bolba, Simdega on monthly basis under National Water Quality monitoring Programme (NWMP) and it will be monitored across all types of polluting sources like domestic and agriculture pollution.
Stone Mining Brick Klins Sewage Discharge Agricultural Run off 4.1 Central pollution control board's norms for designated best use :-
Central pollution control board has set certain norms for classifying water quality based on the 8 defined para meters and these has been the guiding lines for setting up standards for cleaning river water qualities. Table: - X Sl. No. Constituent Designated best uses classes Parameters A B C D E BELOW E 1 Total Coliforms 50 500 5000 - - Organism, MPN/100ml, Max 2 pH value 6.5 to 6.5 to 6 to 9 6.5 to 6.5 to Not 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 meeting 3 Dissolved Oxygen, 6 5 4 4 A, B, C, mg/l, D Min & E 4 Biochemical Oxygen 2 3 3 criteria Demand, mg/l, 5 days 20C, Max
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5 Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l, Max 6 Sodium absorption 26 Ratio, Max 7 Electrical 2250 Conductivity at 25C micro mhos/cm, Max 8 Boron, mg/l, Max 2
Note: Class A: Drinking Water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection Class B: Outdoor bathing (Organized) Class C: Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection Class D: Propagation of Wild life and Fisheries Class E: Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled Waste disposal.
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Current status of quality of water in River Sankh: - From the above table which shows results along different indicators shows that water quality is improving on all parameters and hence it can be said that in the coming times it will further improve.
Water quality data as per designated best use excluding rainy season for Sankh River at Bolba sampling station (August To October) Designated best Parameters use 2017- 2018 2017 2018- 2017- 2018- 2017- 2018- 2017- 2018- 2017 2018-19 18 -19 -18 19 18 19 18 19 18 19 -18 Sl. sampling D.O B.O.D T.C F.C Ph class No station (mg/l) (mg/l) (MPN/100ml (MPN/100ml) Maximum. 7.5 7.5 8.6 8.5 2.1 2.2 930 930 210 150 B B U/S Bolba on 1 Sankh River Minimum 7.3 7.3 7.4 8.4 2.0 2.1 750 750 140 140 B B
Average. 7.4 7.35 8.0 8.45 2.05 2.15 840 840 175 145 B B
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Chapter 5 ACTION PLAN WITH TIMELINE A. Action Plan- Short Term and Long Term Action and the Identified Authorities for initiating actions and the time limits for ensuring compliance Sl.No. Action plan for rejuvenation of river Concerned Time Target Dept.
A Industrial Pollution Control 1 Compliance of industries located in catchment area with JSPCB Continuous respect to effluent discharge standards and its disposal as per consent conditions 2 Inventorization of the industries in the catchment area of JSPCB Continuous Rivers covering assessment on aspects relating to Status of Consents under Water & Air Acts and Authorization, Effluent Generation, ETP capacities and final mode of effluent discharges 3 Actions against the Identified industries in operation JSPCB Continuous without Consents under Water & Air Acts/Authorization under the H& OW ( M & TM) Rules, 2016 as amended 4 Action against the industries not installed ETPs or ETPs JSPCB Continuous exist but not operating or ETP outlet or treated effluent is not complying to the effluent discharge standards or norms 5 Action against the red category industries for installation JSPCB Continuous of OCEMS and not transferring data to CPCB and JSPCB 6 Small scale/tiny and service providing units located in Local December urban or semi-urban limits like Dairies, Auto Service Authorities/ 2019 Stations to have minimum provision of O & G traps Municipal Corporation
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7 Prohibition of burning of any kind of waste including State Govt. / Continuous agro residues District Administration and Local Authorities & Agriculture Department
8 Directions to all the Industries which are observed to be JSPCB/ Continuous not in operation or closed or temporarily closed to District remain close till further orders from JSPCB. Administration
9 Estimation of industrial effluent generation and the State September existing CETP capacity and to arrive gap between the Government , 2020 industrial effluent generation and the existing treatment District/Local capacity Administration
10 Channelization of industrial effluents to CETPs for State December ensuring treatment to comply with the discharge Government , 2020 standards. District/Local Identification of suitable site within industrial areas, Administration Execution and Commissioning of Adequate Capacity CETPs.
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B. Short term and long term action plans for rejuvenation of rivers and the implementing agencies responsible for execution of the action plans and the time limits are given in table as below :-
Concerned Time Sl.No. Action Plan For Rejuvenation Of River Dept. Target
A Sewage Treatment and Disposal Plan State Government, District-wise estimation of total sewage generation, UDD, Water existing treatment capacities, quantum of disposal Resource Dept., March 2020 1 of sewage presently through drains and the gaps in District sewage treatment capacity. Administration
and Local bodies State To undertake measurement of flow of all the drains Government, presently contributing pollution load in rivers and UDD, Water to formulate detailed project report (DPR) for each Resource Dept., March 2020 2 drain and corresponding town and submission of District DPR. Administration and Local bodies State Government, UDD, Water Proper design, execution of STPs with full Resource Dept., 3 utilization capacity March 2020 District
Administration and Local bodies Channelization including diversion of sewage State 4 March 2021 generated from household/town ships/villages to Government,
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sewer lines/interception of all the drains presently UDD, Water carrying sewage and for ensuring proper treatment Resource Dept., through the upcoming STPs District Administration and Local bodies Ensuring dairy/automobile service stations and Hotels / Restaurants particularly located on road- Local 5 March 2020 side should have a treatment system and levy of authorities fine in case found Violations B Ground water quality Rural drinking water and Sealing of contaminated hand pumps and found to Sanitation September 1 be unfit for drinking purpose by the public Department and 2020 Local authorities Rural drinking water and Supply of potable water to the affected Sanitation 2 March 2020 communities in the identified critical blocks Department and Local authorities Carrying assessment of ground water survey for Ground Water 3 quality and to identify over exploited and critical March 2020 Authority blocks in the districts JSPCB & To conduct periodic surprise inspection of the Ground Water 4 industry to rule out any forceful injection of Continuous Authority industrial effluents into ground water resource
All the industry should be directed to obtain NOC CGWB/ CGWA Continuous 5 from the CGWB and action against the Units in and .Ground (The Operation without obtaining of NOC from CGWA Water proposed
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Authority new industries will be directed to obtain NOC from CGWA) To ensure rain water harvesting by the industrial, CGWA/ commercial and other institutions and groundwater Ground Water March 2020 6 recharging with only clean water be encouraged by Authority/
CGWB/CGWA JSPCB
C. Proposed Action Plan by various Department of Govt. of Jharkhand
Phases Actions Required Role through work break down structure Pre- Planning Phase Identification of JSPCB (Recognition Phase) problem related to river health Assessment of drivers JSCPB, Industries, WRD, and barriers for the UDHD problem Assessment of WRD catchment and valley area bio-physical properties Stakeholder River Rejuvenation consultations and Committee development of road map
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Planning Phase Formation of core team River Rejuvenation (Restoration Phase) – Management - Committee technical team- Community mobilization team Survey of the river sites WRD, Industries, JSPCB, and prioritization of UDHD restoration measures Community Industry, JSPCB, UDHD, mobilization District Administration Preparation of detailed River Rejuvenation project report Committee (Technical and Financial) Implementation Phase Prioritization of River Rejuvenation (Protection Phase) measures Committee Implementation of UDHD, Industry, JSPCB, measures District Administration Monitoring/Regulation JSPCB (Regulate and of the implantation Monitor), measures JSPCB to work in coordination of UDHD, Industries, District Administration to execute the measures Documentation of JSPCB, UDHD and measures Industries Scaling Up Phase Identification of lesson River Rejuvenation Committee (Improvement Phase) Review and River Rejuvenation Committee consultation Planning for second River Rejuvenation Committee phase
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D. Achievable water quality goals with specific timelines Sl.No. ACTION TO BE TAKEN TIMELINES Identification and Cleaning of major drains directly September 2020 1 falling into Rivers of Jharkhand Cleaning all tributary drains of Jharkhand River, – September 2020 2 Setting up of decentralized sewage treatment plants and allied works Trapping/ cleaning of remaining identified drains September 2020 3 directly falling into River Dredging of major drains and stretches of River September 2020/ 4 bed continuous process Laying of sewerage system in un-sewered areas Master Plan, September 5 2020/ continuous process Rehabilitation & up-gradation of old sewerage September 2020/ 6 infrastructure continuous process Bio remediation & development of public space September 2020 7 along all major drains
E. Proposed Action Plan For Restoration Of Jharkhand Rivers
Regular cleaning of River Bed for removal of Eichhornia Vegetation. Removal of encroachment (Slum areas) & restriction on Bathing /washing activity all along the river Bed. Provision of sanitation facility (Such as Sulabh Sawchalaya) near slum area & dense populated area to avoid open defecation. Provision of STP for Cities. Treated sewage of the city will have to be utilized for irrigation / gardening purpose. The treated sewage after disinfection shall be used for gardening or could be commercially sold to Industries. Various Municipal Councils can undertake the river front beautification activities and rainwater harvesting project along the stretch of the river. Rainwater harvesting can help in attaining the minimum flow in the river water for scouring the sediments and dilution water availability. Scavenging of river beds will have to be undertaken before onset of monsoon
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F. Action Plan at Village Level:-
For Zilla Parishad: Joint action need to take by Zilha Parishad, Irrigation & Agriculture Departments. Agriculture Department shall undertake public awareness program to convey that agriculture / horticulture by untreated river water is unhygienic. Instead bulk sewage / sullage flowing in the rivers, nallas will have to be treated by artificial wet land systems. Such systems rely on natural purification by photosynthesis and subsequent aeration by “emergent macrophytes”. Pathogens are destroyed during the process. Such systems will be suitable for small villages also. Effluent of artificial wet land system can be safely used for agriculture because it will be free from pathogens. Zilla Parishad should pass a resolution that it will spare appropriate land for artificial wet land system.
For Gram Panchayats: A resolution has to be passed by each Gram Panchayat of banks of river that, they will not allow sewage / sullage from their respective villages to enter the river. Further they should also provide sulabh shauchalay in villages to avoid open defecation. Narrow-bore sewerage has been recommended for wastewater treatment. Water supply and sanitation department of Govt. of Jharkhand should provide proto type designs for narrow- bore sewerage followed by a stabilization pond.
G. Status of Flood Plain Zone and Environmental Flow (E-Flow)
Sl.No. Action plan for rejuvenation of river Concerned Dept. Time Target
A Flood Plain Zone (FPZ) Forest, 1 Plantation in Flood Plain Zone (FPZ) Environment & June 2020 Climate Change District /Local 2 Checking encroachments in the FPZ of river Regular Administration
Prohibition of disposal of municipal plastic and Local 3 September bio- medical waste particularly in drains Administration 2020 State Up to March 4 Protection and management of flood plain zone 2020 and Government/Water execution of pg. 36
Resource agreement by October 2019 Department B Environmental Flow (E-Flow) and Irrigation Practices Measurement of flow in the river and records Water Resource 1 Regular maintained Department To conserve water and good irrigation practices Water Resource 2 to be adopted by the farmers by organizing mass Continuous Department/ awareness programmes and through media in Agriculture Dept. vernacular language. Up to March 2020 Water Resource 3 Completion of work for issues related to E-flow execution of Department agreement by October 2019 Up to March 2020 Completion of work related ground water Water Resource 4 execution of recharge/rain water harvesting Department agreement by October 2019
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Annexure-III (To be revised, as monitoring and regulation to be done by JSPCB) TIMELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF MODEL RESTORATION PLAN in 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 YEAR 2019-2020 2020-2021 QUARTER QUARTER III QUARTER IV QUARTER I QUARTER II QUARTER III QUARTER IV PHASES AND ACTION YEAR JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Pre- Planning Phase: (Recognition) Gathering of information of non-identified I polluted river stretch Reconnaissance survey sampling of river I Assessment of water quality I Planning Phase: (Restoration) Identification of sources of pollution I Preparation of Detailed Project Report I In-situ bioremediation of drains II Implementation Phase: (Protection) Assessment of Treatment technologies, available river flow, prevailing discharge II standards Setting up of sewage treatment plants (STPs)/Effluent treatment plants (ETPs)/ II CETP Complying the regulation under JSPCB for existing industries, causing the pollution I&II based on survey data Setting up tertiary level sewage treatment facilities for grossly polluted stretches devoid II of perennial fresh water flow Scaling Up Phase: (Improvement) Augment river flow, if feasible II
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