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A Brazil-Afrikai Kapcsolatok Története 1960-Tól Napjainkig

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A Brazil-Afrikai Kapcsolatok Története 1960-Tól Napjainkig Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar DOKTORI DISSZERTÁCIÓ Mészáros Zsolt BRAZIL IN AFRICA: A HISTORY OF MODERN SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION Történelemtudományi Doktori Iskola A Doktori Iskola vezetője: Dr. Erdődy Gábor DSc, az MTA doktora, egyetemi tanár Új- és jelenkori egyetemes történelem Doktori Program A Doktori Program vezetője: Dr. Szilágyi Ágnes Judit PhD, habil. egyetemi docens A bizottság tagjai és tudományos fokozatuk: Elnök: Dr. Székely Gábor DSc, professor emeritus Belső bíráló: Dr. Búr Gábor PhD, habil. egyetemi docens Külső bíráló: Dr. Lehoczki Bernadett PhD, egyetemi adjunktus Titkár: Dr. Pál István PhD, egyetemi adjunktus Tag: Dr. Soltész Béla PhD, egyetemi adjunktus Póttagok: Dr. Lugosi Győző PhD, egyetemi docens Dr. Rákóczi István PhD, habil. egyetemi docens Témavezető és tudományos fokozata: Dr. Szilágyi Ágnes Judit PhD, habil. egyetemi docens Budapest, 2017. 1 “Once, aid flowed in one direction from the richest industrialized nations to the developing world—a strict ‘North to South’ aid stream. Things are now more complex, with aid moving across the South, and old definitions of developed and developing losing their meaning.”1 “Speak softly and carry a blank cheque.”2 1 Lídia Cabral and Julia Weinstock, “Brazil: an emerging aid player”, Briefing Paper 64, Overseas Development Institute, 2010, p.1. 2 Title of an article on Brazil’s foreign-aid policy: “Brazil’s foreign-aid programme: Speak softly and carry a blank cheque”, The Economist, 15 July 2010. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take the opportunity to thank the professional and encouraging support of my supervisor at Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest (ELTE), Dr. Ágnes Judit Szilágyi; the invaluable advice and positive scrutiny of Dr. Gábor Búr (ELTE); Dr. Lyal White of the Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS), University of Pretoria, for the precious African insight; and Dr. Paulo Fagundes Visentini, director of the Brazilian Centre for African Studies (CEBRAFRICA) at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) for sharing his deep knowledge about the subject with me. A special acknowledgement is for the Brazilian company representatives who sacraficed their valuable time to fill out the questionnaire I sent to them as part of my research. I also appreciate the cooperation of the diplomats of the Brazilian and Turkish embassies in Kenya for allowing me to interview them. My gratitude goes to Richard Boak, a British friend of mine who meticulously raked my work looking for spelling and grammar errors and foreign sounding expressions. This PhD dissertation would not exist without the background support of my parents, who taught me at an early age never to relinquish my intellectual curiousity. Two other persons have a monumental role in the creation of this work: Vera, my late aunt, whose energy keeps inspiring me even from a far-away world; and my dear wife, Kasia, who patiently sat next to me on countless days and nights, holding my head up when it was about to fall down. Last but not least, let me say thank you for the feedback and advice received from my friends, colleagues and former professors, all of which have added value to my research. Thank you, köszönöm! 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 10 A. Thesis and structure of the dissertation ...................................................................... 10 B. Methodology .............................................................................................................. 12 C. Historiography ........................................................................................................... 14 D. South-South Development Cooperation (SSDC) – definitions and interpretations ... 18 i. Categorizing the World: from the Ancient Greeks to Wallerstein ........................ 18 ii. Political-economic theories of world systems of the post-War period ................. 23 iii. Development cooperation theories: from new to modern ..................................... 29 iv. The crisis of the North-South Model ..................................................................... 31 v. Motivational factors .............................................................................................. 35 II. HISTORICAL DIMENSIONS ................................................................................. 36 A. First phase (1500-1822): the two shores of the Atlantic ............................................ 36 B. Second phase (1822-1960): Lull in luso-tropical relations ........................................ 39 i. 1822-1826: Confederação Brasílica and the Treaty of Brazil .............................. 39 ii. 1826-1889: from “Brazilian colonization” to “Novo Brasil” ................................ 42 iii. 1885-1914: The Scramble for Africa and “Second Brazil” .................................. 43 iv. The World Wars and the Good Neighbor Policy .................................................. 46 v. Start of Cold War and the Organization of American States (OAS) ..................... 46 C. Ethno-cultural factors ................................................................................................. 48 i. Ancestry and ethnicity ........................................................................................... 48 ii. Societal role of the Negro in Brazil ....................................................................... 51 iii. Maroon societies: mocambos, quilombos, and Palmares ...................................... 52 iv. African influences on Brazilian culture, religion and everyday life ..................... 53 i. Jeito, jeitinho and ginga: the Brazilian way of life ............................................... 57 III. IDEOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS .............................................................................. 59 A. Geopolitical motivations ............................................................................................ 59 i. The 1950s: liberation of Africa and the Non-Aligned Movement ........................ 59 B. Third Phase (1961-2003): The Independent Foreign Policy and the rekindling of Brazilian-African relations .............................................................................................. 61 i. 1964-1985: Military government in Brazil and involvement in Africa ................ 62 4 ii. 1985-1990: The South Atlantic finally gains momentum ..................................... 65 iii. The 90s: The Pentecostal Decade .......................................................................... 66 C. Fourth phase (2003-ongoing): Lula and the emergence of Brazil as Leader of the Global South .................................................................................................................... 70 i. The Zero Hunger social development program .................................................... 71 ii. The Lula Institute .................................................................................................. 76 iii. Dilma Rousseff and the continuity of Brazil’s pro-African policies ..................... 76 iv. Michel Temer and the future of Brazil’s South-South cooperation ...................... 80 D. Economic-strategic motivations ................................................................................. 84 i. 1973: Oil means Africa ......................................................................................... 84 ii. Multilateralisms, minilateralisms, new regionalisms ............................................ 86 iii. Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries (CPLP) ....................................... 90 iv. IBSA or the G-3 .................................................................................................... 91 v. New financing institution for the South: Bank of the South .................................. 94 vi. The Africa Summits, the BRIC(S) and the BASIC ............................................... 95 vii. Africa in numbers: Brazil’s trade figures with Sub-Saharan Africa ..................... 96 viii. South Africa: from pariah to friend ....................................................................... 99 ix. Angola: Brazil is “an alternative to Portugal” ..................................................... 100 x. Mozambique: from civil war to civil coal ........................................................... 102 xi. Bissau-Guinea: a guinea pig of CPLP cooperation ............................................. 103 xii. Ghana, Nigeria and other African countries ........................................................ 103 IV. INSTITUTIONAL DIMENSIONS ......................................................................... 105 A. The Cornerstones of Brazil’s Southern partnership policy ...................................... 105 i. Non-indifference ................................................................................................. 109 ii. Non-interference .................................................................................................. 110 iii. Non-conditionality............................................................................................... 110 iv. Complementarity ................................................................................................. 111 B. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Itamaraty) ................................................................... 113 i. Partnerships in science and education ................................................................
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