Case Studies in Political Economy Analysis for Humanitarian Action
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Overseas Development Institute HPG Report HUMANITARIAN POLICY GROUP The Humanitarian Policy Group at Power, livelihoods and the Overseas Development Institute is Europe’s leading team of independent policy researchers conflict: case studies in dedicated to improving humanitarian policy and practice political economy analysis in response to conflict, instability and disasters. for humanitarian action Edited by Sarah Collinson HPG Report 13 February 2003 The authors Sarah Collinson is an independent consultant and former HPG Research Fellow. Stephen Jackson is Associate Director of the Conflict Prevention and Peace Forum, Social Science Research Council, New York. Martin Evans is a doctoral student in the Department of Geography, King’s College London. Richard Fanthorpe is a Research Fellow at the School of African and Asian Studies, University of Sussex. Michael Bhatia is a doctoral student at St Antony’s College, Oxford University. Jonathan Goodhand is Lecturer in Development Practice in the Department of Development Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Haneef Atmar is Minister for Rural Development in the Afghan Interim Administration. At the time of the research, he was a Programme Manager for the International Rescue Committee (IRC). Mohammed Suleman is a Programme Officer with the Peshawar-based agency Cooperation for Peace and Unity (CPAU). Adam Pain is an independent consultant and Livelihoods Advisor for the Afghan Research and Evaluation Unit. Acknowledgements This project could not have been undertaken without the help and assistance of a great number of people. The research team and the authors of the chapters that follow managed to combine first-class research for this project with many other pressing commitments, and within time-frames and in logistical and political circumstances that were often short of ideal. Research colleagues at ODI, especially Jo Macrae, Frances Stevenson, Margie Buchanan- Smith and Kate Longley, helped to shape this project, and offered invaluable advice and guidance. I am also grateful to Philippe Le Billon, whose previous work on war economies at ODI paved the way for this project. Lin Cotterrell, HPG’s programme administrator, made sure that everything remained on track logistically and financially. The project would not have been possible without the help and support of a large number of operational agencies, too numerous to list here, many of whom are thanked separately in the acknowledgements that follow each chapter. We are also very grateful to those academics and specialists who took the time to read and comment on earlier drafts; their input has been invaluable. We are also extremely grateful to the NGOs, UN agencies and official donors that contribute to the funding of HPG’s work. Humanitarian Policy Group Overseas Development Institute 111 Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7JD United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 20 7922 0300 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7922 0399 Website: www.odi.org.uk/hpg Email: [email protected] ISBN: 0 85003 643 7 Overseas Development Institute, London, 2003 Photocopies of all or part of this publication may be made providing that the source is acknowledged. Requests for the commercial reproduction of HPG material should be directed to the ODI as copyright holders. Power, livelihoods and conflict: case studies in political economy analysis for humanitarian action Edited by Sarah Collinson War as a general economy no longer necessarily implies that those who have weapons oppose each other. It is more likely to imply a conflict between those who have weapons and those who have none (Mbembe, 2001:50). HPG Report 13 February 2003 Contents List of acronyms 1 Executive summary 3 Chapter 1 Introduction 7 Sarah Collinson 1.1 Background 7 1.2 Rationale and aim 8 1.3 The ‘political economy’ approach 10 1.4 Linking political economy to local vulnerability and livelihoods analysis 11 1.5 Political economy analysis and commodity chains 14 1.6 The case studies: key insights and conclusions 15 1.6.1 War economies, ‘shadow’ economies and survival economies 15 1.6.2 The diversification of livelihoods and coping strategies 15 1.6.3 Understanding warring groups and the wider role of violence 16 1.6.4 The historical and regional perspective 17 1.6.5 The interaction of ‘greed’ and ‘grievance’ 17 1.6.6 Fiction and fact 18 1.7 Conclusions 18 Chapter 2 Fortunes of war: the coltan trade in the Kivus 21 Stephen Jackson 2.1 Introduction and methodology 21 2.2 The war economy of the DRC 22 2.2.1 Macro and meso levels of the war economy 23 2.3 The coltan economy: from boom to bust 25 2.3.1 Fluctuating global conditions 25 2.3.2 The coltan commodity chain 26 2.4 The war economy and changes in livelihoods 30 2.4.1 The state of assets 30 2.4.2 Rural livelihoods in the Kivus 33 2.4.3 Urban livelihoods in eastern DRC 34 2.5 Conclusions 35 2.5.1 Understanding the context 35 2.5.2 Promoting livelihoods 35 2.5.3 Targeting 36 2.5.4 War economics: new or old? 36 Chapter 3 Ni paix ni guerre: the political economy of low-level conflict in the Casamance Martin Evans 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Background: the Casamance conflict 37 3.2.1 Geographical and historical context 37 3.2.2 Military actors 38 3.2.3 The aid agenda 39 3.3 Research rationale and methodology 40 3.3.1 Aims and parameters 40 3.3.2 The research environment 40 3.3.3 Key informant interviews 40 3.3.4 Menuisier survey 41 3.3.5 Livelihood surveys 41 3.3.6 Secondary sources 41 3.3.7 Analytical issues 41 3.4 The Casamance war economy 42 3.4.1 Timber 42 3.4.2 Cashews and other tree crops 43 3.4.3 Cannabis 44 3.4.4 Livestock and bushmeat 45 3.4.5 Subscriptions and donations at home and abroad 45 3.4.6 Exactions and robbery 46 3.4.7 Humanitarian aid 46 3.4.8 Arms 47 3.4.9 Funding flows within combatant groups 47 3.5 The political economy of force in the Casamance 48 3.6 Aid problems and pitfalls in the Casamance 49 3.7 Conclusions 51 Chapter 4 Humanitarian aid in post-war Sierra Leone: the politics of moral economy Richard Fanthorpe 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Post-war reconstruction 55 4.2.1 The National Commission for Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration 56 4.2.2 The National Commission for Social Action 57 4.3 Chiefdom politics 58 4.4 Research findings 59 4.4.1 Distant bureaucracies 60 4.4.2 Politics of grievance and issues of governance 61 4.4.3 Whose standards? 63 4.5 Conclusion 64 Chapter 5 Profits and poverty: aid, livelihoods and conflict in Afghanistan 67 Michael Bhatia and Jonathan Goodhand, with Haneef Atmar, Adam Pain and Mohammed Suleman 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Rationale and methodology 67 5.3 The macro dimensions of the Afghan political economy 68 5.3.1 Historical development 68 5.3.2 Contemporary dimensions 70 5.3.3 The war economy 71 5.3.4 The ‘black’ economy 71 5.3.5 The coping economy 73 5.4 Case studies: the view from the village 74 5.4.1 Livelihoods, vulnerability and response strategies 74 5.4.2 Conflict, security and governance 78 5.4.3 Social relations 79 5.5 Commodity chain analysis 79 5.5.1 Carpet production in Faryab province and Peshawar, Pakistan 79 5.5.2 Cannabis production in Jaji District 82 5.5.3 The sarafi and hawala systems 82 5.6 Aid, the political economy of conflict and livelihoods 83 5.6.1 ‘Generations’ of aid in Afghanistan: changing analysis, changing responses 83 5.6.2 Mapping contemporary analysis 85 5.6.3 Implications for aid agencies 87 List of references 91 List of figures and tables Figure 1.1: A sustainable livelihoods framework in situations of conflict and political instability 13 Table 2.1: Ugandan mineral exports and domestic production (1994–2000) 24 Table 2.2: Rwandan mineral production (1995–2000) 24 Figure 2.1: Tantalum concentrate demand, 1993–2000 25 Table 2.3: Global coltan prices (US$ per pound), 1995–99 25 Figure 2.2: Tantalum: world price movements, 1996–2001 25 Table 2.4: Global coltan prices (US$ per pound), 2000 and 2001 26 Figure 2.3: Manioc price trends (Congolese francs), 1999–2001 31 Figure 2.4: Manioc price trends (US dollars), 1999–2001 31 Figure 2.5: Exchange rate trends 32 Table 3.1: Summary of menuisier survey, Ziguinchor and Bignona, February–May 2001 42 Table 5.1: The evolution of the Afghan war economy 69 Table 5.2: Types of economy in Afghanistan 72 Table 5.3: Representation of trade and goods flows through, to and from Afghanistan 73 Table 5.4: Case study areas 76 Table 5.5: Commodity price chains: timber and almonds (August 2001) 78 Table 5.6: Cost breakdown for NGO-sponsored carpet production per m2 (rupees), August 2001 80 Table 5.7: Carpet exports from Pakistan by value and volume, 1996–2001 81 Table 5.8: Commodity price chain: hashish (per kg), August 2001 82 Table 5.9: Types of analysis utilised by aid actors in Afghanistan 86 Table 5.10: Assumptions, findings and programming implications 88 Power, livelihoods and conflict H P G R E P O R T Acronyms AAA German Agro Action ADB African Development Bank AFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (Sierra Leone) AJAC–APRAN Association des jeunes agriculteurs de la Casamance – Association pour la promotion rurale de l’arrondissement de Nyassia (Senegal) AMA Association des musulmans d’Afrique APC All Peoples’ Congress (Sierra Leone) AREU Afghan Research and Evaluation Unit (formerly the Strategic Monitoring Unit (SMU)) ATTA Afghan Transit Trade Agreement CAP Community Action for Progress (Sierra Leone) CBO community-based organisation CDF Civil Defence Force (Sierra Leone) CEO Chief Education Officer (Sierra Leone) CFA Communauté Financière Africaine CIA Central Intelligence Agency CRRP