Subtypes, Dimensions, Levels, and Mental States in Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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Self-Love and Self-Conceit*
Self-Love and Self-Conceit* Owen Ware April 15, 2020 Introduction Kant holds a rather unflattering view of human nature in the Critique of Practi- cal Reason. All of us, he believes, are prone to ‘self-love’ (Eigenliebe), a tendency to satisfy our needs and inclinations, and to ‘self-conceit’ (Eigendünkel), a ten- dency to treat our happiness as a source of law (KpV 5:73.9-14). Surprisingly, however, Kant says little to explain why we are prone to self-conceit, and his few scattered remarks on the issue are quite puzzling. In one place he says that ‘if self-love makes itself lawgiving and the unconditional practical principle, it can be called self-conceit’ (KpV 5:74.18-19). Yet this is far from clear. Given the natural and innocent tendency we have to self-love, what would lead us to treat our happiness as a lawgiving principle? What, in short, would lead us to self-conceit in the first place? My discussion in this paper divides into six sections. In sections 1-2, I con- sider two possible ways of explaining the origin of self-conceit. One is to con- sider self-conceit in terms of how we compare ourselves with others; the other is to consider it in terms of how our sensible inclinations move us to act. Find- ing neither view satisfying, I then proceed to motivate an alternative account in sections 3-4. I argue that we find an illuminating parallel in Kant’s account of ‘transcendental illusion’ in the first Critique: the illusion we face in our search for systematic unity of knowledge. -
Narcissism and Subjective Arousal in Response to Sexual Aggression: the Mediating Role of Perceived Power
Article Narcissism and Subjective Arousal in Response to Sexual Aggression: The Mediating Role of Perceived Power Virgil Zeigler-Hill * and David Andrews Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The present research examined the associations that narcissistic personality features had with subjective arousal in response to sexually aggressive behaviors, as well as whether these associ- ations were mediated by the power that was believed to accompany these behaviors. Participants were 221 community members (115 women, 106 men) who completed a self-report instrument that captured narcissistic admiration (an agentic form of narcissism) and narcissistic rivalry (an antagonistic form of narcissism). In addition, participants were asked to rate how powerful they would expect to feel if they actually engaged in an array of sexually aggressive behaviors (e.g., “Tying up a person during sexual intercourse against her/his will”) as well as how sexually aroused they would be by each behavior. A multilevel mediation analysis revealed that both narcissistic admiration and narcissistic rivalry were positively associated with subjective arousal in response to sexual aggression and that these associations were mediated by the perceived power that was believed to accompany these sexually aggressive behaviors. These results suggest that perceptions of power may play an important role in the connections that narcissistic personality features have with subjective arousal in response to sexually aggressive behavior for both men and women. This discussion will focus on the implications of these results for understanding the connections between narcissism and sexual aggression in both men and women. -
Differences in Narcissistic Presentation in Abused and Non- Abused Children and Adolescents
The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Summer 8-2014 Differences in Narcissistic Presentation in Abused and Non- Abused Children and Adolescents Mallory Laine Malkin University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Applied Behavior Analysis Commons, Child Psychology Commons, Clinical Psychology Commons, School Psychology Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Malkin, Mallory Laine, "Differences in Narcissistic Presentation in Abused and Non-Abused Children and Adolescents" (2014). Dissertations. 274. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/274 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi DIFFERENCES IN NARCISSISTIC PRESENTATION IN ABUSED AND NON-ABUSED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS by Mallory Laine Malkin Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2014 ABSTRACT DIFFERENCES IN NARCISSISTIC PRESENTATION IN ABUSED AND NON-ABUSED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS by Mallory Laine Malkin August 2014 The present study examined whether children and adolescents who have been victims of sexual or physical abuse report higher levels of narcissistic tendencies than children and adolescents who have not been victims of abuse. Inaddition to narcissism, internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviors, and risky behaviors were evaluated, as such issues have been associated with both maltreatment (Baer & Maschi, 2003) and narcissism (Barry & Malkin, 2010; Bushman & Baumeister, 1998). -
Evaluation of the Evidence for the Trauma and Fantasy Models of Dissociation
Psychological Bulletin © 2012 American Psychological Association 2012, Vol. 138, No. 3, 550–588 0033-2909/12/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0027447 Evaluation of the Evidence for the Trauma and Fantasy Models of Dissociation Constance J. Dalenberg Bethany L. Brand California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant Towson University International University, San Diego David H. Gleaves and Martin J. Dorahy Richard J. Loewenstein University of Canterbury Sheppard Pratt Health System, Baltimore, Maryland, and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore Etzel Carden˜a Paul A. Frewen Lund University University of Western Ontario Eve B. Carlson David Spiegel National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Menlo Park, Stanford University School of Medicine and Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California The relationship between a reported history of trauma and dissociative symptoms has been explained in 2 conflicting ways. Pathological dissociation has been conceptualized as a response to antecedent traumatic stress and/or severe psychological adversity. Others have proposed that dissociation makes individuals prone to fantasy, thereby engendering confabulated memories of trauma. We examine data related to a series of 8 contrasting predictions based on the trauma model and the fantasy model of dissociation. In keeping with the trauma model, the relationship between trauma and dissociation was consistent and moderate in strength, and remained significant when objective measures of trauma were used. Dissociation was temporally related to trauma and trauma treatment, and was predictive of trauma history when fantasy proneness was controlled. Dissociation was not reliably associated with suggestibility, nor was there evidence for the fantasy model prediction of greater inaccuracy of recovered memory. -
Narcissism, Confidence, and Risk Attitude
Journal of Behavioral Decision Making J. Behav. Dec. Making, 17: 297–311 (2004) DOI: 10.1002/bdm.475 Narcissism, Confidence, and Risk Attitude W. KEITH CAMPBELL*, ADAM S. GOODIE and JOSHUA D. FOSTER University of Georgia, USA ABSTRACT The present research addresses whether narcissists are more overconfident than others and whether this overconfidence leads to deficits in decision making. In Study 1, nar- cissism predicted overconfidence. This was attributable to narcissists’ greater confi- dence despite no greater accuracy. In Study 2, participants were offered fair bets on their answers. Narcissists lost significantly more points in this betting task than non- narcissists, due both to their greater overconfidence and greater willingness to bet. Finally, in Study 3, narcissists’ predictions of future performance were based on per- formance expectations rather than actual performance. This research extends the litera- ture on betting on knowledge to the important personality dimension of narcissism. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. key words risk taking; overconfidence; decision making; narcissism; personality; adults Individual differences matter in decision making. Gigerenzer and Hoffrage (1995), among many others, have pointed out that average decision strategies can be misleading, as they may reflect decision strategies that no single decision-maker employs. It is often better to explore the decisions that individuals reach. Furthermore, reliable differences in which kinds of people make which kind of decisions are important. Stanovich and West (2000), for example, have defended the reality of various cognitive illusions by demonstrating that people who violate conventionally defined norms tend to be those who perform less well in other domains. Looking at the same base of data, Funder (2000) argued that the observed correlation constitutes standard validation of the test items, and that the ability of some people to solve the problems correctly indicates an absence of systematic irrationality. -
RELIABILITY and VALIDITY of the DUTCH VERSION of the INTERPERSONAL REACTIVITY INDEX Kim DE CORTE
Psychologica Belgica 2007, 47-4, 235-260. MEASURING EMPATHIC TENDENCIES: RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE DUTCH VERSION OF THE INTERPERSONAL REACTIVITY INDEX Kim DE CORTE (1), Ann BUYSSE (2), Lesley L. VERHOFSTADT (2), Herbert ROEYERS (2), Koen PONNET (3), & Mark H. DAVIS (4) Ghent University Hospital (1), Ghent University (2), University of Antwerp (3), & Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, United States (4) The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1980) is a commonly used self-report instrument designed to assess empathic tendencies. The IRI con- sists of four separate subscales: Perspective Taking (PT), Fantasy (FS), Empathic Concern (EC), and Personal Distress (PD). The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a Dutch version of the IRI. The IRI was administered to a Dutch sample of 651 normal functioning adults. The factor structure of the IRI was examined by using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results of the CFA revealed that there is room for improvement and modification of the original theoretical model. The validity of the IRI was tested using internal criteria (i.e., scale intercorrelations) and external criteria (i.e., correlations with subscales of the EQ-i (Bar-On, 1997), the NEO-FFI (Hoekstra, Ormel, & De Fruyt, 1996), Mach-IV (Van Kenhove, Vermeir, & Verniers, 2001), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), and the WAIS-III (Wechsler, 2000)). Overall, the internal consistency, con- struct validity, and factor structure of scores from the Dutch version of the IRI suggest that it is a useful instrument to measure people’s self-reported empath- ic tendencies. Empathy is a central component of normal social functioning, providing a foundation for pro-social behaviour (Charbonneau & Nicol, 2002), main- taining social relationships (Noller & Ruzzene, 1991), and enhancing psy- chological well-being (Musick &Wilson, 2003). -
Personality and Empathy in Counseling Students a Dissertation
Personality and Empathy in Counseling Students A dissertation presented to the faculty of The Patton College of Education of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Kathleen A. Kutsko May, 2019 © 2019 Kathleen A. Kutsko. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled The Relationship Between Personality and Empathy in Counseling Students by KATHLEEN A. KUTSKO has been approved for the Department of Counseling and Higher Education and The Patton College of Education by Yegan Pillay Associate Professor of Counseling and Higher Education Renée A. Middleton Dean, The Patton College of Education 3 Abstract KUTSKO, KATHLEEN A., Ph.D. May 2019, Counselor Education The Relationship Between Personality and Empathy in Counseling Students Director of Dissertation: Yegan Pillay Reports of increased incidences of violence, hate crimes, and discrimination in communities around the globe may be linked to a lack of empathy. Empathy is especially important to cultivate for counselors, as research indicates that empathy is an essential ingredient for developing successful counseling relationships, leading to positive change for clients. The purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between personality and empathy in a sample of counseling students using the Myers Briggs Type Indicator® as the personality measure and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index as the empathy measure. A series of MANOVAs were conducted with results reporting significant differences in empathy based on personality type. Specifically, the type preferences of Extraversion, Intuition, Feeling, and Perceiving had significantly higher empathy scores than their opposite preferences of Introversion, Sensing, Thinking and Judging, respectively. These findings provide a starting point for future investigations in the areas of personality and empathy in counselor education and supervision programs. -
Interpersonal and Individual Factors in the Grandiose Fantasies and Threats to Self-Esteem of a Non-Clinical Sample
The Open Psychology Journal, 2011, 4, 1-5 1 Open Access Interpersonal and Individual Factors in the Grandiose Fantasies and Threats to Self-esteem of A Non-clinical Sample Guido Veronese1,*, Giovanni Maria Ruggiero2, Sandra Sassaroli3 and Marco Castiglioni1 1Department of Human Sciences “R. Massa”, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy 2Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Ricerca, Psychotherapy School, Italy 3Studi Cognitivi, Psychotherapy School, Italy Abstract: This study aimed to investigate whether interpersonal factors play a prominent role in the construction of nar- cissistic fantasies, by comparing memories of threat to self-esteem, grandiose fantasies and imaginary relaxing scenes. A non-clinical group of university students produced written descriptions of each of these three types of scene. The quali- tative features of the texts were analyzed and the contents were classified along three different dimensions: biological, psychological and interpersonal. Memories of threat to self-esteem and grandiose fantasies were found to be mainly interpersonal in content, while the relaxing scenarios were characterized by both relational and biological elements. Keywords: Interpersonal factors, narcissistic fantasies, threatened self-esteem, non-clinical sample. INTRODUCTION fantasies of power, success, and triumph. Thus, narcissisti- cally inflated self-esteem seems to be of a defensive nature According to DSM-IV [1 , the distinguishing features of ] and its role is to mask an unconscious and unacceptable feel- patients suffering from Narcissistic Personality Disorder ing of low self-worth [17]. When individuals with highly (NPD) are grandiose fantasies of power, success and superi- narcissistic traits perceive their feeling of personal impor- ority, a feeling of entitlement, a lack of empathy towards tance to be under threat, they compensate by viewing them- others, and a tendency to exploit others [2-7]. -
Emotional Intelligence Is Used by Dark Personalities to Emotionally Manipulate Others ⇑ ⇑ Ursa K.J
Personality and Individual Differences xxx (2014) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Personality and Individual Differences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/paid Is there a ‘‘dark intelligence’’? Emotional intelligence is used by dark personalities to emotionally manipulate others ⇑ ⇑ Ursa K.J. Nagler a, ,1, Katharina J. Reiter a, ,1, Marco R. Furtner a, John F. Rauthmann b a Institute of Psychology, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Austria b Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany article info abstract Article history: Potential ‘‘darker sides’’ of socio-emotional intelligence (SEI) have been repeatedly noted. We examine Available online xxxx whether SEI is associated with emotional manipulation of others when used by dark personalities (Dark Triad: narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy). In N = 594 participants, narcissism was positively, Keywords: Machiavellianism negatively, and psychopathy positively and negatively associated with SEI. Moreover, Emotional manipulation narcissism and psychopathy moderated links between facets of emotional intelligence and emotional Dark Triad manipulation. Findings are discussed in context of a ‘‘dark intelligence’’ used for malicious intents. Narcissism Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Machiavellianism Psychopathy Emotional intelligence Social intelligence 1. Introduction & Sachse, 2010), including communication competence (e.g., Diez, 1984), social intelligence (e.g., Cantor & Kihlstrom, 1987; Gardner, Are social and emotional skills always used for good intentions? 1993; Guilford, 1967; Thorndike, 1920), and emotional intelligence Potential ‘‘dark sides’’ of socio-emotional intelligence (SEI), such as (e.g., Mayer & Salovey, 1997; Salovey & Mayer, 1990). Not only the emotional manipulation of others (Austin, Farrelly, Black, & interpersonal (e.g., encoding and decoding social information) Moore, 2007), have garnered interest during the last years. -
Narcissistic Personality Disorder – Has It Become an Epidemic? 3 CE Hours
Chapter 7: Narcissistic Personality Disorder – Has It Become an Epidemic? 3 CE Hours By: Kathryn Brohl, MA, LMFT Learning objectives Upon completion of this course, the learner should be able to: Describe at least three relationship characteristics of individuals Define narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) as it relates to the with NPD. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, Identify at least five diagnostic criteria for NPD as they relate to Fifth Edition (DSM-5) (2013). the DSM-5. Identify personality disorder as it relates to the DSM-5. Recognize challenges to treating individuals with NPD. Compare NPD to other Cluster B Personality Disorders, outlined Describe treatment for individuals with NPD. in the Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, Fifth Edition, Compare and describe ICD Revision 10 personality disorder (2013). criteria to DSM-5 personality disorder criteria. Explain the male and female prevalence of NPD. Explain how NPD affects relationships. Introduction Narcissism has been examined by mental health professionals for years, society is more accepting of persons with NPD, or does the trend in and yet something has occurred recently within our society that seems to cultivating entitlement as it relates to expressing one’s opinions and have blurred narcissism traits with the clinical diagnosis of narcissistic behaviors more loudly simply mean that people are feeling more personality disorder (NPD) and accepted societal behavior. Recently, a empowered? And as a result, are people becoming desensitized to the shift has occurred in shared cultural values toward narcissism and self- feelings of others? Furthermore, are mental health professionals seeing admiration and some of these traits have become social norms. -
Hard Racism’: Studying Antigypsyism As an Ideological Fantasy
4 68 • 2020 ARTICLES Envy, Corruption and ‘Hard Racism’: Studying Antigypsyism as an Ideological Fantasy VÁCLAV WALACH DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/se-2020-0019 © Ústav etnológie a sociálnej antropológie SAV © 2020, Václav Walach. This is an open access licensed under the Creative Commons Václav Walach, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Na Příkopě 584/29, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic; e-mail: vaclav.walach@ ff.cuni.cz Antigypsyism has been frequently said to be a racist ideology. However, although some studies have engaged with the ‘racist’ component of the thesis, almost no work has been done in terms of specifying what ideology is and how a certain conception of it can enhance the understanding of antigypsyism both as a concept and empirical phenomenon. is paper explores the potential of the Lacanian theory of ideology as exemplified by Slavoj Žižek for developing antigypsyism research. Overcoming the problem of false consciousness, Žižek’s conception offers an analytical framework that allows re-examining and elaborating on certain issues from the perspective which weaves social and psychic realities without falling into the traps of psychological reductionism. To illustrate this, this paper presents a Žižekian analysis of three issues that correspond to different aspects of the antigypsyist phenomenon identified via ethnographic research among the non-Roma inhabitants of a declining neighbourhood with a significant Roma presence in Czechia. e issues are called envy, corruption and ‘hard racism’. Keywords: antigypsyism, anti-Roma racism, Roma, ideology, fantasy, Žižek How to cite : Walach, V. (2020). Envy, Corruption and ‘Hard Racism’: Studying Antigypsyism as an Ideological Fantasy. -
Fluctuations in Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissistic States: a Momentary Perspective
1 Fluctuations in grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic states: A momentary perspective Elizabeth A. Edershile Aidan G.C. Wright University of Pittsburgh This manuscript reflects a portion of the first author’s Master’s thesis. Aidan Wright’s effort on this project was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (L30 MH101760). Participant recruitment was supported by the University of Pittsburgh’s Clinical and Translational Science Institute, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program (UL1 TR001857). The CTSA program is led by the NIH's National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS). The opinions expressed are solely those of the authors and not those of the funding source. This manuscript and supporting data and analyses has been posted on Open Science Framework and can be accessed at https://osf.io/c9uea/ Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Elizabeth Edershile, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3137 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Abstract Theories of narcissism emphasize the dynamic processes within and between grandiosity and vulnerability. Research seeking to address this has either not studied grandiosity and vulnerability together or has used dispositional measures to assess what are considered to be momentary states. Emerging models of narcissism suggest grandiosity and vulnerability can further be differentiated into a three-factor structure – Exhibitionistic Grandiosity, Entitlement, and Vulnerability. Research in other areas of maladaptive personality (e.g., borderline personality disorder) has made headway in engaging data collection and analytic methods that are specifically meant to examine such questions.