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This Dissertation Has Been 64—11006 Microfilmed Exactly As Received TANNER, Jimmie Eugene, 1933

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This Dissertation Has Been 64—11006 Microfilmed Exactly As Received TANNER, Jimmie Eugene, 1933 This dissertation has been 64—11,006 microfilmed exactly as received TANNER, Jim m ie Eugene, 1933— THE TWENTIETH CENTURY IMPRESSIONISTIC NOVEL: CONRAD AND FAULKNER. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1964 Language and Literature, modern University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan CIE UNIVERSITY OF QKLMOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE TW0ÎTIEOH CSITURT IMPRESSrCKISTIC NOVEL CONRAD AND FADIENER A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE CHRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY JIMMIE EUGENE TANNER Norman, Oklahoma 1964 THE TWaiTIETH CSITURT IHPRESSimiSTIG HOVEL CWRAD jWD FAULKNER JIPPRDVED Hr # 7 , /r y ^ / p DISSERIAIIOH (X>MITTEE ACKNOWLEDCayEEHTS I wish gratefully to acknowledge the scholarly examples, encouragement, and aid of Professors V. A. ELconin, A« J. Fritz, and Roy R. Male, each of whom has been involved in helping me get this dissertation written. I w i^ also to thank publicly John A. Alford and William R. Mitchell, my friends and colleagues in the En^ish department of Oklahoma Baptist University, who have given freely of their time to read and criticize judiciously each chapter as it was w ritte n . 1 1 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ' ■ Page INTRODÜCTiaN ...................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 10 II ............................. 6l n i ....................................................................................................................... 102 IV....................................................................................................................... 14-1 V....................................................................................................................... 185 BIBLIOGRAPBY .................................................................................................. 203 IV THE TWaiTIEIH CMTURY IMPRESSEOÜISTIC NOVEL CONRAD AND FAULKNER INTRODUCTION It is the thesis of this paper that as a novelistic craftsman William Faulkner bdLongs mure to the inpressionistic tradition of Joseph Conrad than to the stream-of-consciousness tradition of James Joyce. In the criticism of Faulkner the name of Joyce is frequently invoked, as in Peter Swiggart's recent book. The Art of Faulkner*s Novels (1962).^ Whereas Swiggart does not mention Conrad's name, he calls Faulkner a "Joycean” and devotes the greater part of a chapter to an examination of the relationship between Faulkner’s narrative techniques and those of Joyce, thou^ he admits that "after The Sound and the Furv and ^ I Lav Dying Faulkner makes no important use of the interior-monologue tech­ nique. Undoubtedly, Faulkner's techniques in these two novels do owe something to his reading of Ulvsses. but it can be shown, I think, that thqy owe something also to the practices of Conrad. Furthermore, the ^(Austin; University of Texas Press, 19^2). %bid.. p. 74, Swiggart is not, of course, unique in his approach. Both Leon Bdel in The Psychological Nov^. 1900-1950 (New Yoik: J, B. Lippincott Company, 1955; and Robert Humphrey in Stream of Consciousness in the Modem Novel ("Perspectives in Criticism; 3”» Bericd-ey: University of California Press, 1955) discuss Faulkner in terms of the Joycean stream-of-consciousness tradition. Neither discusses Conrad. 1 2 reference to üxe techniques of Conrad illuminâtes Faulkner’s art in such later works as Light in August and Absalom. Absalomt more than does the reference to Joyce. The suggestion of a relationship between the techniques of Conrad and Faulkner is not, of course, a new one. It was made as early as 19^1 by Joseph Warren Beach as follows: Most extraordinary of all his psychological nysteries, and most strongly suggestive of Conrad, is Absalom. Absalom 1. It reminds one of Conrad not merely by its cavalier treatment of chronology, but by its way of developing the story with the hdp of interpreters, who are engaged throu^out in a process of reconstructing the facts in conformity with certain hypoth­ eses they have set up for explaining the characters. The chief of these interpreters (the Captain Marlow of this tale) i s Quentin Compson. ' A few pages later Beach called Light in August and Absalom. Absalom! "ultra-Conrad" (p. 169), but his book was admittedly a survsy and so, aside from pointing out idiat should be obvious resemblances between the techniques of the two men, he made little of his perception. Neither did anyone else at the time, pezhaps because of the concentra­ tion on the war, perhaps because of the relative obscurily of both w rite rs . Not until eleven years later, following the revivals of both Conrad and Faulkner after World War II, were the two names linked again. In an important En^ish Institute Essay, "Concepts of Time in The Sound and the Fury. " Perrin Lowrqy made the point that "Faulkner* s tendency in telling a story, like Conrad's, is to take the action at a h i^ point, work through a series of flashbacks, and then come forward in time to ^American Fiction. 1920-1940 (New Toik: The M aodllan Conpany, 1941), p. 164. 3 the concluding action."^ This time the suggestion was picked up by William Van 0*Connor who wrote in The Tanked Fire of VBJLliam Faulkner (195^) that with the appearance of The Sound and the Fury "it became dear that Faulkner was a committed artist, now writing in the tradi­ tion of the modem novel to which Henry James, Joseph Conrad, Stephen Crane, Ford Madox Ford, and James Joyce had contributed."^ But O'Connor presented Faulkner's relationship to the impressionist school—of which all the above-named authors were presumably members—as a rather vague one based on his commitment to techniques such as rendering rather than reporting and to principles such as that of the objective author. Fur­ thermore, in his discussion of Faulkner's literary apprenticeship, O'Connor listed, as influences on the young Faulkner, Sherwood Anderson, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Robert Frost, Stark Young, Aldous Hudey, Wÿndham Lewis, Swinburne and the En^ish Aesthetes, and the Russian novelists,3 He did not mention Conrad. Indeed, not until after the 1956 publications of The Paris Review interview and Faulkner at Naeano. in both of which Faulkner listed Con­ rad as one of his perennial favorites, did Faulkner's critics again bring up the Conradian influence on him and even then they were rather 1 English Institute Es-gavs. (1952), p. 67, ^(Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1954), p. 37, ^"Wüliam Faulkner's Apprenticeship," Southwest Review. XXXVIII (Winter, 1953)1 pp. 1-14. 4 cautious.^ There are paragraphs calling attention to this influence in Richard Chase's %e American Novel and Its Tradition (1957). Richard Coanda's "Absalom. Absalom!: The Edge of Infinity" (1958), and Gÿrille Amavon's "Absalon! Absalont Et l'Histoire" (1958-59) There is a long footnote in Walter J. SLatoff's Quest For Fgi^ge: A Study of VBJLliam Faulkner (i960) relating Faulkner's emphasis on the quiescence or tur­ bulence of a character's body to that of Conrad.^ And Warren Beck, in the sixth chapter of Man in Motion; s Trilogy (196I), though attributing the direct influence on Faulkner to Dickens, discussed briefly the way in which Conrad foreshadows Faulkner's use of the grotesque.^ These few examples are, however, the exceptions to prove the rule illustrated by Swiggart's book that Faulkner's critics, while making much of the influence of Joyce (and Eliot), have virtually ignored that of Conrad. The books of Hyatt H. Waggoner (1959) and Frederidc J. Hoffman (I961), for instance, make a great deal of the influence of Eliot; ^Jean Stein, "William Faulkner,*' Paris Review. IV ( Spring, 1956), pp. 28-52. This interview is now most, readily accessible in Vfi.lliam Faulkner: Ttoee Decades of Criticism, ed. Frederidc J. Hoffman and Olga W. Vickery (East Lansing, Michigan; Michigan State University Press, i960), pp. 67-82, hereafter referred to as WF;III. The reference to Conrad occurs on p. ?8. Faulkner at gagano, ed. Robert A. Jelliffe (Tokyo; Kedcyusha Ltd., 1956), pp. 42, 44-45. ^Chase, (Garden City, N. Y .; Doubleday Anchor Books- 1957), p. 215. Coanda, Renascence. XI (Autumn, 1958), pp. 5-6. Amavon, La Revue Des Lettres Modernes. V (Hiver, 1958-59), pp. 264-265. ^(Ithaca, N. T.; Cornell University Press, 196O), pp. ^-50. ^(Madison; The University of Wisconsin Press, I96I), pp. 145, 149. 5 neither mentions Conrad.'* Nor does Carvel Collins, who has written im­ portant essays linking Faulkner's works to those of Joyce, mention Con­ rad as an Influence, though he does refer in his "Introduction" to Hew Orleans Sketches to Faulkner's statement in 1924 that "Heart of Darkness" and Anderson's "I'm a Fool" were the two finest stories he had ever read.2 Finally, Cleanth Brooks in the most recently published book on Faulkner mentions Conrad only in suggesting the possibility that the title of Sanctuary is Faulkner's ironic reflection on the following meditation of Marlow in Chance;3 A young girl, you know, is something like a temple. You pass by and wonder what nysterious rites are going on in there, what prayers, lAat visions? The privileged man, the lover, the husband, who are given the key of the sanctua-ry do not always know how to use it. For myself, without claim, with­ out merit, singly by chance I had been allowed to look through the half-opened door and I had seen the saddest possible desecration, the withered, bri^tness of youth, a spirit neither made cringing nor yet dulled but as if bewildered in quivering hopelessness by gratuitous cruelty; self-confidence destroyed and, instead, a resigned reddessness, a mournful callousness (and all this single, almost naive)—before the material and moral difficulties of the situation. The passive anguish of the lucklessI^ "IWaggoner, William Faulkner: From Jefferson ^ the World (Lexing­ ton: Iftiivsrsity of Kentudcy Press, 1959. Hoffman, William FaulknAr ("Twayne United States Aulhors Series"; New Yoik: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1961). ^ o r Collins's engihasis on the influence of Jpyce, see "The In­ terior Monologues of Sound and the Furv." English Institute Essays. (1952), pp. 29-31 : and "The Pairing of Thg Sound and the Fuav and ^ I hSSSL pying.
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