1893. Congressional Record-Senate
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Peace Corps Romania Survival Romanian Language Lessons Pre-Departure On-Line Training
US Peace Corps in Romania Survival Romanian Peace Corps Romania Survival Romanian Language Lessons Pre-Departure On-Line Training Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………. 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… 2 Lesson 1: The Romanian Alphabet………………………………………………… 3 Lesson 2: Greetings…………………………………………………………………… 4 Lesson 3: Introducing self…………………………………………………………… 5 Lesson 4: Days of the Week…………………………………………………………. 6 Lesson 5: Small numbers……………………………………………………………. 7 Lesson 6: Big numbers………………………………………………………………. 8 Lesson 7: Shopping………………………………………………………………….. 9 Lesson 8: At the restaurant………………………………………………………..... 10 Lesson 9: Orientation………………………………………………………………… 11 Lesson 10: Useful phrases ……………………………………………………. 12 1 Survival Romanian, Peace Corps/Romania – December 2006 US Peace Corps in Romania Survival Romanian Introduction Romanian (limba română 'limba ro'mɨnə/) is one of the Romance languages that belong to the Indo-European family of languages that descend from Latin along with French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. It is the fifth of the Romance languages in terms of number of speakers. It is spoken as a first language by somewhere around 24 to 26 million people, and enjoys official status in Romania, Moldova and the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Serbia). The official form of the Moldovan language in the Republic of Moldova is identical to the official form of Romanian save for a minor rule in spelling. Romanian is also an official or administrative language in various communities and organisations (such as the Latin Union and the European Union – the latter as of 2007). It is a melodious language that has basically the same sounds as English with a few exceptions. These entered the language because of the slavic influence and of many borrowing made from the neighboring languages. It uses the Latin alphabet which makes it easy to spell and read. -
Coinage Act, 1873 [United States]
Volume II The Heyday of the Gold Standard, 1820-1930 1873 February 12 Coinage Act, 1873, United States: “An Act revising and amending the Laws relative to the Mints, Assay, offices, and Coinage of the United States.” With the passage of this Act, the US Congress demonetised silver and established its participation in the international gold standard. This effectively ended the official bimetallism that had existed in the United States since 1792 and demonetised silver. Initially, the consequences were limited as silver had been undervalued at the old 15:1 ratio; however, as demand for gold rose, a return to silver became increasingly attractive to those who suffered from the subsequent deflation—primarily farmers who witnessed dramatic reductions in commodity prices. Those who blamed the deflation for their financial woes came to refer to the Coinage Act as the ‘Crime of 1873’. ——— Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the mint of the United States is hereby established as a bureau of the Treasury Department, embracing in its organization and under its control all mints for the manufacture of com, and all assay offices for the stamping of bars, which are now, or which may be hereafter, authorized by law. The chief officer of the said bureau shall be denominated the director of the mint, and shall be under the general direction of the Secretary of the Treasury. He shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall hold his office for the term of five years, unless sooner removed by the President, upon reasons to be communicated by him to the Senate. -
Ft. Myers Rare Coins and Paper Money Auction (08/23/14) 8/23/2014 13% Buyer's Premium 3% Cash Discount AU3173 AB1389
Ft. Myers Rare Coins and Paper Money Auction (08/23/14) 8/23/2014 13% Buyer's Premium 3% Cash Discount AU3173 AB1389 www.gulfcoastcoin.com LOT # LOT # 400 1915S Pan-Pac Half Dollar PCGS MS67 CAC Old Holder 400r 1925 Stone Mountain Half Dollar NGC AU 58 1915 S Panama-Pacific Exposition 1925 Stone Mountain Memorial Half Dollar Commemorative Half Dollar PCGS MS 67 Old NGC AU 58 Holder with CAC Sticker - Toned with Min. - Max. Retail 55.00 - 65.00 Reserve 45.00 Beautiful Colors Min. - Max. Retail 19,000.00 - 21,000.00 Reserve 17,000.00 400t 1925 S California Half Dollar NGC MS 63 1925 S California Diamond Jubilee Half Dollar NGC MS 63 400c 1918 Lincoln Half Dollar NGC MS 64 Min. - Max. Retail 215.00 - 235.00 Reserve 1918 Lincoln Centennial Half Dollar NGC MS 190.00 64 Min. - Max. Retail 170.00 - 185.00 Reserve 150.00 401 1928 Hawaii Half Dollar NGC AU 58 1928 Hawaiian Sesquicentennial Half Dollar NGC AU 58 400e 1920 Pilgrim Half Dollar NGC AU 58 Min. - Max. Retail 1,700.00 - 2,000.00 Reserve 1920 Pilgrim Tercentenary Half Dollar NGC 1,500.00 AU 58 Min. - Max. Retail 68.00 - 75.00 Reserve 55.00 401a 1928 Hawaiian Half Dollar PCGS MS 65 CAC 1928 Hawaiian Sesquicentennial 400g 1921 Alabama Half Dollar NGC MS 62 Commemorative Half Dollar PCGS MS 65 with 1921 Alabama Centennial Commemorative Half CAC Sticker Dollar NGC MS 62 Min. - Max. Retail 4,800.00 - 5,200.00 Reserve Min. - Max. -
Monetization of Fiscal Deficits and COVID-19: a Primer
The Journal of Financial Crises Volume 2 Issue 4 2020 Monetization of Fiscal Deficits and COVID-19: A Primer Aidan Lawson Financial Stability Institute, Bank for International Settlements Greg Feldberg Yale University Follow this and additional works at: https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/journal-of-financial-crises Part of the Economic Policy Commons, Finance Commons, Finance and Financial Management Commons, Other Economics Commons, and the Public Administration Commons Recommended Citation Lawson, Aidan and Feldberg, Greg (2020) "Monetization of Fiscal Deficits and COVID-19: A Primer," The Journal of Financial Crises: Vol. 2 : Iss. 4, 1-35. Available at: https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/journal-of-financial-crises/vol2/iss4/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journal of Financial Crises and EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Monetization of Fiscal Deficits and COVID-19: A Primer Aidan Lawson† Greg Feldberg‡ ABSTRACT Monetization—also known as “money-financed fiscal programs” or “money-printing”— occurs when a government finances itself by issuing currency or other non-interest-bearing liabilities, such as bank reserves. It poses real risks—potentially excessive inflation and encroachment on central-bank independence—and some paint it as a relic of a bygone era. The onset of the COVID-19 crisis, however, forced governments to spend heavily to combat the considerable economic and public health impacts. As government deficits climbed, monetization re-entered the conversation as a way to avoid the massive debt burdens that some nations may face. This paper describes how monetization works, provides key historical examples, and examines recent central-bank measures. -
Unique NGC Set of Paraguay Overstrikes
TM minterrornews.com Unique NGC Set of Paraguay Overstrikes Excited About Mint Errors? 18 Page Price Guide Issue 11 • Fall 2005 Join Error World Club Inside! errorworldclub.org A Mike Byers Publication Al’s Coins Dealer in Mint Errors and Currency Errors alscoins.com pecializing in Mint Errors and Currency S Errors for 25 years. Visit my website to see a diverse group of type, modern mint and major currency errors. We also handle regular U.S. and World coins. I’m a member of CONECA and the American Numismatic Association. I deal with major Mint Error Dealers and have an excellent standing with eBay. Check out my show schedule to see which major shows I will be attending. I solicit want lists and will locate the Mint Errors of your dreams. Al’s Coins P.O. Box 147 National City, CA 91951-0147 Phone: (619) 442-3728 Fax: (619) 442-3693 e-mail: [email protected] Mint Error News Magazine Issue 11 • F a l l 2 0 0 5 Issue 11 • Fall 2005 Publisher & Editor - Table of Contents - Mike Byers Design & Layout Sam Rhazi Mike Byers’ Welcome 4 Off-Center Errors 5 Contributing Editors Off-Metal Errors 8 Tim Bullard Allan Levy Clad Layer Split Off Errors 11 Contributing Writers Double Struck 1800 $10 Eagle in Upcoming Heritage Auction 13 Heritage Galleries & Auctioneers Unique NGC Set of Paraguay Overstrikes 14 Bob McLaughlin Saul Teichman 1877 Seated Quarter Die Trial Adjustment Strike 23 Advertising AD 582-602 Byzantine Gold Justin II Full Brockage 24 The ad space is sold out. -
USA 5 Dollar Coin Check List
Table of contents United States 5 Dollars Gold (Half Eagle) 1 Capped Bust-Large Eagle 1 Capped Head 1 Capped Bust-Small Eagle 1 Capped Draped Bust 1 Classic Head 2 Coronet 2 Indian Head 4 - I - www.CoinManage.com Complete United States Coin Checklist - Page 1 - Year mm Mintage Variety Year mm Mintage Variety 1808 (55,578) 8 over 7 United States 1808 (55,578) United States 5 Dollars Gold (Half Eagle) 1809 33,875 9 over 8 1810 (100,287) Large date, large 5 Capped Bust-Large Eagle 1810 (100,287) Small date, small 5 1795-1807 1810 (100,287) Small date, tall 5 United States 1810 (100,287) Large date, small 5 5 Dollars Gold (Half Eagle) 1811 (99,581) Small 5 1811 (99,581) Tall 5 1812 58,087 1795 6,000 Heraldic Eagle Type Type 1, Capped Bust, Large Bust 1797 Unique 16 star obverse Capped Head 4,750 1797 7 over 5 1813-1834 1798 (24,867) Small 8 United States 1798 (24,867) Large 8, 14 star reverse 5 Dollars Gold (Half Eagle) 1798 (24,867) Large 8, 13 star reverse 1799 Large Stars 1799 7,451 Small Stars 1813 95,428 1800 37,628 1814 15,454 4 over 3 1802 53,176 2 over 1 1815 635 1803 33,506 3 over 2 1818 (48,588) Normal dies 1804 (30,475) Small 8 1818 (48,588) 'STATESOF' 1804 (30,475) Small 8 over large 8 1818 (48,588) 5D over 50 1805 33,183 1819 Incl. Above 1806 9,676 Pointed top 6 1819 (51,723) 5D over 50 1806 54,417 Round top 6 1820 (263,806) Square-base 2 1807 32,488 1820 Type Type 2, Heraldic Eagle 1820 (263,806) Curved-base 2, small letters Capped Bust-Small Eagle 1820 (263,806) Curved-base 2, large letters 1795-1798 1821 34,641 United States 1822 3 known 5 Dollars Gold (Half Eagle) 1823 14,485 1824 17,340 1825 2 known 5 over 4 1795 8,707 Small Eagle 1825 (29,060) 5 over 1 1795 Small Eagle, S over D 1826 18,069 1796 6,196 6 over 5 1827 24,913 1797 (3,609) 15 stars 1828 (28,029) 8 over 7 1797 (3,609) 16 stars 1828 (28,029) 1798 7 known Small eagle 1829 (57,442) Small date, reduced diameter Type Type 1, Small Eagle (1829-1834) 1829 Capped Draped Bust 1829 (57,442) Large date 1807-1812 1830 Incl. -
Why Is the Dollar Shrinking?
WHY THE DOLLAR IS SHRINKINO IRVING FISHER Econ5135 . 5 Harvard College Library WWECCLESIONES AE HARD DIANA ACAD TRISTO NOV AC SIX UM IN CHRTTIIS FROM THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS WHY - - WHY IS THE DOLLAR SHRINKING ? THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK • BOSTON · CHICAGO · DALLAS ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO ., LIMITED LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO . OF CANADA , LTD . TORONTO WHY IS THE DOLLAR SHRINKING ? A STUDY IN THE HIGH COST OF LIVING BY IRVING FISHER PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL ECONOMY IN YALE UNIVERSITY AUTHOR OF " THE PURCHASING POWER OF , MONEY " " THE NATURE OF CAPITAĚ AND INCOME , " ETC , དར་ * New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1914 All rights reserved Econ 5136 . 5 . : From the Quarterly Journal of Economics . COPYRIGHT , 1914 , BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY . Set up , and elegrotyped . Published September , 1914 . O " Norwood Press J . 8 . Cushing Co . - Berwick & Smith Co . Norwood , Mass . , U . 8 . A . To SIR DAVID BARBOUR VETERAN ADVOCATE OF THE PRINCIPLES FOR WHICH THIS BOOK STANDS PREFACE PRESENT - DAY discussion on the high cost of living shows some bewilderment in the mind of the general public as to the mechanism by which the scale of money prices is determined . Few people realize that the principles determining the general scale of prices are quite distinct from the principles determining the individual prices themselves . Few realize , for instance , that the money price of any commodity has to do not only with that commod ity but also with money , and that , therefore , a monetary element enters into every price . The object of this book is to state , as simply as possible , the general principles which fix the scale of prices , and to show the manner in which these principles apply to the present “ high cost of living . -
IGO Codebook V3 Short Copy.Pdf
Codebook for Correlates of War 3 International Governmental Organizations Data Set Version 3.0 Jon Pevehouse Department of Political Science University of Wisconsin – Madison Roseanne McManus Department of Political Science Penn State University Timothy Nordstrom Department of Political Science University of Mississippi July 2019 1 I. Overview of the data sets The data in the Correlates of War IGO data sets capture state memberships in the network of international governmental organizations (IGOs). The expanded version 3.0 updates the original Wallace and Singer (1970) data set and version 2.1 to provide membership information from 1816- 2014. Similar to version 2.1, version 3.0 comprises three different data sets, each with a different unit of analysis. First, version 3.0a contains membership data based on the IGO-year unit of analysis. Thus, each line of data in 3.0a represents a specific IGO’s membership in a given year (e.g. the U.N. in 1970). Second, version 3.0b presents membership data based on the country-year. This data will allow the research to see which IGOs an individual country belonged to in any annual period (e.g. Canada in 1992). Finally, version 3.0c aggregates the individual country memberships into joint dyadic memberships. This version of the data set presents shared memberships for each dyad and which individual IGOs are included in a dyad’s membership profile (e.g., Thailand-India in 2000). II. Defining a Population of IGOs IGOs have become a ubiquitous part of international life. IGOs are created to deal with political, economic, social, cultural, and environmental problems. -
The Latin Union Experience and the Lolr: the French Position
Annual ESHET Conference Nicolas Barbaroux Antwerp - 2017- May 18-20 (First Draft- Do not quote) The Latin Union experience and the LoLR: the French position "These movements in the market for precious metals became the immediate cause, in 1865, of the so-called Latin Currency Union between France, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy (...) Other European countries had at that time, either a silver currency, as in Germany and Scandinavia or a depreciated paper currency, as in Austria and Russia. If those countries had gradually attached themselves to the Latin Union, with its free minting of silver and gold at a legally established ratio then the traditional ratio between gold and silver might possibly have been preserved. Adhesion to the Latin Union was, in fact, contemplated by Germany shortly before the outbreak of the war in 1870, but owing to the war the plan never came to fruition." (Wicksell, 1935 (1906): 38) 1. Introduction In the aftermath of the E.U sovereign debt crisis, a central bank's duties debate emerged among bankers and policymakers mostly in E.U. This fundamental debate started in 2013 when the Bundesbank appealed the European Central bank (ECB) to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) owing to the adoption of the 2012 Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) program. Despite the 2015 June (16th) decision from ECJ, the German central bank saw this freedom of central bank's action as incompatible with the Maastricht Treaty, namely the no bailout rule (art.12). Beyond the ECJ's decision, the Germans (re)opened a structural controversy on the central bank's duty, among them the one of Lender of Last Resort (hereafter LoLR) when a monetary union is concerned. -
Is Monetary Financing Inflationary? a Case Study of the Canadian Economy, 1935–75
Working Paper No. 848 Is Monetary Financing Inflationary? A Case Study of the Canadian Economy, 1935–75 by Josh Ryan-Collins* Associate Director Economy and Finance Program The New Economics Foundation October 2015 * Visiting Fellow, University of Southampton, Centre for Banking, Finance and Sustainable Development, Southampton Business School, Building 2, Southampton SO17 1TR, [email protected]; Associate Director, Economy and Finance Programme, The New Economics Foundation (NEF), 10 Salamanca Place, London SE1 7HB, [email protected]. The Levy Economics Institute Working Paper Collection presents research in progress by Levy Institute scholars and conference participants. The purpose of the series is to disseminate ideas to and elicit comments from academics and professionals. Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, founded in 1986, is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, independently funded research organization devoted to public service. Through scholarship and economic research it generates viable, effective public policy responses to important economic problems that profoundly affect the quality of life in the United States and abroad. Levy Economics Institute P.O. Box 5000 Annandale-on-Hudson, NY 12504-5000 http://www.levyinstitute.org Copyright © Levy Economics Institute 2015 All rights reserved ISSN 1547-366X ABSTRACT Historically high levels of private and public debt coupled with already very low short-term interest rates appear to limit the options for stimulative monetary policy in many advanced economies today. One option that has not yet been considered is monetary financing by central banks to boost demand and/or relieve debt burdens. We find little empirical evidence to support the standard objection to such policies: that they will lead to uncontrollable inflation. -
Congressional Record-Sen Ate
8718 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. SEPTEJ\IBER 19, from the files of the House1 without leaving copies, papers in the case We, therefore, think there is no merit in the proposition, and that of J. W. Chickering. it ought to be inde1initely postponed. LEA-VE OF ABSENCE. The renort was agreed to, and the joint resolution indefinitely post poned. 1\Ir. Fmm,. by unanimous consent, obtained indefinite leave of ab Mr. P ALUER, from the Committee on Commerce, reported an sence, on account of important business. amendment intended to be proposed to the ~eneral deficiency appro 'Ihe hour of 5 o'clock having arrived, the House, in accordance with priation bill; whi<'h was referred to the Committee on Appropriations. its standing order, adjourned. Mr. WILSON, of Maryland, from the Committee on Claims,. to whom were referred the following bills, reported them severally without PRIVATE BILLS INTRODUCED AND REFERRED. amendment, and submitted renorts thereon: · UndEJr the rnle private bills of the following titles were introduced A bill (H. R. 341) for the relief of John Farley; and and referred· as indicated below: A bill (S. 729) for the relief of J. A. Henry and others. By Mr. BLAND (by request): A bill (H. R. 11456) to pay Philip Mr. CHANDLER, fn>m the Select Committee on fud~an Traders, to Henke.Lfor property unlawfully confucateci and destroyed-to the Com whom was referred the bill (S. 3522) regulating th~ purchase of timber mittee on War Claims. from. Indians, reported it with an amendment.. l:y Air. BUTLEH.: A bill (H. R. -
1849-C $5 Liberty Head Half Eagle NGC MS60
1849-C $5 Liberty Head Half Eagle NGC MS60 SKU: 4838110006 Stock Qty: 0 Retail Price: $7,900.00 PCGS #: 8241 Product Description 1849-C $5 Liberty Head Half Eagle NGC MS60--$7,900.00 We are pleased to offer for your consideration a mint state example of the 1849-C $5 half eagle. A rare coin such as this would be the perfect addition to a type set of important U.S. gold coinage. Doug Winter writes, "This is among the best struck half eagles from this [Charlotte] mint. As a result, the 1849-C is very popular with type collectors who are seeking a single, well-produced example of this denomination. The detail on the obverse is actually comparable to that seen on Philadelphia half eagles of this era." Discussing the color found on this date, continues Winter, "Some have a medium to deep yellow-gold color that can be very attractive"--as does the example being offered--"The eye appeal for this date tends to be better than on most other Charlotte half eagles." Here's an interesting aside for collectors: Did you know that the Liberty head half eagles were the only coin to be struck at every single U.S. mint? So, if you would like to put together a type set of Liberty head $5 half eagles, then a great project would be to acquire one of each minted in Philadelphia, Charlotte, Dahlonega, New Orleans, San Francisco, Carson City, and Denver! Imagine putting together that unique set of seven coins from seven different mints.