Evaluation of the Evidence for the Trauma and Fantasy Models of Dissociation
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Self-Love and Self-Conceit*
Self-Love and Self-Conceit* Owen Ware April 15, 2020 Introduction Kant holds a rather unflattering view of human nature in the Critique of Practi- cal Reason. All of us, he believes, are prone to ‘self-love’ (Eigenliebe), a tendency to satisfy our needs and inclinations, and to ‘self-conceit’ (Eigendünkel), a ten- dency to treat our happiness as a source of law (KpV 5:73.9-14). Surprisingly, however, Kant says little to explain why we are prone to self-conceit, and his few scattered remarks on the issue are quite puzzling. In one place he says that ‘if self-love makes itself lawgiving and the unconditional practical principle, it can be called self-conceit’ (KpV 5:74.18-19). Yet this is far from clear. Given the natural and innocent tendency we have to self-love, what would lead us to treat our happiness as a lawgiving principle? What, in short, would lead us to self-conceit in the first place? My discussion in this paper divides into six sections. In sections 1-2, I con- sider two possible ways of explaining the origin of self-conceit. One is to con- sider self-conceit in terms of how we compare ourselves with others; the other is to consider it in terms of how our sensible inclinations move us to act. Find- ing neither view satisfying, I then proceed to motivate an alternative account in sections 3-4. I argue that we find an illuminating parallel in Kant’s account of ‘transcendental illusion’ in the first Critique: the illusion we face in our search for systematic unity of knowledge. -
The Varieties of Self-Transcendent Experience David Bryce Yaden, Jonathan Haidt, Ralph W
Review of General Psychology The Varieties of Self-Transcendent Experience David Bryce Yaden, Jonathan Haidt, Ralph W. Hood, Jr., David R. Vago, and Andrew B. Newberg Online First Publication, May 1, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000102 CITATION Yaden, D. B., Haidt, J., Hood, R. W., Jr., Vago, D. R., & Newberg, A. B. (2017, May 1). The Varieties of Self-Transcendent Experience. Review of General Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000102 Review of General Psychology © 2017 American Psychological Association 2017, Vol. 0, No. 999, 000 1089-2680/17/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000102 The Varieties of Self-Transcendent Experience David Bryce Yaden Jonathan Haidt University of Pennsylvania New York University Ralph W. Hood Jr. David R. Vago University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Harvard Medical School Andrew B. Newberg Thomas Jefferson University Various forms of self-loss have been described as aspects of mental illness (e.g., depersonalization disorder), but might self-loss also be related to mental health? In this integrative review and proposed organizational framework, we focus on self-transcendent experiences (STEs)—transient mental states marked by decreased self-salience and increased feelings of connectedness. We first identify common psychological constructs that contain a self-transcendent aspect, including mindfulness, flow, peak experiences, mystical-type experiences, and certain positive emotions (e.g., love, awe). We then propose psychological and neurobiological mechanisms that may mediate the effects of STEs based on a review of the extant literature from social psychology, clinical psychology, and affective neuroscience. We conclude with future directions for further empirical research on these experiences. -
Narcissism and Subjective Arousal in Response to Sexual Aggression: the Mediating Role of Perceived Power
Article Narcissism and Subjective Arousal in Response to Sexual Aggression: The Mediating Role of Perceived Power Virgil Zeigler-Hill * and David Andrews Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The present research examined the associations that narcissistic personality features had with subjective arousal in response to sexually aggressive behaviors, as well as whether these associ- ations were mediated by the power that was believed to accompany these behaviors. Participants were 221 community members (115 women, 106 men) who completed a self-report instrument that captured narcissistic admiration (an agentic form of narcissism) and narcissistic rivalry (an antagonistic form of narcissism). In addition, participants were asked to rate how powerful they would expect to feel if they actually engaged in an array of sexually aggressive behaviors (e.g., “Tying up a person during sexual intercourse against her/his will”) as well as how sexually aroused they would be by each behavior. A multilevel mediation analysis revealed that both narcissistic admiration and narcissistic rivalry were positively associated with subjective arousal in response to sexual aggression and that these associations were mediated by the perceived power that was believed to accompany these sexually aggressive behaviors. These results suggest that perceptions of power may play an important role in the connections that narcissistic personality features have with subjective arousal in response to sexually aggressive behavior for both men and women. This discussion will focus on the implications of these results for understanding the connections between narcissism and sexual aggression in both men and women. -
Cyberbullies on Campus, 37 U. Tol. L. Rev. 51 (2005)
UIC School of Law UIC Law Open Access Repository UIC Law Open Access Faculty Scholarship 2005 Cyberbullies on Campus, 37 U. Tol. L. Rev. 51 (2005) Darby Dickerson John Marshall Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.uic.edu/facpubs Part of the Education Law Commons, Legal Education Commons, and the Legal Profession Commons Recommended Citation Darby Dickerson, Cyberbullies on Campus, 37 U. Tol. L. Rev. 51 (2005) https://repository.law.uic.edu/facpubs/643 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UIC Law Open Access Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in UIC Law Open Access Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of UIC Law Open Access Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CYBERBULLIES ON CAMPUS Darby Dickerson * I. INTRODUCTION A new challenge facing educators is how to deal with the high-tech incivility that has crept onto our campuses. Technology has changed the way students approach learning, and has spawned new forms of rudeness. Students play computer games, check e-mail, watch DVDs, and participate in chat rooms during class. They answer ringing cell phones and dare to carry on conversations mid-lesson. Dealing with these types of incivilities is difficult enough, but another, more sinister e-culprit-the cyberbully-has also arrived on law school campuses. Cyberbullies exploit technology to control and intimidate others on campus.' They use web sites, blogs, and IMs2 to malign professors and classmates.3 They craft e-mails that are offensive, boorish, and cruel. They blast professors and administrators for grades given and policies passed; and, more often than not, they mix in hateful attacks on our character, motivations, physical attributes, and intellectual abilities.4 They disrupt classes, cause tension on campus, and interfere with our educational mission. -
Subtypes, Dimensions, Levels, and Mental States in Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Subtypes, Dimensions, Levels, and Mental States in Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder Kenneth N. Levy Pennsylvania State University Various conceptualizations of subtypes, levels, and dimensions of narcissism and narcissistic person- ality disorder (NPD) are considered with a particular focus on overt grandiose presentations and covert vulnerable presentations. Evidence supporting this distinction and clinical vignettes to illustrate it are presented as well as their implications for clinical work with NPD patients. The research and clinical evidence points to the conclusion that these broad categorical subtypes are better conceptualized as dimensions on which individual patients vary on relative levels, thus suggesting that grandiose and vul- nerable presentations represent two sides of the same coin. A case example and clinical implications are provided and discussed. C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Clin. Psychol: In Session 00:1–12, 2012. Keywords: narcissism; narcissistic personality disorder; grandiose subtype; vulnerable subtype Beginning with its inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM; 1968, 1980, 1994, 2000), narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) has been conceptualized predominately by its overt grandiose features. However, the definition of NPD articulated in the DSM-III and its successors, DSM-III-R and DSM-IV, has been criticized for failing to fully capture the intended clinical phenomena (Cooper & Ronningstam, 1992; Gabbard, 1989; Gunderson et al., 1991). These authors have noted that the DSM criteria have focused narrowly on aspects of the conceptual approaches of Kernberg and Millon, emphasizing the more overt form of narcissism. However, theoretical and empirical work is now converging to suggest that NPD is not a homogenous disorder and subtypes likely exist within this group. -
How Should Therapists Respond to Client Accounts of Out-Of-Body Experience? Alexander De Foe Monash University
International Journal of Transpersonal Studies Volume 31 | Issue 1 Article 10 1-1-2012 How Should Therapists Respond to Client Accounts of Out-of-Body Experience? Alexander De Foe Monash University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/ijts-transpersonalstudies Part of the Philosophy Commons, Psychology Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation De Foe, A. (2012). De Foe, A. (2012). How should therapists respond to client accounts of out-of-body experience? International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 31(1), 75–82.. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 31 (1). http://dx.doi.org/10.24972/ ijts.2012.31.1.75 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Special Topic Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals and Newsletters at Digital Commons @ CIIS. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Journal of Transpersonal Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ CIIS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. How Should Therapists Respond to Client Accounts of Out-of-Body Experience? Alexander De Foe Monash University Melbourne, Australia During an out-of-body experience (OBE) a person experiences their center of consciousness from a spatial location that is distinctly different to their physical body. Prior research has suggested that psychologists and psychotherapists may be reluctant to discuss the content of their clients OBE accounts due to a lack of understanding about the nature of these experiences. Yet, other research has highlighted the substantial value of discussing OBEs in the therapeutic process. -
RELIABILITY and VALIDITY of the DUTCH VERSION of the INTERPERSONAL REACTIVITY INDEX Kim DE CORTE
Psychologica Belgica 2007, 47-4, 235-260. MEASURING EMPATHIC TENDENCIES: RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE DUTCH VERSION OF THE INTERPERSONAL REACTIVITY INDEX Kim DE CORTE (1), Ann BUYSSE (2), Lesley L. VERHOFSTADT (2), Herbert ROEYERS (2), Koen PONNET (3), & Mark H. DAVIS (4) Ghent University Hospital (1), Ghent University (2), University of Antwerp (3), & Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, United States (4) The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1980) is a commonly used self-report instrument designed to assess empathic tendencies. The IRI con- sists of four separate subscales: Perspective Taking (PT), Fantasy (FS), Empathic Concern (EC), and Personal Distress (PD). The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a Dutch version of the IRI. The IRI was administered to a Dutch sample of 651 normal functioning adults. The factor structure of the IRI was examined by using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results of the CFA revealed that there is room for improvement and modification of the original theoretical model. The validity of the IRI was tested using internal criteria (i.e., scale intercorrelations) and external criteria (i.e., correlations with subscales of the EQ-i (Bar-On, 1997), the NEO-FFI (Hoekstra, Ormel, & De Fruyt, 1996), Mach-IV (Van Kenhove, Vermeir, & Verniers, 2001), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), and the WAIS-III (Wechsler, 2000)). Overall, the internal consistency, con- struct validity, and factor structure of scores from the Dutch version of the IRI suggest that it is a useful instrument to measure people’s self-reported empath- ic tendencies. Empathy is a central component of normal social functioning, providing a foundation for pro-social behaviour (Charbonneau & Nicol, 2002), main- taining social relationships (Noller & Ruzzene, 1991), and enhancing psy- chological well-being (Musick &Wilson, 2003). -
CLINICAL STUDY PROTOCOL Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy
CLINICAL STUDY PROTOCOL Psilocybin-assisted Psychotherapy in the Management of Anxiety Associated With Stage IV Melanoma. Version: Final IND: [79,321] SPONSOR Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR Sameet Kumar Ph.D. MEDICAL MONITOR Michael C. Mithoefer MD. STUDY PERSONNEL XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX STUDY MONITOR [CRA] Valerie Mojeiko IRB Study Site IRB Sponsor Signatory Rick Doblin Ph.D. Study Period 2008 For trial related emergencies please contact: Dr. Michael Mithoefer MAPS: S Kumar PI Clinical Study Protocol PCA1 Final December 1, 2007 Confidential Page 2 of 83 Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................... 4 Background..................................................................................................................... 4 Disease History and Related Research ........................................................................... 5 Rationale ......................................................................................................................... 7 Summary......................................................................................................................... 7 Ethics................................................................................................................................... 8 Informed Consent of Subject .......................................................................................... 9 Recruitment and Screening............................................................................................ -
Forgetting Across a Hierarchy of Episodic Representations
Forgetting across a hierarchy of episodic representations Nora Andermane1,*, Bárður H Joensen2,3, Aidan J Horner1,4,* 1. Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK 2. Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, UCL, London, UK 3. Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK 4. York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK * Corresponding authors: [email protected] & [email protected] Pages: 19, Figures: 2, Word count: 2667 Acknowledgements We thank Prof Anna Schapiro for reading an earlier version of this manuscript and Jamie Cockcroft for helpful feedback on the figures. Aidan J Horner is supported by an ESRC grant (ES/R007454/1). 1 Abstract Rich episodic experiences are represented in a hierarchical manner across a diverse network of brain regions, and as such, the way in which episodes are forgotten is likely to be similarly diverse. Using novel experimental approaches and statistical modelling, recent research has suggested that item- based representations, such as ones related to the colour and shape of an object, fragment over time, whereas higher-order event-based representations may be forgotten in a more ‘holistic’ uniform manner. We propose a framework that reconciles these findings, where complex episodes are represented in a hierarchical manner, from individual items, to small-scale events, to large-scale episodic narratives. Each level in the hierarchy is represented in distinct brain regions, from the perirhinal cortex, to posterior hippocampus, to anterior hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal -
Retrieval Can Increase Or Decrease Suggestibility Depending on How Memory Is Tested: the Importance of Source Complexity Jason C.K
Psychology Publications Psychology 7-2012 Retrieval Can Increase or Decrease Suggestibility Depending on How Memory is Tested: The Importance of Source Complexity Jason C.K. Chan Iowa State University, [email protected] Miko M. Wilford Iowa State University Katharine L. Hughes Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/psychology_pubs Part of the Cognitive Psychology Commons, and the Evidence Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ psychology_pubs/16. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Psychology Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Retrieval Can Increase or Decrease Suggestibility Depending on How Memory is Tested: The mpI ortance of Source Complexity Abstract Taking an intervening test between learning episodes can enhance later source recollection. Paradoxically, testing can also increase people’s susceptibility to the misinformation effect – a finding termed retrieval- enhanced suggestibility (RES, Chan, Thomas, & Bulevich, 2009). We conducted three experiments to examine this apparent contradiction. Experiment 1 extended the RES effect to a new set of materials. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that testing can produce opposite effects on memory suggestibility depending on the complexity of the source test. Specifically, retrieval facilitated source discriminations when the test contained only items with unique source origins. -
Cognitive Processes in Dissociation: an Analysis of Core Theoretical Assumptions
Psychological Bulletin Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association 2008, Vol. 134, No. 5, 617–647 0033-2909/08/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.5.617 Cognitive Processes in Dissociation: An Analysis of Core Theoretical Assumptions Timo Giesbrecht Steven Jay Lynn Maastricht University and Mount Sinai School of Medicine State University of New York, Binghamton Scott O. Lilienfeld Harald Merckelbach Emory University Maastricht University Dissociation is typically defined as the lack of normal integration of thoughts, feelings, and experiences into consciousness and memory. The present article critically evaluates the research literature on cognitive processes in dissociation. The authors’ review indicates that dissociation is characterized by subtle deficits in neuropsychological performance (e.g., heightened distractibility). Some of the cognitive phenomena (e.g., weakened cognitive inhibition) associated with dissociation appear to be dependent on the emotional or attentional context. Contrary to a widespread assumption in the clinical literature, dissociation does not appear to be related to avoidant information processing. Rather, it is associated with an enhanced propensity toward pseudo-memories, possibly mediated by heightened levels of interrog- ative suggestibility, fantasy proneness, and cognitive failures. Evidence for a link between dissociation and either memory fragmentation or early trauma based on objective measures is conspicuously lacking. The authors identify a variety of methodological issues and discrepancies -
Measuring Fragmentation in Dissociative Identity Disorder: the Integration Measure and Relationship to Switching and Time in Therapy
Measuring fragmentation in dissociative identity disorder: the integration measure and relationship to switching and time in therapy The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Barlow, M. Rose, and James A. Chu. 2014. “Measuring fragmentation in dissociative identity disorder: the integration measure and relationship to switching and time in therapy.” European Journal of Psychotraumatology 5 (1): 10.3402/ ejpt.v5.22250. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.22250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ ejpt.v5.22250. Published Version doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.22250 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11879574 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA æBASIC RESEARCH ARTICLE Measuring fragmentation in dissociative identity disorder: the integration measure and relationship to switching and time in therapy M. Rose Barlow1* and James A. Chu2,3 1Psychology Department, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA; 2McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; 3Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA Background: Some people with dissociative identity disorder (DID) have very little communication or awareness among the parts of their identity, while others experience a great deal of cooperation among alternate identities. Previous research on this topic has been sparse. Currently, there is no empirical measure of integration versus fragmentation in a person with DID. In this study, we report the development of such a measure.