Personality and Empathy in Counseling Students a Dissertation
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Self-Love and Self-Conceit*
Self-Love and Self-Conceit* Owen Ware April 15, 2020 Introduction Kant holds a rather unflattering view of human nature in the Critique of Practi- cal Reason. All of us, he believes, are prone to ‘self-love’ (Eigenliebe), a tendency to satisfy our needs and inclinations, and to ‘self-conceit’ (Eigendünkel), a ten- dency to treat our happiness as a source of law (KpV 5:73.9-14). Surprisingly, however, Kant says little to explain why we are prone to self-conceit, and his few scattered remarks on the issue are quite puzzling. In one place he says that ‘if self-love makes itself lawgiving and the unconditional practical principle, it can be called self-conceit’ (KpV 5:74.18-19). Yet this is far from clear. Given the natural and innocent tendency we have to self-love, what would lead us to treat our happiness as a lawgiving principle? What, in short, would lead us to self-conceit in the first place? My discussion in this paper divides into six sections. In sections 1-2, I con- sider two possible ways of explaining the origin of self-conceit. One is to con- sider self-conceit in terms of how we compare ourselves with others; the other is to consider it in terms of how our sensible inclinations move us to act. Find- ing neither view satisfying, I then proceed to motivate an alternative account in sections 3-4. I argue that we find an illuminating parallel in Kant’s account of ‘transcendental illusion’ in the first Critique: the illusion we face in our search for systematic unity of knowledge. -
Narcissism and Subjective Arousal in Response to Sexual Aggression: the Mediating Role of Perceived Power
Article Narcissism and Subjective Arousal in Response to Sexual Aggression: The Mediating Role of Perceived Power Virgil Zeigler-Hill * and David Andrews Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The present research examined the associations that narcissistic personality features had with subjective arousal in response to sexually aggressive behaviors, as well as whether these associ- ations were mediated by the power that was believed to accompany these behaviors. Participants were 221 community members (115 women, 106 men) who completed a self-report instrument that captured narcissistic admiration (an agentic form of narcissism) and narcissistic rivalry (an antagonistic form of narcissism). In addition, participants were asked to rate how powerful they would expect to feel if they actually engaged in an array of sexually aggressive behaviors (e.g., “Tying up a person during sexual intercourse against her/his will”) as well as how sexually aroused they would be by each behavior. A multilevel mediation analysis revealed that both narcissistic admiration and narcissistic rivalry were positively associated with subjective arousal in response to sexual aggression and that these associations were mediated by the perceived power that was believed to accompany these sexually aggressive behaviors. These results suggest that perceptions of power may play an important role in the connections that narcissistic personality features have with subjective arousal in response to sexually aggressive behavior for both men and women. This discussion will focus on the implications of these results for understanding the connections between narcissism and sexual aggression in both men and women. -
Subtypes, Dimensions, Levels, and Mental States in Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Subtypes, Dimensions, Levels, and Mental States in Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder Kenneth N. Levy Pennsylvania State University Various conceptualizations of subtypes, levels, and dimensions of narcissism and narcissistic person- ality disorder (NPD) are considered with a particular focus on overt grandiose presentations and covert vulnerable presentations. Evidence supporting this distinction and clinical vignettes to illustrate it are presented as well as their implications for clinical work with NPD patients. The research and clinical evidence points to the conclusion that these broad categorical subtypes are better conceptualized as dimensions on which individual patients vary on relative levels, thus suggesting that grandiose and vul- nerable presentations represent two sides of the same coin. A case example and clinical implications are provided and discussed. C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Clin. Psychol: In Session 00:1–12, 2012. Keywords: narcissism; narcissistic personality disorder; grandiose subtype; vulnerable subtype Beginning with its inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM; 1968, 1980, 1994, 2000), narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) has been conceptualized predominately by its overt grandiose features. However, the definition of NPD articulated in the DSM-III and its successors, DSM-III-R and DSM-IV, has been criticized for failing to fully capture the intended clinical phenomena (Cooper & Ronningstam, 1992; Gabbard, 1989; Gunderson et al., 1991). These authors have noted that the DSM criteria have focused narrowly on aspects of the conceptual approaches of Kernberg and Millon, emphasizing the more overt form of narcissism. However, theoretical and empirical work is now converging to suggest that NPD is not a homogenous disorder and subtypes likely exist within this group. -
Evaluation of the Evidence for the Trauma and Fantasy Models of Dissociation
Psychological Bulletin © 2012 American Psychological Association 2012, Vol. 138, No. 3, 550–588 0033-2909/12/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0027447 Evaluation of the Evidence for the Trauma and Fantasy Models of Dissociation Constance J. Dalenberg Bethany L. Brand California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant Towson University International University, San Diego David H. Gleaves and Martin J. Dorahy Richard J. Loewenstein University of Canterbury Sheppard Pratt Health System, Baltimore, Maryland, and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore Etzel Carden˜a Paul A. Frewen Lund University University of Western Ontario Eve B. Carlson David Spiegel National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Menlo Park, Stanford University School of Medicine and Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California The relationship between a reported history of trauma and dissociative symptoms has been explained in 2 conflicting ways. Pathological dissociation has been conceptualized as a response to antecedent traumatic stress and/or severe psychological adversity. Others have proposed that dissociation makes individuals prone to fantasy, thereby engendering confabulated memories of trauma. We examine data related to a series of 8 contrasting predictions based on the trauma model and the fantasy model of dissociation. In keeping with the trauma model, the relationship between trauma and dissociation was consistent and moderate in strength, and remained significant when objective measures of trauma were used. Dissociation was temporally related to trauma and trauma treatment, and was predictive of trauma history when fantasy proneness was controlled. Dissociation was not reliably associated with suggestibility, nor was there evidence for the fantasy model prediction of greater inaccuracy of recovered memory. -
RELIABILITY and VALIDITY of the DUTCH VERSION of the INTERPERSONAL REACTIVITY INDEX Kim DE CORTE
Psychologica Belgica 2007, 47-4, 235-260. MEASURING EMPATHIC TENDENCIES: RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE DUTCH VERSION OF THE INTERPERSONAL REACTIVITY INDEX Kim DE CORTE (1), Ann BUYSSE (2), Lesley L. VERHOFSTADT (2), Herbert ROEYERS (2), Koen PONNET (3), & Mark H. DAVIS (4) Ghent University Hospital (1), Ghent University (2), University of Antwerp (3), & Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, United States (4) The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1980) is a commonly used self-report instrument designed to assess empathic tendencies. The IRI con- sists of four separate subscales: Perspective Taking (PT), Fantasy (FS), Empathic Concern (EC), and Personal Distress (PD). The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a Dutch version of the IRI. The IRI was administered to a Dutch sample of 651 normal functioning adults. The factor structure of the IRI was examined by using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results of the CFA revealed that there is room for improvement and modification of the original theoretical model. The validity of the IRI was tested using internal criteria (i.e., scale intercorrelations) and external criteria (i.e., correlations with subscales of the EQ-i (Bar-On, 1997), the NEO-FFI (Hoekstra, Ormel, & De Fruyt, 1996), Mach-IV (Van Kenhove, Vermeir, & Verniers, 2001), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), and the WAIS-III (Wechsler, 2000)). Overall, the internal consistency, con- struct validity, and factor structure of scores from the Dutch version of the IRI suggest that it is a useful instrument to measure people’s self-reported empath- ic tendencies. Empathy is a central component of normal social functioning, providing a foundation for pro-social behaviour (Charbonneau & Nicol, 2002), main- taining social relationships (Noller & Ruzzene, 1991), and enhancing psy- chological well-being (Musick &Wilson, 2003). -
Challenges and Potential Benefits of Mind Wandering in Education
Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology © 2016 American Psychological Association 2016, Vol. 2, No. 2, 134–146 2332-2101/16/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/stl0000060 TEACHER-READY THEORY REVIEW The Mind That Wanders: Challenges and Potential Benefits of Mind Wandering in Education Amy A. Pachai, Anita Acai, Andrew B. LoGiudice, and Joseph A. Kim McMaster University Our minds naturally wander for much of our daily lives. Here we review how mind wandering, or task-unrelated thought, impacts comprehension during lectures and reading, and how it relates to general academic success. In some situations, mind wandering may not hinder performance, and may even aid in creativity, future plan- ning, problem solving, and relief from boredom. We distill research on the negative and potentially positive effects of mind wandering to suggest ways that teachers can reduce and redirect mind wandering in the classroom. To conclude we suggest that, rather than attempt to eliminate mind wandering entirely, we should attempt to alleviate mind wandering at the most strategic times, using research to suggest what techniques should be applied, and when. Keywords: mind wandering, learning, focused attention, education It is unreasonable to expect students to gelhardt, & Kingstone, 2012; Smallwood, continuously pay attention while listening to a Obonsawin, & Reid, 2002; Szpunar, Khan, & lecture, reading a textbook, or studying for a Schacter, 2013), making lengthy lectures or test. The mind naturally wanders, shifting at- study sessions even more problematic. A re- tention from the primary learning task at hand cent surge in mind wandering research has to internal, personally relevant thoughts produced findings relevant to educators. -
Interpersonal and Individual Factors in the Grandiose Fantasies and Threats to Self-Esteem of a Non-Clinical Sample
The Open Psychology Journal, 2011, 4, 1-5 1 Open Access Interpersonal and Individual Factors in the Grandiose Fantasies and Threats to Self-esteem of A Non-clinical Sample Guido Veronese1,*, Giovanni Maria Ruggiero2, Sandra Sassaroli3 and Marco Castiglioni1 1Department of Human Sciences “R. Massa”, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy 2Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Ricerca, Psychotherapy School, Italy 3Studi Cognitivi, Psychotherapy School, Italy Abstract: This study aimed to investigate whether interpersonal factors play a prominent role in the construction of nar- cissistic fantasies, by comparing memories of threat to self-esteem, grandiose fantasies and imaginary relaxing scenes. A non-clinical group of university students produced written descriptions of each of these three types of scene. The quali- tative features of the texts were analyzed and the contents were classified along three different dimensions: biological, psychological and interpersonal. Memories of threat to self-esteem and grandiose fantasies were found to be mainly interpersonal in content, while the relaxing scenarios were characterized by both relational and biological elements. Keywords: Interpersonal factors, narcissistic fantasies, threatened self-esteem, non-clinical sample. INTRODUCTION fantasies of power, success, and triumph. Thus, narcissisti- cally inflated self-esteem seems to be of a defensive nature According to DSM-IV [1 , the distinguishing features of ] and its role is to mask an unconscious and unacceptable feel- patients suffering from Narcissistic Personality Disorder ing of low self-worth [17]. When individuals with highly (NPD) are grandiose fantasies of power, success and superi- narcissistic traits perceive their feeling of personal impor- ority, a feeling of entitlement, a lack of empathy towards tance to be under threat, they compensate by viewing them- others, and a tendency to exploit others [2-7]. -
Examining the Therapist's Internal Experience When a Patient Dissociates in Session
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Doctorate in Social Work (DSW) Dissertations School of Social Policy and Practice Spring 5-13-2013 Do You Know What I Know? Examining the Therapist's Internal Experience when a Patient Dissociates in Session Jacqueline R. Strait University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations_sp2 Part of the Psychology Commons, and the Social Work Commons Recommended Citation Strait, Jacqueline R., "Do You Know What I Know? Examining the Therapist's Internal Experience when a Patient Dissociates in Session" (2013). Doctorate in Social Work (DSW) Dissertations. 36. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations_sp2/36 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations_sp2/36 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Do You Know What I Know? Examining the Therapist's Internal Experience when a Patient Dissociates in Session Abstract There is rich theoretical literature that cites the importance of the therapist’s use of self as a way of knowing, especially in cases where a patient has been severely traumatized in early life. There is limited empirical research that explores the in-session experience of therapists working with traumatized patients in order to support these claims. This study employed a qualitative design to explore a therapist’s internal experience when a patient dissociates in session. The aim of this study was to further develop the theoretical construct of dissociative attunement to explain the way that therapist and patient engage in a nonverbal process of synchronicity that has the potential to communicate dissociated images, affect or somatosensory experiences by way of the therapist’s internal experience. -
Hard Racism’: Studying Antigypsyism As an Ideological Fantasy
4 68 • 2020 ARTICLES Envy, Corruption and ‘Hard Racism’: Studying Antigypsyism as an Ideological Fantasy VÁCLAV WALACH DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/se-2020-0019 © Ústav etnológie a sociálnej antropológie SAV © 2020, Václav Walach. This is an open access licensed under the Creative Commons Václav Walach, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Na Příkopě 584/29, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic; e-mail: vaclav.walach@ ff.cuni.cz Antigypsyism has been frequently said to be a racist ideology. However, although some studies have engaged with the ‘racist’ component of the thesis, almost no work has been done in terms of specifying what ideology is and how a certain conception of it can enhance the understanding of antigypsyism both as a concept and empirical phenomenon. is paper explores the potential of the Lacanian theory of ideology as exemplified by Slavoj Žižek for developing antigypsyism research. Overcoming the problem of false consciousness, Žižek’s conception offers an analytical framework that allows re-examining and elaborating on certain issues from the perspective which weaves social and psychic realities without falling into the traps of psychological reductionism. To illustrate this, this paper presents a Žižekian analysis of three issues that correspond to different aspects of the antigypsyist phenomenon identified via ethnographic research among the non-Roma inhabitants of a declining neighbourhood with a significant Roma presence in Czechia. e issues are called envy, corruption and ‘hard racism’. Keywords: antigypsyism, anti-Roma racism, Roma, ideology, fantasy, Žižek How to cite : Walach, V. (2020). Envy, Corruption and ‘Hard Racism’: Studying Antigypsyism as an Ideological Fantasy. -
Chapter 2 Personality Preferences
43 CHAPTER 2 PERSONALITY PREFERENCES Emotional competence is the research domain on which this research is based. This chapter focuses on the discussion of personality preferences as a variable that influences the emotional competence of individuals. Personality preferences are discussed from the paradigmatic perspective of the Analytical Psychology of Carl Jung. By discussing the personality theory (more specifically, the Psychological Type theory) of Carl Jung (1921, 1959, 1971, 1990) and the MBTI Personality Type theory of Myers and Briggs (Myers, 1987), the researcher attempts to organise observations of people by providing some kind of underlying framework for classifying and describing individual behaviour. The aim is to determine what aspects of personality enable certain individuals to be more emotionally competent than others. This is in line with step 1 of phase one of the research method as described in chapter 1 (refer to point 1.8). This chapter also aims to address the first research question stated in chapter 1 which relates to the theoretical conceptualisation of the construct personality preferences. In this chapter then, the construct personality preferences will be explored by examining the basic literature and research on personality and personality preferences. An integrated model of personality preferences from the perspective of Analytical Psychology will be proposed to enable the researcher to explain the theoretical relationship between the variables personality preferences, self-esteem, and emotional competence. Finally, the theoretical research implications for leader development and the field of Industrial and Organisational Psychology will be discussed. 2.1 PARADIGMATIC AND CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS The discussion of the paradigmatic and conceptual foundations that follows, aims at a broader understanding of the constructs personality and personality preferences from the paradigmatic perspective of Analytical Psychology. -
Love Is the Triumph of the Imagination: Daydreams About Significant Others Are Associated with Increased Happiness, Love and Connection ⇑ Giulia L
Consciousness and Cognition 33 (2015) 135–144 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Consciousness and Cognition journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/concog Love is the triumph of the imagination: Daydreams about significant others are associated with increased happiness, love and connection ⇑ Giulia L. Poerio a, , Peter Totterdell a, Lisa-Marie Emerson a, Eleanor Miles b a Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, UK b School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK article info abstract Article history: Social relationships and interactions contribute to daily emotional well-being. The emo- Received 28 August 2014 tional benefits that come from engaging with others are known to arise from real events, but do they also come from the imagination during daydreaming activity? Using experi- ence sampling methodology with 101 participants, we obtained 371 reports of naturally Keywords: occurring daydreams with social and non-social content and self-reported feelings before Daydreaming and after daydreaming. Social, but not non-social, daydreams were associated with Mind wandering increased happiness, love and connection and this effect was not solely attributable to Emotion regulation the emotional content of the daydreams. These effects were only present when participants Close relationships Experience sampling were lacking in these feelings before daydreaming and when the daydream involved imag- ining others with whom the daydreamer had a high quality relationship. Findings are con- sistent with the idea that social daydreams may function to regulate emotion: imagining close others may serve the current emotional needs of daydreamers by increasing positive feelings towards themselves and others. Ó 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. -
The Balance of Personality
The Balance of Personality The Balance of Personality CHRIS ALLEN PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY The Balance of Personality by Chris Allen is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The Balance of Personality Copyright © by Chris Allen is licensed under an Attribution NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International, except where otherwise noted. Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements x Front Cover Photo: x Special Thanks to: x Open Educational Resources xi Introduction 1 1. Personality Traits 3 Introduction 3 Facets of Traits (Subtraits) 7 Other Traits Beyond the Five-Factor Model 8 The Person-Situation Debate and Alternatives to the Trait Perspective 10 2. Personality Stability 17 Introduction 18 Defining Different Kinds of Personality Stability 19 The How and Why of Personality Stability and Change: Different Kinds of Interplay Between Individuals 22 and Their Environments Conclusion 25 3. Personality Assessment 30 Introduction 30 Objective Tests 31 Basic Types of Objective Tests 32 Other Ways of Classifying Objective Tests 35 Projective and Implicit Tests 36 Behavioral and Performance Measures 38 Conclusion 39 Vocabulary 39 4. Sigmund Freud, Karen Horney, Nancy Chodorow: Viewpoints on Psychodynamic Theory 43 Introduction 43 Core Assumptions of the Psychodynamic Perspective 45 The Evolution of Psychodynamic Theory 46 Nancy Chodorow’s Psychoanalytic Feminism and the Role of Mothering 55 Quiz 60 5. Carl Jung 63 Carl Jung: Analytic Psychology 63 6. Humanistic and Existential Theory: Frankl, Rogers, and Maslow 78 HUMANISTIC AND EXISTENTIAL THEORY: VIKTOR FRANKL, CARL ROGERS, AND ABRAHAM 78 MASLOW Carl Rogers, Humanistic Psychotherapy 85 Vocabulary and Concepts 94 7.