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Femur/Femoral Neck Load Estimation During Stair Navigation Chen Deng Iowa State University

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Femur/Femoral Neck Load Estimation During Stair Navigation Chen Deng Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2018 Femur/femoral neck load estimation during stair navigation Chen Deng Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Kinesiology Commons Recommended Citation Deng, Chen, "Femur/femoral neck load estimation during stair navigation" (2018). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 16342. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/16342 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Femur/femoral neck load estimation during stair navigation by Chen Deng A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Kinesiology Program of Study Committee: Timothy R. Derrick, Co-major Professor Jason Gillette, Co-major Professor Rick L. Sharp Panteleimon Ekkekakis Wei Hong The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this dissertation. The Graduate College will ensure this dissertation is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2018 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................1 Research Focus: Bone health issues.................................................................................1 Thoughts for the Dissertation: Stress/strain analysis....................................................... 5 Dissertation Organization.................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................12 Bone Physiology............................................................................................................ 12 Research Focus: Femoral neck loading environment.................................................... 16 Summary........................................................................................................................ 28 CHAPTER 3: MEASURING FEMORAL NECK LOADS IN YOUNG AND OLDER ADULTS DURING STAIR ASCENT AND DESCENT.............................................................................31 Abstract.......................................................................................................................... 31 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 32 Methods..........................................................................................................................35 Results............................................................................................................................ 41 Discussion...................................................................................................................... 43 References...................................................................................................................... 46 Figures and tables...........................................................................................................50 CHAPTER 4: FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FEMORAL STRAINS IN OLDER ADULTS DURING STAIR ASCENT AND DESCENT.............................................................................60 Abstract.......................................................................................................................... 60 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 61 Methods..........................................................................................................................64 Results............................................................................................................................ 68 Discussion...................................................................................................................... 69 References...................................................................................................................... 72 Figures and tables...........................................................................................................75 CHAPTER 5: FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FEMORAL NECK STRAINS DURING STAIR ASCENT AND DESCENT...................................................................................................... 78 Abstract.......................................................................................................................... 78 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 79 Methods..........................................................................................................................82 iii Results............................................................................................................................ 86 Discussion...................................................................................................................... 87 References...................................................................................................................... 90 Figures and tables...........................................................................................................92 CHAPTER 6: EFFECT OF GAIT TYPES AND EXTERNAL WEIGHT CARRYING STRATEGIES ON THE FEMORAL NECK STRAINS DURING STAIR DESCENT............................................94 Abstract.......................................................................................................................... 94 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 95 Methods..........................................................................................................................98 Results.......................................................................................................................... 103 Discussion.................................................................................................................... 105 References.................................................................................................................... 107 Figures and tables.........................................................................................................110 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION...............................................................................................114 REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................117 APPENDIX. POWER ANALYSIS.........................................................................................122 iv ABSTRACT Project 1: Femoral neck is of particular concern in the hip fractures and aging. A better understanding of the hip loading environment is helpful for the hip fracture prevention, rehabilitation, and the design of osteogenic exercises. This study was to compare the femoral neck stresses between young and older adults during stair ascent and descent, and to identify the contribution of muscle and reaction forces to the stress. Motion analysis and inverse dynamics method, musculoskeletal and elliptical femoral neck cross-section models were used to estimate stress on the femoral neck. During stair ascent, a significantly increased tension at the superior site was found for young group at the first peak (young: 13.5±6.1 MPa, old: 4.2±6.5 MPa, p < 0.001), and a significantly increased compression at the posterior site for old group at the second peak (young: - 11.4±4.9 MPa, old: -18.1±8.6 MPa, p = 0.006). The stresses produced by muscle and reaction forces were reported for all 4 surfaces of the femoral neck. The loading of the proximal femur as assessed from stresses and their component provided loading information on the bone structure. Understanding this information can provide the researcher with a more comprehensive view of the loading on the bone tissues in the hip region. Project 2: Understanding the hip loading environment during daily activity is necessary for the understanding of hip fractures and the design of osteogenic exercises. Using the finite element femur model, the purpose of this study was to estimate the femoral strains at 9 cross-sections along the long axis of femur for stair ascent and v descent at the hip contact force peaks. All subjects (both young and older groups) performed 5 trials of stair ascent and 5 trials of descent with a 3-step staircase. For the compressive strains, stair descent generated greater compressive strains than ascent for all cross-sections (except the 8th cross-section) during both hip joint contact force peak 1 and peak 2. For the tensile strains, stair descent generated greater tensile strains than ascent for most cross-sections during both hip joint
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