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The Phonology of English Loanword Adaptation in Burmese a Thesis View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by SOAS Research Online “High-Interest Loans”: The Phonology of English Loanword Adaptation in Burmese A thesis submitted by Charles Bond Chang to the Department of Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors 1 Acknowledgements The beginnings of this thesis actually lie in the field methods course I took several semesters ago taught by Lynn Nichols, who I thank for both introducing me to such a fascinating language and teaching me techniques of collecting data from a native speaker. My eternal thanks go to Ingyin Zaw, my main Burmese informant, who, as Lynn put it once, is the “gold standard” for informants. I couldn’t agree more. It’s almost a shame that she had to be one of the first informants I’ve worked with closely. Now I’m spoiled. I could not have written much about phonology without learning from Lisa Lavoie, Patrick Taylor, Jie Zhang, Donca Steriade, and Michael Kenstowicz. I thank Jie especially for leading my individual tutorial and pointing me towards a topic. I also need to thank Jie and Susumu Kuno for writing Lord-knows-how-many recommendations for me. Javier Martín-González and Michele Cotton deserve thanks for offering feedback on GUDIWVDWWKHODVWPLQXWHDQG.DUO3HHWDQG*OúDW$\JHn are simply cool people. But the person who has had the most impact on the writing of this thesis is Bert Vaux. Over the past four years, Bert has taught me as a professor, advised me as the linguistics head tutor, and met with me as my thesis advisor countless times over the course of the year to flesh out my ideas. I thank Bert for challenging the less-than- intelligent ideas that often left my mouth, for advising me even along with so many other theses, for writing recommendation letters for me in the wee hours of the morning, and for getting me interested in linguistics in the first place. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends, who have kept me sane through the process of writing what I thought would be a “short” thesis. My sisters, roommates, blockmates, housemates, MIHNUETers—you all are superstars. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... 1 Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Borrowings ............................................................................................ 5 1.2. Linguistic Relevance of Loanword Phonology .................................... 6 1.3. Important Issues in Loanword Phonology ............................................ 7 1.3.1. Level of Representation of the Input and Output .................. 7 1.3.2. Source of the Input ................................................................. 8 1.3.3. Agents of Adaptation ............................................................ 8 1.3.4. Nature of the Input ................................................................. 9 1.3.5. Chronology ............................................................................. 9 1.3.6. Structure of the Loanword Phonological System .................. 9 1.4. Previous Approaches ............................................................................. 10 1.4.1. Two-Stage Model (Silverman 1992) ...................................... 10 1.4.2. Theory of Constraints and Repair Strategies (Paradis 1996) . 11 1.4.3. Grammar of Perception vs. Production (Kenstowicz 2001) .. 12 1.4.4. Perceptual Similarity and the P-Map (Steriade 2002) ........... 12 1.5. Present Study ......................................................................................... 13 2. Native Burmese Phonology ................................................................................. 15 2.1. Segments ............................................................................................... 15 2.2. Tones ..................................................................................................... 16 2.3. Syllables and Phonotactics .................................................................... 17 2.4. Phonological Alternations and Processes ............................................. 19 2.5. Summary ............................................................................................... 20 3. Tones in Loanwords ............................................................................................ 22 3.1. Low Tone ............................................................................................. 22 3.2. High Tone ............................................................................................. 24 3.3. Creaky Tone ......................................................................................... 26 3.4. Glottal Tone .......................................................................................... 26 3.5. Atonic Syllables .................................................................................... 28 3.6. Low Tone vs. High Tone ..................................................................... 30 3.7. Creaky Tone vs. Glottal Tone ............................................................... 33 3.8. Summary ............................................................................................... 36 4. Vowels in Loanwords .......................................................................................... 38 4.1. Correspondences ................................................................................... 38 4.1.1. Tense Vowels ........................................................................ 38 4.1.2. Lax Vowels ........................................................................... 42 4.1.3. Diphthongs ............................................................................. 46 4.2. Schwa ................................................................................................... 46 4.3. Vocalization of Rhoticity ..................................................................... 49 4.4. Other Phenomena ................................................................................. 50 4.5. Summary ............................................................................................... 52 3 5. Onset Consonants in Loanwords .......................................................................... 54 5.1. General Substitutions ........................................................................... 54 5.1.1. Filling Inventory Gaps ........................................................... 54 5.1.2. Stops ...................................................................................... 56 5.1.3. Affricates ................................................................................ 60 5.1.4. Fricatives ................................................................................ 61 5.1.5. Sonorants ................................................................................ 63 5.2. Adapting Rhotics ................................................................................... 65 5.3. Aspiration ............................................................................................. 66 5.4. Glottal Stop .......................................................................................... 67 5.5. Summary ............................................................................................... 69 6. Coda Consonants in Loanwords .......................................................................... 71 6.1. Laryngeal Neutralization ....................................................................... 71 6.2. Creaky Phonation ................................................................................. 75 6.3. Deletion ................................................................................................ 76 6.4. Vowel Nasalization .............................................................................. 77 6.5. Summary ............................................................................................... 79 7. Consonant Clusters in Loanwords ....................................................................... 81 7.1. Onset Clusters ....................................................................................... 81 7.2. Coda Clusters ....................................................................................... 85 7.3. Heterosyllabic Sequences ..................................................................... 89 7.4. Summary ............................................................................................... 94 8. Analysis and Discussion ...................................................................................... 95 8.1. Optimality-Theoretic Account .............................................................. 95 8.1.1. Burmese Constraints .............................................................. 95 8.1.2. Constraint Ranking ............................................................... 98 8.1.3. Knowledge of Input Syllabification ...................................... 102 8.2. Rule-Based Approach ........................................................................... 108 8.3. Tone Assignment
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