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Mangroves of India: History and Palynostratigraphy of Chilka Lake, Orissa

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Mangroves of India: History and Palynostratigraphy of Chilka Lake, Orissa Mangroves of India: History and palynostratigraphy of Chilka Lake, Orissa H. P. Gupta & Asha Khandelwal Gupra, H I' & Khandelwal, Asha 1990. Mangro\cs of India: Hisl,)r)" and palvnosrraligraphy of Chilka Lake, Orissa. 117 : Jain, K. P. & Tiwari. R. S. (eds )-1>roc. SI'JlZp. 'Vislas in Ilidiall ealaeo!Jo[CIIlj'. Palaeobolallisl 38 : :379 393 Fine resolution palynostratigraphy cenrred on Chilka Lake is aimed at the reconsrruClion of histolY of mangrove vegctalion in tidal nat, salt marsh and fresh water wetland el1\·ironments. Pollcn analyses of air catches, lake water, lake bOllom mud and surface soil samples have been collecrively used to <.juanriFy rhe dispcrsal and preservarion ot' pollen in relation to the modern \·egetation. Pollen analvsis of a 'i. 50 m deep prof; Ie from Halugaon al the weSlcrn nank of the lake in prograded della zone has been done which provides information about the changes in vegetation and deposilional environments from apprOXimately 3,100 radiocarbon years 13.1'. to the prescnt. The results obtained suggest that (i) air catches are devoid of mangrovc taxa instead seasonal non·arboreals and planted trees dominate, (ii) lakc ,vatcr. surface sedimeI1ls and lake bOllom mud samples have recorded the occurrence of both core mangrm'es and mangrove associates to thc extenr of JO·33 and 'i0·H3 per cent. respectivelv, and (iii) Balugaon profile portrays the existence of marine. brackish and fresh warer bioassemblages. On the basis of subtle changes in rhe vegetarion, various depositional eJwironmellts, rransgressive and regreSSive facies have been detcrmined. Key-words- MangrO\'es, Palynostratigraphv. l'alaeoenvironmel1l, Chilka I.ake, Quaternary (India l. H. P. Cupla & Asha KIJandelu'al, lJirbal Sabni h,slilille oj ealaeo/Jo/(lny, 53 (illil'enil)' Noad, LIICkllou' .!26 007, India. ril!T '""" ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ 1fh:f "" ~ ~ 4<l'ii"!ftHf'<l"lltl ~~~3ITrn~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~, <miT ~~ ~ ~ ~ -q m 'll<'lt .q,jjq if; <R -gq <fT ~~ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~;p;;?t ~ 4(1'"0If~il> fuxn 1Tm if; WG'>T -q if; qful:fOT <fT qft-irror -gq~ ~-~, ~ if; 4T'ft, ~ <R ~ <R <€Rs (f'/IT ~ ftr0 if; 'flJ:'IT <fT ~-~~ fu;m 1Tm1 ~ if; .m"" ii if ~ -~ 0fIT~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ 5.50 l\tv:: ~ qf{~fi;ifi of; .r 3.100 '(i'\;,ilil>lal'1 qq '!'l' .r 3lf'jf <fi.I> if; -q ~ ~~ ~ ~I ~u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-'RJlTiliUT ~ ~ 'f( .r fu; (i) 'flJ:'IT -q 3fC!e\tlif <R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .q,jjq CfTfq> ~~ ~ (f'/IT 0f1ITit .m 'feU if; <R t, (ii) .q,jjq t!;'i m -q <nit "ita ifi'm: 10- 33 qfu-!ffif ~ qf<~~il>1 ~, ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (f'/IT 50-83 qfu-!ffif ~ -q ~~, (f'/IT (iii) mt <R Wrn <F«\T I if ~ R~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ if; 3ITUR 'f( filf\r>r (f'/IT 3l'rnrtT l!!f 3!f'lTmfT <R rrt CHILKA lAKE (Lat 19'5'-20', Long. 85'6') south­ them is Bhargavi, pour into the lake at its northern west of Puri, is an open lagoon and measures to flank. Thus, the salinity of the lake fluctuates about 65 km NE-SW and 20 km E-W at the widest periodically depending upon (he incoming of water point The word Chilka denotes the birds' paradise. from sea or rivers. The salinity effect is more south­ Chilka lagoon is connected with bay of Bengal eastward and decreases north-westward causing through narrow channel at its eastern flank; there is floral, faunal and depositional distinctions. It is a regular sea water entry into the lake particularly shallow Water eutrophic lake and proVides an abode during storm surges and hurricanes. Several to the life to dwell in. distributaries of Mahanadi River, prominent amongst Two types of islands are common in Chilka Lake 379 .380 THE PAlAEOROTANIST immediately on the lee of the spit. This geomorphological feature is one of the important aspects which might ha\'e caused tile origin of this brackish \Vater lake (Ahmad, 1972), The alluvial islands within the lake and at its mouth are the depositional features. This line of islands is faced leeward by 40 km long spit which is remarkably straight and only a few meters wide. Behind this spit there is a belt of small islands (2-3 km wide), and bordered seaward by a narrow creek OS" bervveen the spit and alluvial belt of islands. ~ S(llU81~ ~ ___ l'UoIKIRO [ -W\' ,lT ..X[O FO~U' s... 1£11 Laterally the allUVial belt has been breached bv ~.""'''' "'~''''''.,'' ~~ ~ (II.....,. u;~.--------------= D(fORHJ[O..l ....1010 ,.,,'" "001010\ u·\ numerous transverse creeks that connect Chilka Lake with sea and provide passage for the ebb and flow of Text-figure I-Panoramic "iew of Chilka Lake. Mahanadi Delta. Orissa. tielal water. The islands off the mouth of Mahanadi are composed of newer alluvium. The geology of rocky (i) rocky granitic mounds up to a height of 15 m islands near north-western flank of Chilka Lake is the which are perhaps the result of orogenic trend of same as that of adjoining area consisting of base rock, and (ii) muddy islands which are the later Khondalites, the richly garnitiferous gneisses and emergence of land after recession of sea water, schists containing graphite and marked by an generally inundated during rainy season (Text-fig. abundance of sillimanite (Ahmad, 1972, p. 33). 1). Prominent amongst muddy islands is the As regards the age of deltas, the Chandbali Nalabana (10 sq km) on the south-eastern flank Formation, an ancient shoreline in Brahmani­ located almost in the centre of the lake. There are a Baitarni deltaic complex, was formed during the last n umber of small and big mud islands, collectively 6.000 years synchroniZing last global rise of sea level known as 'Parikud' island. (Mallick el aI., 1972). Niyogi (1971) delineated the ancient shorelines at the Orissa coast ancl recognised GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY various geomorphiC features such as (i) rocky shoreline near Ganjam (--18 km), (ii) sandy spit near General tOpography of coastal region in Chilka Lake (64 km), (iii) deltaic shoreline from Mahanadi delta is marked by mangrove swamps Brahmagiri to Talpada 004 km), and (iv) sandy abutting the shore but towards inland it is a plain shoreline near Balasore (64 km). Earlier, it has been country traversed by distributaries of Mahanadi. The thought that the development of Orissa shoreline land surface along north-east and east of Chilka lake was initiated nearly 5,000 years B.P., the period is low plain but north-western and south-western when depressed sea level was restored to the ends of the lake abound in rocky projections. In all original level or nearly so (Coleman & Smith, 1964). probabilities Chilka Lake represents an embayment The ancient shoreline after full restoration of a sea in the local shoreline and the formation of sand spits level has been plotted across Ganjam to Balasore at the mouth of Chilka Lake has begonen a protected covering the ebb of Chilka Lake and Cuttack (Niyogi. body of water where sedimentation could be marked 1971). Thereafter, Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers PLATE 1 --+ (All x 1000) 16.17 f\canrhaceae 1. Carvophyllaceae 18. Palmae 2,). Casllarina 19. PhoeniX 4. Trilete fern spore 20. f'abaceae S Unidentified pollen 21 Fern spore 6. Fern spore 22. llnidentified pollen 7 Unidentified pollen 23. Cyperaceae 8,9. Auicennia 24. Pal mae 10, II Borasslis 25. Acacia 12,13. LagerSlroemia 26. Unidentified spore 14,15. Unidenlified pollen GUPTA &. KHANDEL\X/AI.-i\IAJ'JGRO\'ES OF INDIA 3Hl ' '-~.'!::: ..,....._,'" " ~ .-~; .,'\ .~ ' ...H ,,'" 'r .. ; , .• ·'da -.. ,' ••: ~ ~~~.l·. ~ It~ ~ .-?~~:l\ll ~ ..., "• . I' \. ''=~ .... \.% ~._:.t·: .... ' ~.' 11 . )& ~,. .,.C(f . 'I '. ~ \;.~ ..'" . (. :~~. t',h}j" , .,.( J ~'.~ •'I\'\'1 , ~) .. --:~., . 21 . \ .•. t"i ~ .... j,~ . \ .""I'll' t'\~'.• , , ,,\ :" ~ ( ... [J .;:. ) '. • l1 • 1 ..'. •• .I '''. - II'. • I' ~ • At , , ~ .{, ""1,." • i ~~ .... ':.. ! -.... '~ '.~ 0. • ~. • • • •.J". •• " .,. , • f ..... (I PLATE 1 • )82 THl I'ALAEOBOTANIST starred pouring deltaic sediments into the (.,..."...\......, -'"."" structurally controlled bay and quickly built forward ~) -' :,'! an arcuate delta. Sediments shed by the fast eroding '...., ."\.~\ spurs near Ganjam were moved north-east by littoral (' \... ,, ~. currents and a spit was thrown from Ganjam This .~. spit ultimately connected with the rapidly bUilding delta and in this process formed the Chilka lagoon. VEGETATION AND ECOZONES n.." .... o:1. , ,C.""'iIlGo<:lHG Mangrove vegetation in the recent past had been ;-11.000,,",<1.,, O<G~~GErr~"~~'\'1A•• wide spread all along the coastline of India with lol.t,HANADI DELTA . BAY Of characteristic flora varying from one coast to 8EHG<.l. '4A1 DEllA '~""'W\lIr •• another. But with the advent of biotic pressure, large J.: areas of mangrO\'e forest are denuded (Rao, 19'>9). Mangrove vegetation has been an important factor in ARA81AH the earth's history since communities of plant first ... ''''''''''N, ",coe.' colonized the land surface It is picturesque to ""00""......,1\;, observe mangrove system wherein real biosphere .~. and ecosystem is conserved (Text fig. 2). Since the early nineteenth century, many Map 1-OiSlributio!1 of mangroves in India. eminent bOtanists and ecologists were attraCted to this flora and contributed a lot to the enigmatic system of mangrove biology and ecology. But the about 7,000 sq km and the regional distribution was momentum in this direction ,vas generated when unequal (Map 1). Furthermore, about 60 per cent of foresters met at Calcutta during Oerober, 1957 to the total mangroves of India were distributed in consider the economic and technical potential of Bengal alone and 17 per cent in A..ndaman and mangroves. The term 'mangrove forest' does not Nicobar islands. In other places mangrove spread is necessarily denOte a forest cover rather it could be relatively less and is found in narrow strips of bushy any kind of vegetation formation, viz., arborescent, and degraded vegetation. bushy, herbaceous or even entirely denuded in the The ecology and distribution of mangrove forest saline coastal surface (Blasco, 1975).
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