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A Study of Scale Effect on Specific Sediment Yield in the Loess Plateau

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A Study of Scale Effect on Specific Sediment Yield in the Loess Plateau Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences © 2007 SCIENCE IN CHINA PRESS Springer Cenozoic basin development and its indication of plateau growth in the Xunhua-Guide district LIU ShaoFeng1,2,3†, ZHANG GuoWei4 & P. L. HELLER5 1 State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; 2 College of Geosciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; 3 Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonics and Lithoprobing Technology of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; 4 Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; 5 Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA The Xunhua, Guide and Tongren Basins are linked with the Laji Mountain and the northern West Qinling thrust belts in the Xunhua-Guide district. Basin depositional stratigraphy consists of the Oligocene Xining Group, the uppermost Oligocene-Pliocene Guide Group and the Lower Pleistocene. They are divided into three basin phases by unconformities. Basin phase 1 is composed of the Xining Group, and Basin phase 2 of the Zharang, Xiadongshan, Herjia and Ganjia Conglomerate Formations in the Guide Group, and Basin phase 3 of the Gonghe Formation and the Lower Pleistocene. Three basin phases all develop lacustrine deposits at their lower parts, and alluvial-braided channel plain deposi- tional systems at upper parts, which constitute a coarsening-upward and progradational sequence. Basin deposition, paleocurrent and provenance analyses represent that large lacustrine basin across the Laji Mountain was developed and sourced from the West Qinling thrust belt during the stage of the Xining Group (Basin phase 1), and point-dispersed alluvial fan-braided channel plain deposition sys- tems were developed beside the thrust and uplifted Laji Mountain and sourced from it, as thrusting migrated northwards during the stage of the Guide Group (Basin phase 2). Evolution of basin-mountain system in the study area significantly indicates the growth process of the distal Tibetan Plateau. The result shows that the Tibetan Plateau expanded to the northern West-Qinling at Oligocene (29―21.4 Ma) by means of northward folded-and-thrust thickening and uplifting and frontal foreland basin filling, and across the study area to North Qilian and Liupan Mountain at the Miocene-Pliocene (20.8―2.6 Ma) by means of two-sided basement-involved-thrust thickening and uplifting and broken foreland basin filling, and the distant end of Tibetan Plateau behaved as regional erosion and intermontane basin aggrada- tional filling during the Pliocene and early Pleistocene (2.6―1.7 Ma). Xunhua-Guide district, Cenozoic basins, provenance analysis, basin-mountain evolution, plateau growth Growth of intracontinental plateau orogenic belt, that is, developed within the intracontinental plateau is essential outward expanding and uplifting process from the colli- to the interpreting plateau growth mechanism. The sci- sional belt, and its geodynamics are a frontier topic of entific significance of unraveling tectonism and climate world attention[1―3]. The detailed growth process of in- change, especially Cenozoic uplift and growth of plateau, tracontinental plateau involves in not only quite complex through the analysis of surficial process of uplift, ero- patterns of distributed deformation and deep lithospheric Received January 10, 2007; accepted May 10, 2007 architecture but also erosional redistribution of load, and doi: 10.1007/s11430-007-6012-3 †Corresponding author (email: [email protected]) sediment accumulation within intermontane basins. The Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. study of coupling relation between basin and mountain 40234041 and 40672135) and the 111 Project (B07011) www.scichina.com www.springerlink.com Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci | Nov. 2007 | vol. 50 | Supp.II | 277-291 sion, subsidence and accumulation happening within paper gave a preliminary understanding of the Cenozoic basin and mountain system has been gradually realized, structural evolution of the studied area, and supplied and some important research results have been achieved some basin evidence and data for wholly probing into in worldwide plateaus and orogenic belts[4―6]. Therefore the growth mechanism of the northeastern Tibetan Pla- the study of structural and depositional process and their teau. feedback relationship, which are related with plateau growth, in basin and mountain (or structural deformation 1 Basin structural framework belt) system of a young active plateau is essential to un- The Guide, Tongren and Xunhua Basins are distributed derstanding the history of plateau development and the along the two belts of southern Laji Mountain and West mechanism of plateau growth. Qinling, respectively (Figure 1). The Xunhua Basin, the The Xunhua-Guide is located at the southeast part of West Qinling thrust belt to the south and the Lajishan northeastern Tibetan Plateau, a connection place be- thrust belt to the north form a rhombus shape, and rep- tween the northern West Qinling and Qilian. The results resent a typical characteristics of structure in the north- show that the late stage of northeastward growth of Ti- eastern Tibetan Plateau. The NWW-striked northern betan Plateau happened at late Cenozoic[2,7,8]. Some im- West Qinling thrust belt, is connected with the Shangdan portant results have been reached about structural geol- fault in the East Qinling across the southern Linxia Ba- ogy[9―14], basin sedimentation[14―16], magnetic stratigra- sin eastwards, and with northern Caidam fault belt [17―19] phy and the relationship between basin develop- across the Riyue Mountain and the southern Qinghai [17,19] ment and thrust of the northern West Qinling , etc. in Lake westwards. The Lajishan thrust belt, distributed the Xunhua-Guide area, but several key scientific ques- along the northern Xunhua Basin in an arc-shape, joins tions of structural control of basin marginal structural together with the West Qinling thrust belt westwards and belts on Cenozoic basin development, basin and moun- eastwards, respectively, and forms Riyueshan thrust belt tain evolution and its response to plateau growth need to at the western part. be further studied. Through systematic study of the Ce- The frontal fault of the northern West Qinling thrust nozoic basin sedimentation, paleocurrent and prove- belt at the southern margin of the Xunhua Basin repre- nance, and the analysis of basin margin thrusting, this sents as the Middle Triassic thrust on Lower Cretaceous Figure 1 Geological structural sketch of Xunhua-Guide. a, b, c and d represent the location of stratigraphic sections. 1, Archean-Proterozoic; 2, Protero- zoic; 3, Lower Paleozoic; 4, Ordovician granite; 5, Upper Paleozoic-Triassic; 6, Jurassic granite; 7, Cretaceous; 8, Xining Group; 9, Guide Group; 10, Pleistocene; 11, Holocene; 12, fault. 278 LIU ShaoFeng et al. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci | Nov. 2007 | vol. 50 | Supp.II | 277-291 and the Xining Group of the Lower Tertiary[19]. A lot of chean and Lower Proterozoic gneiss, quartzschist, quart- tight folds, small thrust faults with attitude of 182<30, zite and various granites are distributed between the we- and cleavages are developed with the northern West stren Laji Mountain and the northern West Qinling thrust Qinling thrust belt. Southernward-vergence Gangcha belts[21]. These middle-high grade metamorphic rocks thrust, with E-W strike along the northern Tongren Basin, and granite rocks could be the sources of the sediments is characterized by the thrust of Middle and Lower Tri- in the Guide or western Xunhua Basins. assic over the Xining and Guide Groups. The northern West Qinling thrust converges at the west with the Laji- 2 Basin filling sequences shan thrust to form a southward-vergence, Riyueshan The Cenozoic stratigraphy in the Xunhua and Guide thrust belt in which Archean and Ordovician granites, Basins is composed of the Oligocene Xining Group, the Middle and Upper Triassic thrust on the Xining and Neogene Guide Group, Pleistocene and Holocene. The Guide Formations[19]. The northern West Qinling thrust Xining Group, mostly distributed in the Xunhua Basin, belt is composed mainly of the Lower-Middle Long- Laji Mountain and its northern area besides the Guide wuhe Group, and part of the Upper Carboniferous- and Tongren areas, is composed of three parts, and its Permian Ganjia Formation, the Carboniferous-Lower lower part is mainly found in the local parts of the Permian Gahai Group and the Middle Permian Daguan- southern Xunhua Basin, outcrop of Archean basement shan Formation, the Upper Triassic Huari, Rinaore For- rock of the middle Xunhua Basin and the top of Laji mations and the Late Triassic-Jurassic granites[20,21]. The Mountain. The Guide Group is divided into the Zharang, composed rocks of the stratigraphic formations are Xiadongshan, Herjia, Ganjia Conglomerate and Gonghe flysch clastic rock, chert, a few carbonate and volcanic Formations upwards. Fang et al.[19] recently divided the rock which supply a main depositional source for the Guide Group into Guidemen, Garang, Ashigong, Herjia, northern Cenozoic basin. Ganjia and Amigang Formations (Table 1). The research The Lajishan thrust belt shows itself as a two-sided on paleogeomagnetism of the Xining and Guide Groups thrust shape, that is, northward thrust at its northern side shows the ages of the Xining and Guide Groups and and southward thrust at its southern side[20]. The eastern their equivalent strata[22,17,19]. The Xining Group is aged part of Laji Mountain at the northern and eastern Xun- ― hua Basin is characterized by Lower Paleozoic, Upper as 29.0 21.4 Ma, comparative to the Tala Formation in Devonian and a few Archean and Lower Proterozoic the Linxia Basin, and the Guide Group as 20.8―1.8 Ma thrust on the Lower Cretaceous, the Xining and Guide (Table 1). The former is the upper Oligocene and the Groups. The deformed Upper Cambrian chert slate, at lowest Miocene, and the latter is the Miocene and Plio- the frontal Laji Mountain of the northern Hualong Town, cene.
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